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These tables compare features of multimedia container formats, most often used for storing or streaming digital video or digital audio content. To see which multimedia players support which container format, look at comparison of media players.

基本信息

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容器格式的衍生关系

一款多媒体容器格式与它衍生的新格式有许多相似之处。新格式会在它的基础上做一些功能上的扩展或缩减。

容器格式的基本信息
格式 文件扩展名 所有者/发明人 首发年月 许可证[a] VBR音频 VFR 硬件播放器 可串流[A] 元数据[B] 章节 互动選單 3D[C][3]
Matroska .mkv, .mk3d[D] CoreCodec[E] 2002-12 开放许可[F] 是[G] 是[G] 是[H] 是[I] 是[13] 是[14] 计划[15] 是[16]
MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) .mp4, .m4v[J] MPEG 2001-10 专利权受限[17] 是 是 是 是 是 非标准[K] 是 仅视频格式
QuickTime文件格式 (QTFF) .mov, .qt 蘋果公司 1991-12 专有[20] 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 非标准
Advanced Systems Format (ASF) .asf, .wmv[L] 微软 1996-09 编解码器授权收费[M] 是 是 是 是[22] 是 是 否 非标准
Audio Video Interleave (AVI) .avi 微软 1992-11 专有[23] 是[N] 是[O] 是 否 是 否 否 否
Material Exchange Format (MXF) .mxf SMPTE 2004-09 无专利[24] 是 是 否 是[24] 是 否 否 是[25]
MPEG program stream (PS) .m2p, .ps[P] MPEG 1993-08 无专利[26] 是 是[Q] 是 否 否 否 否 否
MPEG transport stream (TS) .ts, .tsv[R][P] MPEG 1995-07 无专利[26] 是 是 是 是 否 否 否 否
BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream (M2TS) .m2ts, .mts 藍光光碟聯盟 2004-08 专利权受限 是 是 是 通过DVB[28] 分开存储[S] 分开存储[T] 是 分开存储[U]
Video Object (VOB) .vob DVD论坛 1996-11 专利权受限 是 是 是 否 否 分开存储[V] 分开存储[V] 否
Enhanced VOB (EVO) .evo DVD论坛 2006-03 专利权受限[29] 是 是 是 否 否 分开存储[W] 是 否
3GPP (3GP) .3gp 3GPP 2003-04 专利权受限 是 是 是 是[31] 是 否 否 否
3GPP2 (3G2) .3g2 3GPP2 2004-01 专利权受限 是 是 是 是 是 否 否 否
Flash Video (F4V) .f4v[X] Adobe 2007-12 专利权受限 是 是 是 是 是 是[32] 否 否
Flash Video (FLV) .flv Adobe 2003-09 专有[33] 是[Y] 是 是 通过RTMP 是 是[32] 否 否
Ogg .ogv, .ogx[Z] Xiph.Org基金會 2003-05 开源[38] 是 是 是 是[39] 是[40] 作为Vorbis注释[AA] 否 否
WebM .webm Google 2010-05 免授权费[42] 是 是 是 是 是[43] 是[43] 否[43] 是[AB]
RealMedia Variable Bitrate (RMVB) .rmvb RealNetworks 2003 专有 是 是 是 是 是[44] 否 否 否
DivX Media Format (DMF) .divx DivX, Inc. 2005-06 专有 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 否
  1. ^ Indicates if the container can be used for a container bitstream, for example, for use as an RTP payload format. Some technologies, such as WebRTC, do not use any container formats for streaming. Some use fragmented MP4 (fMP4) or MPEG-TS segment files, such as HLS and MPEG-DASH.[2]
  2. ^ Tags.
  3. ^ Container format level.
  4. ^ Also .mka for content that is primarily audio or .mks for subtitles only.[4]
  5. ^ Although CoreCodec, Inc. holds the copyrights and trademarks for the Matroska specification, the specifications are open to everybody. The source code of the libraries developed by the Matroska team is licensed under the LGPL and BSD licenses.
  6. ^ Anyone can use it or modify it for their own needs without paying any license or patents.[5][6]
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Matroska is designed to store VBR and VFR content.[7]
  8. ^ Companies producing Matroska-supporting hardware include Asus,[8] OPPO Digital,[9] Samsung,[10] and LG[11]
  9. ^ Matroska can be streamed over HTTP and RTP/RTSP, through it is not meant to be streamed over RTP, as the two have duplicate features.[12]
  10. ^ Also .m4a, .m4b or .m4p for audio-only content.
  11. ^ There are two popular representations: text track (QuickTime), and userdata atom (Nero).[18][19]
  12. ^ Also .wma for audio-only content.
  13. ^ License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[21]
  14. ^ ACM cannot handle VBR audio streams in AVI files. Thus, software using ACM to read audio from AVI files will not be able to handle VBR audio streams correctly, even though such files are compliant to the AVI file specification. This is a limitation of the ACM, not of the AVI file format.
  15. ^ Although AVI is not designed for variable framerates, it is possible to use them without creating a non-standard file by using 0-byte chunks for skipped frames. However, it requires the framerate to be set to the least common multiple of all framerates used, and produces slight overhead compared to true VFR.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 The following extensions are also often used for an MPEG program or a transport stream: .mpg, .mpeg, .mpv, .m1v; also .mpa, .mp3, .mp2, .mp1, .m2a or .m1a for audio-only content.
  17. ^ MPEG-2 Part 1 specification,[27] p. 64, sec. 2.6.3.
  18. ^ Also .tsa for audio-only content.
  19. ^ Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Simple title metadata are stored in the /BMDV/index.bdmv file.
  20. ^ Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Chapters require a companion .mpls file in the /BDMV/PLAYLIST/ directory.
  21. ^ Blu-ray 3D adopts a specific file structure to encode stereoscopic video. MVC stereoscopic data is in .ssif files in the /BDMV/STREAM/SSIF/ directory and require a respective base .m2ts file.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 VOB adopts a specific file structure to encode DVD content. Chapters and menus require a companion .ifo file.
  23. ^ EVO adopts a specific file structure to encode HD DVD content. Chapters require companion .xpl file.[30]
  24. ^ Also .f4a, .f4b and .f4p for audio-only content.
  25. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] p. 188.
  26. ^ Also .oga, .ogg or .opus for audio-only content.[36][37]
  27. ^ Chapters stored as Vorbis comments[41] are well supported by common tools such as FFmpeg and VLC.
  28. ^ Some stereo modes are supported.[43]

Attachments (additional files, such as fonts for subtitles) are only supported in Matroska,[16] MP4 and QTFF. M2TS supports attachments as multiple files in a specific file structure: fonts for subtitles are in .otf files in the /BDMV/AUXDATA/ directory.

Some common multimedia file formats are not completely distinct container formats. Some are containers for specific audio and video coding formats, such as WebM, a subset of Matroska. Some are combinations of common container formats and audio and video coding profiles, such as AVCHD and DivX formats. Although sometimes compared to DivX products, Xvid is neither a container format nor a video format, it is a software library that encodes video using specific coding profiles of the common MPEG-4 ASP video format. Those types of restrictions are intended to simplify the construction of multimedia recorders and players.

视频编码格式支持

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参见：Comparison of video codecs
容器对各种视频编码格式的支持
格式 压缩类型 首发年月 许可证[a] MKV MP4[45] QTFF[b] ASF[47] AVI[c] MXF PS, TS[I] M2TS VOB 3GP, 3G2 F4V FLV[II]
MPEG-H HEVC (H.265) 有损或无损 2013-06 专利权受限[52] 是[III] 是 是[55] 是 是 是[56] 是 否 否 是 否 否
MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) 有损或无损 2004-08 专利权受限[57] 是 是 是 是 是[IV] 是 是[58] 是 否 是 是 非标准
AV1 有损或无损 2018-03 专利声明 Beta[59] 是 否 否 否 否 计划 否 否 否 否 否
VP9 有损或无损 2013-06 专利声明 是 是 否 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
VP8 有损或无损 2008-09 专利声明 是 是 否 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
Dirac 有损或无损 2008-03 无专利[60] VCM[d] 否 是 否 需装Dirac[61] 否 Private 否 否 否 否 否
MVC 立体 2009-05 专利权受限 是[16] 否 否 否 否 否[V][VI] 否 否 否 是 否 否
MPEG-1 Video 有损 1993-08 专利过期[64][65] 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 否 否 否
MPEG-2 Video 有损 1996-05 专利过期 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 否 否 否
MPEG-4 Visual 有损 1999-12 专利权受限[66] 是 是 第一版 是 是 是 是 是 否 是 是 是
Microsoft MPEG4 V2 有损 2003 专利权受限、专有 是 非标准 非标准 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
VC-1 有损 2006-02 专利权受限[67] VCM[d] 是[68] 是 是 是 是 否 是 否 否 否 否
H.263 有损 1996-03 专利权受限[66] 否 是 是 是 是 否 否 否 否 是 是 否
Theora 有损 2004-06 自由许可[69] 是 否 否 否 需装ffdshow 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
Cinepak 有损 1991 专有 是 否 是 否 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
Sorenson 有损 1998-03 专有 是 否 Versions 1 and 3 否 Version 1 否 否 否 否 否 否 Spark
RealVideo 有损 1997-02 专有 RV10, RV20, RV30, RV40 RV60 否 否 非标准 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
VP6 有损 2003-05 专有 否 否 否 否 需装VP6[70][71] 否 否 否 否 否 否 是
DV 幀內 1995 专有 VCM[d] DVCPRO HD DV 25 是 是 是[73][VII] 否 否 否 否 否 否
M-JPEG 幀內 1994-05 专利过期[74] VCM[d] 是 是 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
JPEG 2000 幀內 2000 免授权费[75] 否 是 否 否 非标准 是 否 否 否 否 否 否
Apple ProRes 幀內 2007-04 专有 否 否 是[76] 否 否 是[76] 否 否 否 否 否 否
HuffYUV 无损 2000 开源 VCM[d] 否 否 否 需装HuffYUV[77] 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
YCbCr[VIII] 不压缩 1982 无专利 是 SheerVideo 是 是 是 是[78] 否 否 否 否 否 否
其他 其他 — 不定 — — DVC Pro 50, Photo JPEG, Graphics, QuickTime Animation — Indeo — JPEG 2000, TICO — — — — Screen Video
  1. ^ See the MPEG-2 Part 1 specification[27] and registered TS identifiers.[51]
  2. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 72, sec. E.4.3.1; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] Chapter 14: Video, pp. 204-218.
  3. ^ HEVC is mentioned in the latest (07) draft of Matroska,[53] MKVToolNix and VLC already support it.[54]
  4. ^ B-frames in an AVI file are a problem only for the ancient Video-for-Windows API, not for the AVI container itself.
  5. ^ MVC is not covered by the latest iteration of the MXF standards.[62]
  6. ^ MPEG, MXF, and SMPTE 381M,[63] pp. 201-219.
  7. ^ DV, DVC Pro, and DVCam in MXF,[63] pp. 166-172.
  8. ^ The digital YCbCr format is often informally called YUV, the analog format used as basis for it.

Some containers only support a restricted set of video formats:

音频编码格式支持

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参见：Comparison of audio coding formats
容器对各种音频编码格式的支持
格式 压缩类型 首发年月 许可证[a] MKV MP4[45] QTFF[b] ASF[47] AVI[c] MXF PS, TS[51] M2TS VOB[85] 3GP 3G2 F4V FLV[α]
AAC 有损 1997-12 Royalties on codecs[β] 是 是 是 AAC-LC, HE-AAC[87] AAC-LC, HE-AAC[γ][87] 是 Private 否 否 AAC-LC, HE-AAC AAC-LC, HE-AAC v1 是[δ] 是
MP3 有损 1991-12 Template:No Y[88] 是 是 MPEG-1 Audio 是 是[γ] 是 是 否 否 否 否 是 是
AC-3 有损 1991-02 Template:No Y 是 是[91] 是 是 是 是 Private 是 Private 否 否 否 否
E-AC-3 有损 2005-02 Patent encumbered QuickTime[ε] 是 是 是 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 否 否
DTS 有损 1993-06 专有 是 是 否 是 是 否 Private 是 Private 否 否 否 否
WMA 有损 1999-08 专有[92] ACM[d] 否 否 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
Opus 有损 2012-09 Royalty-free 是 是 是 是 是 否 是 否 否 否 否 否 否
Vorbis 有损 2000-05 Template:Open source[93] 是 Private 否 否 Tricky[ζ] 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
MP2 有损 1991-12 Template:No Y[η] 是 是 否 是 是 是 是 否 是 否 否 否 否
MP1 有损 1991-12 Template:No Y 是 是 否 是 是 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否
QDesign Music 1 and 2 有损 1998 专有 QuickTime[ε] 否 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
ATRAC3 有损 2000-09 专有 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
FLAC 无损 2001-07 Template:Open source 是 是 否 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
ALAC 无损 2004-04 Template:Open source 是 是 是 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
WMA Lossless 无损 2003-01 专有[97] ACM[d] 否 否 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
DTS-HD 无损 2011-08 专有 是 是[45] 是 否 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 否 否
Dolby TrueHD 无损 2006-04 专有 Mature[θ] 是 否 否 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 否 否
MLP 无损 1999-03 专有 否 是[45] 否 否 否 否 Private 否 Private 否 否 否 否
ALS 无损 2006-03 Patent encumbered 否 是 否 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 否 否 否
SLS 无损 2006-06 Patent encumbered 否 是 否 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 否 否 否
LPCM 不压缩 1979 Template:No Y[98] 是 是 是 是 是 是 Private 是 Private 否 否 否 是
A-law PCM 不压缩 1972-12 Template:No Y[99] ACM[d] 否 是 否 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 是
μ-law PCM 不压缩 1972-12 Template:No Y[99] ACM[d] 否 是 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 是
IEEE floating-point PCM 不压缩 ≥1985 Template:No Y[ι] 是 否 是 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
Microsoft ADPCM 不压缩 1992-05 专有 ACM[d] 否 是 是[47] 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
DV Audio 不压缩 1995 专有 否 是 是 否 否 是[73] 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
AMR 语音 1999-06 Patent encumbered 否 是 否 是 是 否 否 否 否 是 AMR-NB, AMR-WB 否 否
G.728 语音 1992-09 Template:No Y 否 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
Speex 语音 2003-03 Template:Open source[100] ACM[d] 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 是
QCELP 语音 1994 专有 否 否 是 是 否 否 否 否 否 否 13K 否 否
其他 其他 — 不定 Musepack, WavPack, TTA, any format supported by ACM — IMA 4:1, non-IEEE floating-point PCM, integer PCM Microsoft GSM 6.10 G.721, G.722, G.723, G.726, G.729a, CVSD, ATRAC1, Dolby AC-2 — — — — EVS EVRC, EVRC-B, EVRC-WB, SMV, VMR-WB — Asao, SWF ADPCM[101]
已弃用 其他 — 不定 — — MACE 3:1, MACE 6:1 — Truespeech, many others — — — — — — — —
  1. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 70, sec. E.4.3.2; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] Chapter 11: Sounds, pp. 177-192.
  2. ^ License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[86]
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Setting dwSampleSize to 0 in the stream headers triggers VBR stream seeking[89] allowing VBR audio formats in AVI.[90]
  4. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] pp. 7-8, sec. 1.8.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Matroska can support some codecs privately when wrapped in a QuickTime data structure.[72]
  6. ^ Vorbis is not officially supported in AVI. While it can technically be muxed into AVI using FFmpeg, Nandub and AVI-Mux GUI[94] many sources report trouble playing back the resulting files,[95] which are incompatible with existing Vorbis decoders for DirectShow and ACM, occasionally causing desynchronization when seeking.
  7. ^ Proprietary tools.[96]
  8. ^ Dolby TrueHD is supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC.
  9. ^ Special case of LPCM.[98]

Some containers only support a restricted set of audio formats:

Audio-only content can sometimes be placed in a simpler audio-only container, such as Native FLAC for FLAC[103] and ADTS for AAC.

Subtitle formats support

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参见：Subtitles § Subtitle formats
Video container support for subtitle formats
Format Type Initial release License[a] MKV[104] MP4 QTFF[b] ASF[47] AVI[i] MXF[ii] PS, TS[51] M2TS VOB 3GP, 3G2 F4V FLV
SubRip[iii] Formatted text 2000-03 Template:Open source 是[110] As TTXT[111] As TTXT[111] As SAMI[iv] Needs alterations[94] As SMPTE-TT 否 否 否 As TTXT[111] As TTXT[111] 否
WebVTT Formatted text 2010-08 Template:Open source 是[112] 是[113] As TTXT[111] 否 否 As SMPTE-TT 否 否 否 As TTXT[111] As TTXT[111] Using ActionScript[v]
ASS, SSA Formatted text 1996 Template:Open source 是[115] 否 否 否 Needs alterations[94] As SMPTE-TT 否 否 否 否 否 否
TTXT[vi] XML 2006-04 Patent encumbered 否[vii] 是 是[46] 否 否 否 否 否 否 是 是[34] 否
USF XML 2002-11 专有 计划 否 否 否 Needs alterations 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
SAMI HTML 1998-06 专有 否 否 否 是 Needs alterations As SMPTE-TT 否 否 否 否 否 否
VobSub Picture 2001 Patent encumbered Mature[viii] 是 Not standard 否 Needs alterations 否 否 As PGS[ix] 是 否 否 否
PGS[x] Picture 2006-03 Patent encumbered Mature[viii] As VobSub[ix] 否 否 否 否 否 Blu-ray As VobSub[ix] 否 否 否
DVB-SUB[118] Picture 1997-09 Patent encumbered Mature[viii] 否 否 否 否 是[119] 是 否 否 否 否 否
Ogg Kate[120] Picture or formatted text 2008-03 Template:Open source Mature[viii] 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
TextST[x] Text stream 2006-03 Patent encumbered Beta 否 否 否 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 否
MicroDVD Plain text 2000-03 专有 否 否 否 否 Needs alterations 否 否 否 否 否 否 否
Other Other — 不定 Generic bitmap images, generic plain text[53] BIFS Quicktime SMIL, EIA-608, CTA-708 — XSUB[xi] SMPTE-TT, EBU-TT[107][123] CTA-708 — — — — —
  1. ^ AVI is not designed to embed subtitles, requiring changes to the format and third party tools such as DirectVobSub[105] and VLC.
  2. ^ SMPTE standardized the format for text subtitles in MXF[106][107][108] without a reference software implementation, leaving it to independent developers.[109]
  3. ^ SubRip can be converted losslessly to and from native subtitle formats of several containers, and this conversion is supported by many common tools.
  4. ^ Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[109]
  5. ^ Loading subtitles with ActionScript[114] may be restricted to the official Adobe Flash Player.
  6. ^ TTXT is often called MPEG-4 Timed Text (MP4TT, MP4-TT) or 3GPP Timed Text (3GPP-TT, tx3g).
  7. ^ MPEG-4 Timed Text subtitles aren't supported in Matroska according to developer of MKVToolNix.[116]
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 VobSub, PGS, DVB-SUB and Ogg Kate are well supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. The storage format is specified,[53] but the specification is not officially approved yet.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[117]
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 HDMV PGS and TextST subtitles are used on HD DVD and Blu-ray.
  11. ^ Needs alterations to the container.[121][122]

Some containers only support a restricted set of subtitle formats:

  • DMF only supports XSUB.
  • EVO only supports HD DVD PGS.
  • Ogg only supports Ogg Kate and CMML.[e] SubRip can be converted losslessly to Ogg Kate.[124] Ogg Writ[125] is well supported in Ogg in common tools such as OGMtools[102] and VLC, but there's no intention to turn its draft into a fully supported specification. Xiph recommends using Kate for subtitles.[126] MicroDVD can be converted to Ogg Writ.
  • RMVB only supports RealText. SMIL can be partially converted to RealText.
  • WebM only supports WebVTT.[43] SubRip can be converted losslessly to WebVTT.

Converting image subtitles to text formats is possible using third-party tools[127] but relies on optical character recognition, which is not perfectly accurate and can at best extract basic formatting. Conversion of text to images is possible while preserving content and style. Round-trip format conversion between text formats may not be possible without losing some formatting features.

开销

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Multimedia containers interleave data in media streams to enable efficient playback using fewer computational resources, such as time spent reading from the storage drive, memory needed to buffer selected media streams, and time spent decoding when seeking to a different position in time. In this sense, muxing overhead is the control information added by the container to carry interleaved streams. A smaller overhead results in a smaller file when carrying the same streams with the same data. Overhead is affected by the total number of packets and by the size of stream packet headers. In high bitrate encodings, the content payload is usually large enough to make the overhead data relatively insignificant, but in low bitrate encodings, the inefficiency of the overhead can significantly affect the resulting file size if the container uses large stream packet headers or a large number of packets.

In general, Matroska[128] requires the least overhead, followed by MP4, AVI and Ogg.[129]

参见

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注释

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Indicates whether the standard is open or proprietary, patent-free or encumbered, whether royalty payments are required for streaming and codec implementation, and may indicate the availability of free tools for it.[1]
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 See the QuickTime File Format Specification[46] and MP4RA's Entry Codes Registered for QuickTime.[45]
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 AVI officially supports all codecs in the Media Foundation[48][47] which is an evolution of VCM and ACM, both of which are now obsolete. Some older codecs used to be officially supported,[49] and there are many known non-standard third-party extensions.[50]
  4. ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[72] but support outside Windows may be limited.[72]
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Xiph has standardized the support for codecs in Ogg,[36] but added support for more codecs afterwards.[79][37]

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Fengshuo2004/沙盒&oldid=80820895”