科薩人戰爭
| 科薩人戰爭 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| 参战方 | |||||||||
|
科萨人國家 | |||||||||
.svg){kind=small}
科萨人战争又稱开普边境战争或卡弗尔战争[1] ，是1779年至1879年期間在现今南非東開普省爆发的一系列衝突，作戰一方是科薩人，另一方是大英帝国以及游牧布爾人，這些衝突按時間順序又可以細分為九场战争。這一系列衝突也是非洲殖民地历史上持续时间最长的衝突。 [2]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D. BMJ. 1915, 2 (2859): 589. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2303193
. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2859.589-b.
- ^ Peires 1976，第1頁.
- Abbink, J; Bruijn, Mirjam de; Walraven, Klaas van. Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History. LULE. 2008. ISBN 978-9004126244.
- Abbink, J; Peires, Jeffrey. The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing. LULE. 1989. ISBN 9780253205247.
- Thompson, Leonard Monteath. A history of South Africa 3, illustrated. Yale University Press. 2001: 55. ISBN 978-0-300-08776-5.
- von Welfling Eybers, George. Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History, 1795-1910. G.Routledge & Sons. 1918 [2024-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-14）.
- Ayliff, John; Whiteside, Joseph. History of the Abambo, Generally Known as Fingos. By the Rev. John Ayliff and the Rev. Joseph Whiteside. Butterworth, Transkei. 1912 [2024-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-26）.
- Stockenstrom, Andries; Shippard, S. G. A. C.W. Hutton , 编. The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. C. Struik. 1964.
- Benyon, John A. Proconsul and Paramountcy in South Africa: The High Commission, British Supremacy, and the Sub-continent, 1806-1910. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. 1980 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-86980-228-1. （原始内容存档于2023-05-13）.
- Hone, Basil T. The First Son of South Africa to be Premier, Thomas Charles Scanlen. Longford Press. 1993 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-9635572-5-4. （原始内容存档于2023-05-13）.
- Bundy, Colin. The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry. University of California Press. 1979 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-520-03754-0. （原始内容存档于2023-04-26）.
- Oliver, Roland; Fage, J. D.; Sanderson, G. N. The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. 1985 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-521-22803-9. （原始内容存档于2023-04-30）.
- Lewsen, Phyllis. John X. Merriman: Paradoxical South African Statesman. Ad. Donker. 1982 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-949937-83-4. （原始内容存档于2023-05-02）.
- Lewsen, Phyllis. The First Crisis in Responsible Government in the Cape Colony. University of The Witwatersrand. 1940 [2024-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-26）.
- Malherbe, Vertrees Canby. What They Said, 1795-1910: A Selection of Documents from South African History. Maskew Miller. 1971. ISBN 9780623004579.
- Molteno, Percy Alport. The Life and Times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K.C.M.G., First Premier of Cape Colony: Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape and of Lord Carnarvon's Confederation Policy & of Sir Bartle Frere's.... London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1900. ISBN 978-1-277-74131-5.
- Mostert, Noël. Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People. New York: Knopf. 1992. ISBN 978-0-7126-5584-2.
- Peires, Jeffrey Brian. A History of the Xhosa C. 1700-1835. Grahamstown: Rhodes University. 1976.
- Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. Cardinal. 1974. ISBN 978-0-351-17949-5.
- Ross, Robert. Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners. Cambridge University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-1-139-42561-2.
- Theal, George McCall. Belangrijke historische dokumenten over Zuid Afrika: verzameld in den Haag en Berlijn. den Haag en Berlijn: Uitgegeven voor het Gouvernement van de Unie van Suid Afrika. 1911 [2024-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-16）.
- RD staff. Xhosa Wars. Reader's Digest Family Encyclopedia of World History. The Reader's Digest Association. 1996.
- Peires, J. B. Nxele, Ntsikana and the origins of the Xhosa religious reaction (PDF). Journal of African History. 1979, 20 (I): 51–61 [2024-03-31]. S2CID 56329319. doi:10.1017/s0021853700016716. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-06-17）.
- SAH staff. Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878. South African History Online. 21 March 2011 [2017-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-26）.
- SAH staff. Fingo leaders gather at Peddie. South African History Online. 12 May 1836 [23 March 2012]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-06）.
- SAH staff. 1800s time-line. South African History Online. 2012 [23 March 2012]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-21）.
- Gon, Philip. The Last Frontier War. Military History Journal (The South African Military History Society). December 1982, 5 (6) [2015-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-31）.