卡菲勒

卡菲勒（阿拉伯語：كافر‎，拉丁轉寫：kāfir；複數形式：阿拉伯語：كفّار‎，拉丁轉寫：kuffār），或譯卡菲爾，是阿拉伯語「拒絕者」、「忘恩負義者」一詞的音譯，是一個用來詛咒非穆斯林，甚至是不同意自己的穆斯林的術語。是伊斯蘭教用語，與穆斯林（阿拉伯語：مسلم‎，順從者）相對立，特指對神的否認和隱昧者，即不信神者。類似於基督教用語中的異教徒。

卡菲勒指拒絕承認唯一的造物主的人和對神的旨意隱昧和違背的人：前者包括無神論者和多神教徒；後者指信仰其他一神教者（包括有經人）。但是，需要強調的是：對唯一的造物主尚無認識且不否認唯一的造物主存在的非伊斯蘭教徒並不在此列，即使他是外教徒，此類人被稱為蒙昧者。故一般來說，不應該任意這樣稱呼別人，比如說2019年，世界上最大的獨立伊斯蘭組織伊斯蘭教士聯合會在印度尼西亞發布了一項公告，敦促穆斯林不要使用卡菲勒一詞來指代非穆斯林，因為這個詞既令人反感，又被認為是「神學暴力」^[1]^[2]。

否認創造者存在的人可能被稱為達赫里。^[3]^[4]從歷史上看，儘管伊斯蘭學者同意多神論者/穆什里克是卡菲勒，他們有時不同意將這個詞應用於犯下嚴重罪行的穆斯林或《聖經》中的人民的禮節。^[5]^[6] 《古蘭經》區分了穆斯特里肯和《書中的人》，保留了偶像崇拜者的前稱，儘管一些古典評論員認為基督教教義是一種推卸形式。^[7]猶太人和基督徒必須付吉茲亞，但其他人，必須繳付吉茲亞、皈依伊斯蘭教、流放或被殺。^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] 在有關這一時期的穆斯林入侵、奴役和掠奪的回憶錄中，南亞的許多穆斯林歷史學家將卡菲爾一詞用於印度教徒、佛教徒、錫克教徒和耆那教徒。^[13]^[14]^[15]

參考文獻

^ 印尼最大伊斯兰团体吁停止羞辱非穆斯林. 東方日報 (馬來西亞). 2019-03-03 [2023-05-08]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-08）（中文（繁體））.
^ Winn, Patrick. The world's largest Islamic group wants Muslims to stop saying 'infidel'. The World, Public Radio International. 8 March 2019 [15 November 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-29）.
^ Swartz, Merlin. A medieval critique of Anthropomorphism. Brill. 30 January 2015: 96 [16 January 2022]. ISBN 978-9004123762. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-12）.
^ Goldziher, I. Dahrīya. BrillOnline Reference Works (Brill Online). 2012-04-24 [16 January 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-16）.
^ Charles Adams; A. Kevin Reinhart. Kufr. John L. Esposito (編). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009 [2022-05-08]. ISBN 9780195305135. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-18）.
^ Björkman, W. Kāfir. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3775.
^ SHIRK, Brill, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_6965
^ Michael Bonner. Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. 2008: 89–90 [2022-05-11]. ISBN 978-1400827381. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-07）. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.
^ Waines, David. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2003年11月6日: 53. ISBN 9780521539067.
^ Winter, T. J.; Williams, John A. Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family and Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. 2002年10月19日: 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.
^ Ira M. Lapidus. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. : 345.
^ Islam. Encyclopedia Britannica. New York. 17 August 2021 [12 January 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-10）.
^ Engineer, Ashghar Ali. Hindu-Muslim Problem: An Approach. Economic and Political Weekly. 13–19 February 1999, 37 (7): 396–400. JSTOR 4407649.
^ Elliot and Dowson, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 2, Trubner London, pp. 347–67
^ Elliot and Dowson, Tarikh-i Mubarak-Shahi, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 4, Trubner London, pp. 68–69, 273

參見

[1] 印尼最大伊斯兰团体吁停止羞辱非穆斯林. 東方日報 (馬來西亞). 2019-03-03 [2023-05-08]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-08）（中文（繁體））.

[pri-2] Winn, Patrick. The world's largest Islamic group wants Muslims to stop saying 'infidel'. The World, Public Radio International. 8 March 2019 [15 November 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-29）.

[3] Swartz, Merlin. A medieval critique of Anthropomorphism. Brill. 30 January 2015: 96 [16 January 2022]. ISBN 978-9004123762. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-12）.

[4] Goldziher, I. Dahrīya. BrillOnline Reference Works (Brill Online). 2012-04-24 [16 January 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-16）.

[adams-5] Charles Adams; A. Kevin Reinhart. Kufr. John L. Esposito (編). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009 [2022-05-08]. ISBN 9780195305135. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-18）.

[EI2-6] Björkman, W. Kāfir. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3775.

[SHIRK-7] SHIRK, Brill, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_6965

[Bon08-8] Michael Bonner. Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. 2008: 89–90 [2022-05-11]. ISBN 978-1400827381. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-07）. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.

[Wai03-9] Waines, David. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2003年11月6日: 53. ISBN 9780521539067.

[10] Winter, T. J.; Williams, John A. Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family and Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. 2002年10月19日: 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.

[Lapid-11] Ira M. Lapidus. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. : 345.

[Britannica-12] Islam. Encyclopedia Britannica. New York. 17 August 2021 [12 January 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-10）.

[HMP-13] Engineer, Ashghar Ali. Hindu-Muslim Problem: An Approach. Economic and Political Weekly. 13–19 February 1999, 37 (7): 396–400. JSTOR 4407649.

[14] Elliot and Dowson, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 2, Trubner London, pp. 347–67

[15] Elliot and Dowson, Tarikh-i Mubarak-Shahi, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 4, Trubner London, pp. 68–69, 273

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