說明:德語國際音標

這頁是維基百科的德語國際音標發音指南。

下列圖表展示了在維基百科條目中用國際音標（IPA）表示德語發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南，請參見{{IPA-de}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。

輔音
德德	奧德	瑞德	示例	英語中或其他語言中的近似發音
b			bei;^[1] ab (奧德、瑞德)^[2]	ball
x			nach^[3]	蘇格蘭英語 loch
ç			ich, durch;^[3] China, Leipzig (德德)	hue
d			dann; Kleid (奧德、瑞德)^[2]	done
f			für, von, Phänomen	fuss
ɡ			gut; Tag, Leipzig (奧德、瑞德)^[2]	guest
h			hat	hut
j			Jahr, Yo-Yo	yard
k			kann, cremen, sechs; Tag (德德);^[2] China (奧德、瑞德)	cold
l			Leben	last
l̩			Mantel	bottle
m			Mann	must
m̩			großem	rhythm
n			Name	not
n̩			beiden	sudden
ŋ			lang	long
p			Person, ab (德德)^[2]	puck
pf			Pfeffer	cupful
ʁ	r		reden^[4]	德德：法語 rouge 奧德、瑞德：蘇格蘭英語 red
z	s		Sie, diese^[1]	德德：zebra 奧德、瑞德：soup
s			lassen, groß, Haus	fast
ʃ			schon, Stadt, spitz, Champagner, Ski	shall
t			Tag, Stadt; Kleid (德德)^[2]	tall
tʃ			Matsch, Cello	match
v			was, Vase^[1]	vanish
ts			Zeit, Platz, Potsdam, Celle	cats
ʔ			beamtet [bəˈʔamtət]^[5]	uh-oh!
非原生輔音（外來語）
dʒ			Dschungel, Pidgin^[1]^[6]	jungle
ʒ			Genie, Entourage^[1]^[6]	pleasure
ɹ			Spray^[7]	rice
ð			Motherboard^[8]	this
θ			Thatcherismus^[8]	think
w			Web, Whiskey, Squash^[9]	web
重讀
ˈ			Bahnhofstraße [ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]	battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ			Bahnhofstraße [ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]	battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
音節斷開
.			Ephraim [ˈeːfra.ɪm]	flower /ˈflaʊ.ər/ (與 flour /ˈflaʊər/形成對比)

元音
德德	奧德	瑞德	示例	英語中或其他語言中的近似發音
單元音
a			alles, Kalender	pasta
aː			aber, sah, Staat	father
ɛ			Ende, hätte	bet
ɛː			spät, wählen^[10]	標準英音 hair
eː			eben, gehen, Meer	mate
ɪ			ist	sit
iː			liebe, Berlin, ihm	seed
ɔ			kommen	off
oː			oder, hohe, Boot	story
œ			öffnen	近似 hurt; 標準英音 ugh
øː			Österreich, Möhre, adieu	近似 heard
ʊ			und	pull
uː			Hut, Kuh	tool
ʏ			müssen, Ypsilon	近似 cute
yː			über, Mühe, psychisch	近似 few
雙元音
aɪ			ein, Kaiser, Haydn, Verleih, Speyer	high
aʊ			auf	vow
ɔʏ			Euro, Häuser	choice
弱元音
ɐ		ər	immer^[4]	德德、奧德：frustration 瑞德：蘇格蘭英語 letter^[11]
ə	ɛ		Name	德德：balance (而不是 sofa)^[11] 奧德、瑞德：bet^[12]
半元音
ɐ̯		r	Uhr^[4]	德德、奧德：sofa 瑞德：蘇格蘭英語 far
i̯			Studie, Italien	yard
o̯			Pointe^[13]	quite
u̯			Linguist, Gouache^[13]	would
y̑			Etui^[13]	近似 evaluation
短元音
e			Element^[14]	略似 dress
i			Italien^[14]	seat
o			originell^[14]	story，但是更短
ø			Ökonomie^[14]	略似 hurt
u			Universität, Souvenir^[14]	cesspool
y			Psychologie^[14]	普通話/國語魚
非原生元音（外來語）
ãː			Gourmand, Engagement, Restaurant, Chance^[15]	法語 Provence
ɛ̃ː			Pointe^[15]	法語 quinze
ɛɪ			Mail^[16]	face
õː			Garçon^[15]	法語 Le Monde
ɔː			stalken, Motherboard^[17]	dog
ɔʊ			Code^[16]	goal
œ̃ː			Parfum^[15]	法語 emprunte
œːɐ̯		øːr	surfen, Flirt^[18]	略似標準英音 bird
非原生短元音
ã			engagieren^[15]	法語 chanson
ɛ̃			impair^[15]	法語 vingt-et-un
õ			foncé^[15]	法語 Mont Blanc
œ̃			Lundist^[15]	法語 vingt-et-un

註釋

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced, and /s/ is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 [ç] and [x] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed /x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and /a, aː/ and it may instead be uvular [χ], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]. Also, in southern Germany, /ɐ/ is alternatively realized as [ə].
^ The glottal stop occurs in German Standard German. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. Austrian or Swiss Standard German does not have glottal stops (Krech et al. 2009，第236, 262頁).
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003，第42頁). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
^ Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 /ð/ and /θ/, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of /d, z, v/ and /t, s, f/, respectively.
^ Often replaced with /v/.
^ In northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ into [eː].
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed /ʌ/ in words such as frustration and justiciable is a perfect replacement for Standard German [ɐ]. Also, especially in southern Germany, /ɐ/ often merges with /ə/ into [ə].
^ In Austria and Switzerland, the most common realization of syllable-final /ə/ is [ɛ̝] (Krech et al. 2009，第246頁), here transcribed as [ɛ] for simplicity.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 /o̯, u̯, y̑/ only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 ^14.5 [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005，第65頁).
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 ^15.6 ^15.7 The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005，第65頁).
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].
^ The long vowel /ɔː/ occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short /ɔ/ or long /oː/, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.
^ [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/ and sometimes the French stressed fr (Krech et al. 2009，第64, 142頁), when it is not realized as [øːɐ̯]/[øːr].

參考文獻

Hall, Christopher, Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English 2nd, Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2003 [First published 1992], ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6-{Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch}-&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.place=Berlin; New York&rft.pub=Walter de Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book" class="Z3988">
Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 6th, Duden, 2005, ISBN 978-3411040667-{Das Aussprachewörterbuch}-&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3411040667&rft.pub=Duden&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book" class="Z3988">

[fortislenis-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced, and /s/ is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.

[devoicing-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.

[dorsalfricatives-3] 3.0 ^3.1 [ç] and [x] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed /x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and /a, aː/ and it may instead be uvular [χ], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩.

[r-allophones-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]. Also, in southern Germany, /ɐ/ is alternatively realized as [ə].

[5] The glottal stop occurs in German Standard German. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. Austrian or Swiss Standard German does not have glottal stops (Krech et al. 2009，第236, 262頁).

[postalveolarlenis-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003，第42頁). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.

[7] Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.

[th-8] 8.0 ^8.1 /ð/ and /θ/, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of /d, z, v/ and /t, s, f/, respectively.

[9] Often replaced with /v/.

[10] In northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ into [eː].

[schwas-11] 11.0 ^11.1 As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed /ʌ/ in words such as frustration and justiciable is a perfect replacement for Standard German [ɐ]. Also, especially in southern Germany, /ɐ/ often merges with /ə/ into [ə].

[12] In Austria and Switzerland, the most common realization of syllable-final /ə/ is [ɛ̝] (Krech et al. 2009，第246頁), here transcribed as [ɛ] for simplicity.

[semivowels-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 /o̯, u̯, y̑/ only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.

[shorttense-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 ^14.5 [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005，第65頁).

[nasalV-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 ^15.6 ^15.7 The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005，第65頁).

[middiphthongs-16] 16.0 ^16.1 The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].

[17] The long vowel /ɔː/ occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short /ɔ/ or long /oː/, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.

[18] [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/ and sometimes the French stressed fr (Krech et al. 2009，第64, 142頁), when it is not realized as [øːɐ̯]/[øːr].

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

閱論編國際音標輔助
阿迪格語南非語阿爾巴尼亞語阿姆哈拉語阿拉伯語現代標準埃及漢志黎巴嫩突尼斯亞蘭語亞美尼亞語阿薩姆語阿斯圖里亞斯語澳大利亞原住民語言阿塞拜疆語巴斯克語白俄羅斯語孟加拉語柏柏爾語布列塔尼語保加利亞語緬甸語加泰羅尼亞語/華倫西亞語海島（英語：Help:IPA/Insular Catalan）切羅基語漢語普通話/國語/華語廣州話晉語（英語：Help:IPA/Jin Chinese）臺灣話優勢腔泉州話上海話湘語（英語：Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese）科西嘉語捷克語丹麥語達利語多斯拉克語荷蘭語英語方言古英語艾米利亞-羅馬涅語（英語：Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol）世界語愛沙尼亞語埃斯特雷馬杜拉語斐濟語芬蘭語法蘭克-普羅旺斯語法語路易斯安那克里奧爾菲士蘭語薩特菲士蘭語西菲士蘭語加利西亞語格魯吉亞語德語標準阿勒曼尼科隆（英語：Help:IPA/Colognian）古拉尼語希臘語瓜拉尼語格陵蘭語（英語：Help:IPA/Greenlandic）古吉拉特語海地克里奧爾語夏威夷語希伯來語印地語苗語（英語：Help:IPA/Hmong）匈牙利語冰島語伊博語（英語：Help:IPA/Igbo）印尼語伊努克提圖特語伊努皮亞克語愛爾蘭語依善語意大利語方言（英語：Help:IPA/Central Italian）日語康納達語克什米爾語哈薩克語高棉語克林貢語韓語庫爾德語柯爾克孜語（英語：Help:IPA/Kyrgyz）拉科塔語（英語：Help:IPA/Lakota）老撾語拉丁語拉脫維亞語拉茲語利古里亞語（英語：Help:IPA/Ligurian）立陶宛語倫巴底語盧森堡語馬其頓語馬拉加斯語馬來語馬拉雅拉姆語馬耳他語滿語曼島語毛利語（英語：Help:IPA/Māori）馬拉地語馬紹爾語毛里裘斯克里奧爾語（英語：Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole）瑪雅語明格列爾語蒙古語米蘭達語納瓦特爾語納瓦荷語那不勒斯語尼泊爾語北泰語挪威語奧克語奧里亞語奧羅莫語奧塞梯語普什圖語（英語：Help:IPA/Pashto）波斯語皮埃蒙特語波蘭語葡萄牙語旁遮普語克丘亞語羅馬尼亞語羅曼什俄語梵語薩丁尼亞語蘇格蘭蓋爾語塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語斯高克倫語撣語西西里語斯洛伐克語斯洛文尼亞語索布語（英語：Help:IPA/Sorbian）西班牙語猶太斯凡語斯瓦希里語斯威士語瑞典語錫爾赫特語（英語：Help:IPA/Sylheti）他加祿語傣仂語塔吉克語泰米爾語韃靼語泰盧固語（英語：Help:IPA/Telugu）泰語藏語提格利尼亞語土耳其語土庫曼語烏克蘭語烏爾都語烏孜別克語威尼斯語越南語瓦隆語汪達曼語威爾斯語科薩語意第緒語約魯巴語（英語：Help:IPA/Yoruba）扎扎其語壯語祖魯語
比較	英語國際音標慣例（英語：Help:IPA/Conventions for English）發音重拼英語發音重拼
入門指南	IPA符號格式手冊：音標