维基百科

敘利亞革命

敘利亞革命又被稱為敘利亞尊嚴革命，是指從2011 年3月至2011年7月期間，在敘利亞持續發生的一系列大規模民間抗議和起義，以及隨即遭到敘利亞政府對示威者的暴力鎮壓。敘利亞革命的抗議目標是反對總統巴夏爾·阿塞德為首的阿拉伯復興社會黨—敘利亞地區獨裁統治，並要求結束阿塞德家族數十年來的政治勢力、實行民主改革。這場敘利亞地區的抗議活動，亦屬於阿拉伯世界爆發的阿拉伯之春風潮一部分。

敘利亞革命
阿拉伯之春和敘利亞內戰的一部分
2011 年 4 月 18 日在霍姆斯舉行反對敘利亞政府的示威活動
日期2011年3月15日 (2011-03-15) – 2011年7月28日 (2011-07-28)
(4个月1周又6天)
地點
敘利亞
起因
目標
方法
狀況政府安全部隊鎮壓和平抗議導致武裝抵抗運動的興起和長達 13 年的敘利亞內戰開始，最終於 2024 年 12 月阿塞德政權垮台[11]
衝突方
領導人物
無
傷亡
超過 12,617 人被捕；3,000 名平民強迫失蹤（截至 7 月 28 日）[14]

1,800[15]–2,154[16]
總死亡人數
580,000[17]–617,910 [18]

平民死亡人數
219,223–306,887 [a]

流離失所者

a 2011年上半年的內亂中，敘利亞反對派使用與敘利亞政府相同的敘利亞國旗[22][23]

敘利亞革命最早源於2011年1月的小規模示威活動，主要是響應當時逐漸爆發的阿拉伯之春。同年3月，在德拉示威抗議過後，轉變為全國性的大規模抗議活動。不過敘利亞革命隨即遭到警察和軍隊暴力鎮壓、大規模逮捕，導致數千人死亡、數萬人受傷。隨著敘利亞政治與社會衝突逐漸加劇，以及各方軍事勢力相繼成立與介入，使得這場革命逐漸發展為敘利亞內戰。

參考文獻

编辑
  1. ^ Oliver, Christin. Corruption Index 2010: The Most Corrupt Countries in the World – Global Development. The Guardian (London). 26 October 2010 [10 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于17 September 2013）. 
  2. ^ Phillips, Christopher. Sectarianism and conflict in Syria. Third World Quarterly (Taylor & Francus). 2015, 36 (2): 357–376. JSTOR 24523162. S2CID 144558644. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788. The greatest responsibility for sectarianising the conflict lies with the regime 
  3. ^ Droz- , Philippe, Vincent. "State of Barbary" (Take Two): From the Arab Spring to the Return of Violence in Syria. Middle East Journal (Middle East Institute). 2014, 68 (1): 33–58. JSTOR 43698560. S2CID 143177306. doi:10.3751/68.1.12. The use and abuse of sectarianism has been a foundational feature of Assad family rule since November 1970. 
  4. ^ C. Hof, Simon, Frederic, Alex. Sectarian Violence in Syria's Civil War. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. : 2, 4, 9. Alawites, in the service of a family-based regime trying desperately to save itself, have played a central role in violations of human rights and international law that include indiscriminate artillery and aerial bombardments of villages, summary executions, and massacres of civilians. Sunni Arabs.. have inevitably borne the overwhelming brunt of this abuse..This period has witnessed.. the rise to power of an Alawite-dominated regime whose forty-year reign preached secularism only to deepen sectarian fault-lines when challenged, laying the groundwork for a civil war that has torn Syria's complex ethno-religious tapestry... the 1963 coup was accompanied by a dramatic surge of Alawite power in the military leadership. This trend of Alawite consolidation was accelerated by systematic discrimination against Sunnis among the Ba'ath's military adherents, as Alawites sought to further enhance their control. 
  5. ^ Zafar, Saad. The Assad Poison. AllVoices. 24 March 2011 [20 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于11 May 2011）. 
  6. ^ Mroue, Bassem. Bashar Assad Resignation Called For By Syria Sit-In Activists. The Huffington Post. 18 June 2011 [9 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于3 March 2016）. 
  7. ^ Oweis, Khaled; al-Khalidi, Suleiman. Pro-democracy protests sweep Syria, 22 killed. Reuters. 8 April 2011 [8 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于5 March 2016）. 
  8. ^ Colvin, Mark. Syrian protestors want a regime change. ABC News. 25 March 2011 [5 March 2011]. （原始内容存档于29 April 2011）. 
  9. ^ McShane, Larry. Violence erupts in Syria, Jordan; anti-government protestors shot, stoned. New York Daily News. 25 March 2011 [25 March 2011]. （原始内容存档于2 November 2012） （英语）. 
  10. ^ Syria to lift decades-old emergency law. Al Jazeera. 19 April 2011 [25 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于22 November 2011）. 
  11. ^ C. Hof, Simon, Frederic, Alex. Sectarian Violence in Syria's Civil War (PDF). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. : ii, 4, 9. This grave situation has been brought about by a regime that elected to respond to peaceful protests against police brutality with deadly force...Over time, regime tactics have transformed a peaceful uprising into armed resistance. In trying to crush that resistance the regime has opted to use the tools on which it could best rely: Alawite-heavy special forces and regime protection units from the army; Alawite-heavy armed units from the various regime intelligence services; and mainly Alawite auxiliaries loosely formed into militias. The tactics of choice were artillery and air bombardments of residential areas, incarceration and torture, and numerous massacres...shift from peaceful protest toward armed resistance occurred gradually throughout the first year and a half of the uprising.. as the regime employed ever greater levels of force to suppress an initially peaceful uprising, the opposition responded in kind. 
  12. ^ Cooper (2015)，第21頁.
  13. ^ Oweis, Khaled. Muslim Brotherhood endorses Syria protests. Reuters. 29 April 2011 [10 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于9 October 2017） （印度英语）. 
  14. ^ Almost 3,000 missing in Syria crackdown, NGO says. NOW News. 28 July 2011 [10 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 February 2017）. 
  15. ^ Story, AP. Syrian troops detain dozens, 3 killed in north. [22 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于4 March 2016）. 
  16. ^ As Syria flares, some U.N.'ers take flight. CNN. 18 August 2011 [17 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于17 August 2011）. 
  17. ^ Syria. GCR2P. 1 December 2022. （原始内容存档于28 January 2023）. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Syrian Revolution 13 years on | Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 March 2024 [15 March 2024]. 
  19. ^ UN Human Rights Office estimates more than 306,000 civilians were killed over 10 years in Syria conflict. United Nations. 28 June 2022 [23 April 2023]. 
  20. ^ Civilian Deaths in the Syrian Arab Republic: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations. 28 June 2022. （原始内容存档于28 June 2022）. Over the past ten years, civilians have borne the brunt of the conflict, with an estimated 306,887 direct civilian deaths occurring. 
  21. ^ Syria emergency. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 
  22. ^ Rania Abouzeid. Syrian Military Attacks Protesters in Hama. Time. 1 August 2011 [15 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 April 2017）. A giant Syrian flag is held by the crowd during a protest against President Bashar Assad in the city center of Hama on July 29, 2011 
  23. ^ Anthony Shadid. Coalition of Factions From the Streets Fuels a New Opposition in Syria. The New York Times. 30 June 2011 [25 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于10 October 2017）. 


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