维基百科

叙利亚革命

叙利亚革命又被称为叙利亚尊严革命，是指从2011 年3月至2011年7月期间，在叙利亚持续发生的一系列大规模民间抗议和起义，以及随即遭到叙利亚政府对示威者的暴力镇压。叙利亚革命的抗议目标是反对总统巴夏尔·阿塞德为首的阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区独裁统治，并要求结束阿塞德家族数十年来的政治势力、实行民主改革。这场叙利亚地区的抗议活动，亦属于阿拉伯世界爆发的阿拉伯之春风潮一部分。

叙利亚革命
阿拉伯之春和叙利亚内战的一部分
2011 年 4 月 18 日在霍姆斯举行反对叙利亚政府的示威活动
日期2011年3月15日 (2011-03-15) – 2011年7月28日 (2011-07-28)
(4个月1周又6天)
地点
叙利亚
起因
目标
方法
状况政府安全部队镇压和平抗议导致武装抵抗运动的兴起和长达 13 年的叙利亚内战开始，最终于 2024 年 12 月阿塞德政权垮台[11]
冲突方
领导人物
无
伤亡
超过 12,617 人被捕；3,000 名平民强迫失踪（截至 7 月 28 日）[14]

1,800[15]–2,154[16]
总死亡人数
580,000[17]–617,910 [18]

平民死亡人数
219,223–306,887 [a]

流离失所者

a 2011年上半年的内乱中，叙利亚反对派使用与叙利亚政府相同的叙利亚国旗[22][23]

叙利亚革命最早源于2011年1月的小规模示威活动，主要是响应当时逐渐爆发的阿拉伯之春。同年3月，在德拉示威抗议过后，转变为全国性的大规模抗议活动。不过叙利亚革命随即遭到警察和军队暴力镇压、大规模逮捕，导致数千人死亡、数万人受伤。随著叙利亚政治与社会冲突逐渐加剧，以及各方军事势力相继成立与介入，使得这场革命逐渐发展为叙利亚内战。

参考文献

编辑
  1. ^ Oliver, Christin. Corruption Index 2010: The Most Corrupt Countries in the World – Global Development. The Guardian (London). 26 October 2010 [10 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于17 September 2013）. 
  2. ^ Phillips, Christopher. Sectarianism and conflict in Syria. Third World Quarterly (Taylor & Francus). 2015, 36 (2): 357–376. JSTOR 24523162. S2CID 144558644. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788. The greatest responsibility for sectarianising the conflict lies with the regime 
  3. ^ Droz- , Philippe, Vincent. "State of Barbary" (Take Two): From the Arab Spring to the Return of Violence in Syria. Middle East Journal (Middle East Institute). 2014, 68 (1): 33–58. JSTOR 43698560. S2CID 143177306. doi:10.3751/68.1.12. The use and abuse of sectarianism has been a foundational feature of Assad family rule since November 1970. 
  4. ^ C. Hof, Simon, Frederic, Alex. Sectarian Violence in Syria's Civil War. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. : 2, 4, 9. Alawites, in the service of a family-based regime trying desperately to save itself, have played a central role in violations of human rights and international law that include indiscriminate artillery and aerial bombardments of villages, summary executions, and massacres of civilians. Sunni Arabs.. have inevitably borne the overwhelming brunt of this abuse..This period has witnessed.. the rise to power of an Alawite-dominated regime whose forty-year reign preached secularism only to deepen sectarian fault-lines when challenged, laying the groundwork for a civil war that has torn Syria's complex ethno-religious tapestry... the 1963 coup was accompanied by a dramatic surge of Alawite power in the military leadership. This trend of Alawite consolidation was accelerated by systematic discrimination against Sunnis among the Ba'ath's military adherents, as Alawites sought to further enhance their control. 
  5. ^ Zafar, Saad. The Assad Poison. AllVoices. 24 March 2011 [20 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于11 May 2011）. 
  6. ^ Mroue, Bassem. Bashar Assad Resignation Called For By Syria Sit-In Activists. The Huffington Post. 18 June 2011 [9 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于3 March 2016）. 
  7. ^ Oweis, Khaled; al-Khalidi, Suleiman. Pro-democracy protests sweep Syria, 22 killed. Reuters. 8 April 2011 [8 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于5 March 2016）. 
  8. ^ Colvin, Mark. Syrian protestors want a regime change. ABC News. 25 March 2011 [5 March 2011]. （原始内容存档于29 April 2011）. 
  9. ^ McShane, Larry. Violence erupts in Syria, Jordan; anti-government protestors shot, stoned. New York Daily News. 25 March 2011 [25 March 2011]. （原始内容存档于2 November 2012） （英语）. 
  10. ^ Syria to lift decades-old emergency law. Al Jazeera. 19 April 2011 [25 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于22 November 2011）. 
  11. ^ C. Hof, Simon, Frederic, Alex. Sectarian Violence in Syria's Civil War (PDF). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. : ii, 4, 9. This grave situation has been brought about by a regime that elected to respond to peaceful protests against police brutality with deadly force...Over time, regime tactics have transformed a peaceful uprising into armed resistance. In trying to crush that resistance the regime has opted to use the tools on which it could best rely: Alawite-heavy special forces and regime protection units from the army; Alawite-heavy armed units from the various regime intelligence services; and mainly Alawite auxiliaries loosely formed into militias. The tactics of choice were artillery and air bombardments of residential areas, incarceration and torture, and numerous massacres...shift from peaceful protest toward armed resistance occurred gradually throughout the first year and a half of the uprising.. as the regime employed ever greater levels of force to suppress an initially peaceful uprising, the opposition responded in kind. 
  12. ^ Cooper (2015)，第21页.
  13. ^ Oweis, Khaled. Muslim Brotherhood endorses Syria protests. Reuters. 29 April 2011 [10 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于9 October 2017） （印度英语）. 
  14. ^ Almost 3,000 missing in Syria crackdown, NGO says. NOW News. 28 July 2011 [10 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 February 2017）. 
  15. ^ Story, AP. Syrian troops detain dozens, 3 killed in north. [22 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于4 March 2016）. 
  16. ^ As Syria flares, some U.N.'ers take flight. CNN. 18 August 2011 [17 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于17 August 2011）. 
  17. ^ Syria. GCR2P. 1 December 2022. （原始内容存档于28 January 2023）. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Syrian Revolution 13 years on | Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 March 2024 [15 March 2024]. 
  19. ^ UN Human Rights Office estimates more than 306,000 civilians were killed over 10 years in Syria conflict. United Nations. 28 June 2022 [23 April 2023]. 
  20. ^ Civilian Deaths in the Syrian Arab Republic: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations. 28 June 2022. （原始内容存档于28 June 2022）. Over the past ten years, civilians have borne the brunt of the conflict, with an estimated 306,887 direct civilian deaths occurring. 
  21. ^ Syria emergency. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 
  22. ^ Rania Abouzeid. Syrian Military Attacks Protesters in Hama. Time. 1 August 2011 [15 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 April 2017）. A giant Syrian flag is held by the crowd during a protest against President Bashar Assad in the city center of Hama on July 29, 2011 
  23. ^ Anthony Shadid. Coalition of Factions From the Streets Fuels a New Opposition in Syria. The New York Times. 30 June 2011 [25 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于10 October 2017）. 


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