维基百科

火枪

关于其他用法，请见「火枪 (消歧义)」。

火枪是一种中国古代的火器，最早出现于公元10-12世纪。火枪是所有现代火药类武器的鼻祖[1]，曾在宋金战争期间发挥了巨大作用。它最初是一种附在长柄武器（即“枪”）上的小型烟火式装置，用于在近战开始时获得冲击优势[2]。随着火药的改进，爆炸物的排放量增加，碎片或弹丸等也被添加，使其具有现代火焰喷射器以及霰弹枪组合的一些效果，但射程非常短（约3米或10英尺），而且只有一发子弹（一些设计可击发两次）。至13世纪末期，火枪的枪管已转变为金属材料，以更好地承受爆炸冲击波，并且枪头的尖刺设计被放弃，转而成为仅依靠火药击发完成攻击的纯火器。这些武器日后演变为了最早的手铳[3]。

记载于《火龍经》上的火枪形象，14世纪末（约1360-1375）

名称

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根据使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差异方面，火枪在当时有着包括“突火槍”、“梨花槍”、“火門槍”、“槍砲”等不同的名称。此外，因为現代汉语里的小型火器亦以“枪”一词通称，“火枪”一词在現代汉语里既可以表示步枪时代以前的早期火器（特别是鸟铳等），也可以用于指代后来所有的近现代枪支，在这种场合下一般将前者替称为“火矛槍”以作区分。

设计

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参见：火箭 (古代)

最早出现的火枪由一根通常是竹子的管子组成，里面装有火药和一根慢火柴，绑在长矛或其他长柄武器上。 一旦点燃，火药管就会向矛头方向喷射出一股火焰。 后来将铁丸或陶器碎片等射弹添加到火药中。 发射时，火药装药将弹丸与火焰一起喷射出来[4]。

金属火枪管出现在13世纪中叶左右，并且不再捆绑于枪上，开始独立于长枪本身而使用。独立出来的金属炮管被称为“eruptor”，成为手铳的前身[4]。

在欧洲，以木管制造的火枪版本曾被使用[5]。

图集

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  •  
    茅元儀所著的《武備志》上记载之火枪，1621年
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    “冲阵火葫芦”，在火药爆炸中释放铅丸的多类火枪之一，来自《火龙经》的插图。
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    记载于《火龙经》上的“神行破阵猛火刀牌”，约1360-1375，装载有火枪的移动盾牌，用于破坏敌人的阵型
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    挥舞着火枪的骑士，约1396
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    Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio 约1540.

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Andrade 2016，第35頁.
  2. ^ Andrade 2016，第38頁.
  3. ^ Andrade 2016，第33頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016，第51頁.
  5. ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36. 

书目

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  • Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 .
  • Arnold, Thomas, The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35270-5 
  • Benton, Captain James G. A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery 2. West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. 1862. ISBN 1-57747-079-6. 
  • Brown, G. I., The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0-7509-1878-0 .
  • Buchanan, Brenda J. (编), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History, Technology and Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate), 2006, 49 (3): 785–786 [2023-10-29], ISBN 0-7546-5259-9, S2CID 111173101, doi:10.1353/tech.0.0051, （原始内容存档于2016-03-05） 
  • Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 .
  • Cocroft, Wayne, Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, 2000 [2023-10-29], ISBN 1-85074-718-0, （原始内容存档于2019-12-21） 
  • Cowley, Robert, Experience of War, Laurel, 1993 .
  • Cressy, David, Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder, Oxford University Press, 2013 
  • Crosby, Alfred W., Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-79158-8 .
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  • Earl, Brian, Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, 1978, ISBN 0-904040-13-5 .
  • Easton, S. C., Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes, Basil Blackwell, 1952 
  • Ebrey, Patricia B., The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 
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  • Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on March 25, 2004.
  • Harding, Richard, Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830, UCL Press Limited, 1999 
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  • Johnson, Norman Gardner. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Online. （原始内容存档于2015-04-26） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助).  |contribution=被忽略 (帮助);
  • Kelly, Jack, Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, 2004, ISBN 0-465-03718-6 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols, Journal of Asian History, 1996, 30: 41–5 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, 2004 
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8 
  • Kinard, Jeff, Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact, 2007 
  • Konstam, Angus, Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590, Osprey Publisher Ltd., 2002 .
  • Liang, Jieming, Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, 2006, ISBN 981-05-5380-3 
  • Lidin, Olaf G., Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, 2002, ISBN 8791114128 
  • Lorge, Peter, Warfare in China to 1600, Routledge, 2005 
  • Lorge, Peter A., The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8 
  • Lu, Gwei-Djen, The Oldest Representation of a Bombard, Technology and Culture, 1988, 29 (3): 863–605, JSTOR 3105275, doi:10.2307/3105275 
  • McLachlan, Sean, Medieval Handgonnes, 2010 
  • McNeill, William Hardy, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press, 1992 .
  • Morillo, Stephen, War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500, McGraw-Hill, 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-052584-9 
  • Needham, Joseph, Science & Civilisation in China, 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-521-08573-X 
  • Needham, Joseph, Science & Civilisation in China, V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, 1986, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 .
  • Nicolle, David, The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane, 1990 
  • Nolan, Cathal J., The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, 2006, ISBN 0-313-33733-0 
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  • Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons, 1960 .
  • Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5954-9 
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  • Pauly, Roger, Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004 .
  • Perrin, Noel, Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879 , Boston: David R. Godine, 1979, ISBN 0-87923-773-2 
  • Petzal, David E., The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), WeldonOwen, 2014 .
  • Phillips, Henry Prataps, The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850), Notion Press, 2016 
  • Purton, Peter, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500, Boydell Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84383-449-6 
  • Robins, Benjamin, New Principles of Gunnery, 1742 
  • Rose, Susan, Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500, Routledge, 2002 
  • Roy, Kaushik, Warfare in Pre-British India, Routledge, 2015 
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228)
  • Swope, Kenneth M., The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44 (Asian States and Empires), Routledge, 2013 .
  • Tran, Nhung Tuyet, Viêt Nam Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press, 2006 .
  • Turnbull, Stephen, Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612-1639, Osprey Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1-84176-478-7 
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  • Villalon, L. J. Andrew, The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3 
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  • Watson, Peter, Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, Harper Perennial (2006), 2006, ISBN 0-06-093564-2 
  • Willbanks, James H., Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2004 

外部链接

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  • Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
  • Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=火枪&oldid=81385398”