Looking Inside the World of Granulosa Cells: The Noxious Effects of Cigarette Smoke (Q99634708)

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

26 September 2020

title

Looking Inside the World of Granulosa Cells: The Noxious Effects of Cigarette Smoke (English)

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

26 September 2020

1

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

26 September 2020

author name string

Liborio Stuppia

series ordinal

2

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

26 September 2020

Valentina Gatta

series ordinal

3

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

26 September 2020

publication date

27 August 2020

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

26 September 2020

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

26 September 2020

volume

8

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

26 September 2020

issue

9

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32867029 AND SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

26 September 2020

copyright license

start time

27 August 2020

1 reference

April 2022 Public Data File from Crossref

copyright status

copyrighted

0 references

cites work

Smoke, alcohol and drug addiction and female fertility

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

The role of cigarette smoke-induced epigenetic alterations in inflammation

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

E-Cigarette Exposure Delays Implantation and Causes Reduced Weight Gain in Female Offspring Exposed In Utero

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Prevalence and patterns of cigarette smoking before and during early and late pregnancy according to maternal characteristics: the first national data based on the 2003 birth certificate revision, United States, 2016

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Whole-body exposure to cigarette smoke alters oocyte miRNAs expression in C57BL/6 mice

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cannabimimetic plants: are they new cannabinoidergic modulators?

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis Disorders Impacting Female Fertility

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

The effects of electronic cigarette vapor on placental trophoblast cell function

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy: United States, 2016.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

US plan gives greater role to electronic cigarettes in tobacco harm reduction

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Maternal Active Smoking During Pregnancy and Low Birth Weight in the Americas: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Correlates of Electronic Cigarettes Use Before and During Pregnancy.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Inside the granulosa transcriptome.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Hydroxychloroquine attenuates cigarette smoke induced autophagic signaling in the mouse ovary

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Smoking Prevalence and Cessation Before and During Pregnancy: Data From the Birth Certificate, 2014.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Smoking and Male Infertility: An Evidence-Based Review

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Epigenetics and male reproduction: the consequences of paternal lifestyle on fertility, embryo development, and children lifetime health

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cigarette smoke exposure triggers the autophagic cascade via activation of the AMPK pathway in mice.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the atmosphere: Their effects on humans and wildlife

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Smoking and Preterm Birth

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

The case in favor of E-cigarettes for tobacco harm reduction

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Autophagy Contributes to the Death/Survival Balance in Cancer PhotoDynamic Therapy.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Emerging nicotine delivery products. Implications for public health.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Smoking during pregnancy: findings from the 2009-2010 Canadian Community Health Survey

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy--Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 sites, 2000-2010.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

The transcriptome of follicular cells: biological insights and clinical implications for the treatment of infertility

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Scrambled and fried: cigarette smoke exposure causes antral follicle destruction and oocyte dysfunction through oxidative stress.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cumulus and granulosa cell markers of oocyte and embryo quality

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Gene expression profiles of cumulus cells obtained from women treated with recombinant human luteinizing hormone recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone or highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin versus recombinant human follicle-stim

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cigarette smoke exposure elicits increased autophagy and dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics in murine granulosa cells.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during intrauterine period promotes granulosa cell apoptosis: a prospective, randomized study

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Jumping the gun: smoking constituent BaP causes premature primordial follicle activation and impairs oocyte fusibility through oxidative stress.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cigarette smoke exposure leads to follicle loss via an alternative ovarian cell death pathway in a mouse model.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

BIMEL-mediated apoptosis in cumulus cells contributes to degenerative changes in aged porcine oocytes via a paracrine action

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Relationship between cumulus cell apoptosis, progesterone production and porcine oocyte developmental competence: temporal effects of follicular fluid during IVM

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cumulus cell gene expression following the LH surge in bovine preovulatory follicles: potential early markers of oocyte competence.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Human cumulus cells as biomarkers for embryo and pregnancy outcomes

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

The role of autophagy in follicular development and atresia in rat granulosa cells

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cumulus cell contact during oocyte maturation in mice regulates meiotic spindle positioning and enhances developmental competence

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cigarette smoke causes follicle loss in mice ovaries at concentrations representative of human exposure

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Revisiting oocyte-somatic cell interactions: in search of novel intrafollicular predictors and regulators of oocyte developmental competence

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Heat shock at the germinal vesicle breakdown stage induces apoptosis in surrounding cumulus cells and reduces maturation rates of porcine oocytes in vitro

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Quantification of benzo[a]pyrene and other PAHs in the serum and follicular fluid of smokers versus non-smokers

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons diminishes murine ovarian reserve via induction of Harakiri

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Role of autophagy in cancer

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Effect of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production in human granulosa cells on oocyte fertilization and blastocyst development

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Quantitative analysis of benzo[a]pyrene biotransformation and adduct formation in Ahr knockout mice

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Nicotine does not affect vascularization but inhibits growth of freely transplanted ovarian follicles by inducing granulosa cell apoptosis

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Ovarian intrafollicular processes as a target for cigarette smoke components and selected environmental reproductive disruptors

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Effects of nicotine on human luteal cells in vitro: a possible role on reproductive outcome for smoking women.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Sidestream tobacco smoke as the main predictor of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Endocrine disruption by cadmium, a common environmental toxicant with paradoxical effects on reproduction.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Development by self-digestion: molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Components of cigarette smoke inhibit expansion of oocyte-cumulus complexes from porcine follicles

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Effects of nicotine and cotinine on bovine theca interna and granulosa cells

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Placental cadmium and progesterone concentrations in cigarette smokers

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress in bovine oocyte in vitro maturation

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Effects of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation on oocyte quality in terms of the incidence of apoptotic granulosa cells

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Genetic susceptibility to benzene and shortened gestation: evidence of gene-environment interaction

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Protection of porcine oocytes against apoptotic cell death caused by oxidative stress during In vitro maturation: role of cumulus cells

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human gametes and embryos

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Influence of nicotine, cotinine, anabasine and cigarette smoke extract on human granulosa cell progesterone and estradiol synthesis.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Blood lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Effects of in vitro cadmium exposure on ovarian steroidogenesis in rats

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Effect of cadmium on morphology and steroidogenesis of cultured human ovarian granulosa cells

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Estrogens inhibit and androgens enhance ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Meiotic maturation in cultured bovine oocytes is accompanied by remodeling of the cumulus cell cytoskeleton

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Age dependent accumulation of cadmium in the human ovary

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cotinine disposition and effects

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Elimination of cotinine from body fluids: implications for noninvasive measurement of tobacco smoke exposure.

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Role of cumulus cells and serum on the in vitro maturation, fertilization, and subsequent development of rat oocytes

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Direct effects of nicotine on the meiotic maturation of hamster oocytes

1 March 2021

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=7555008

Cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent regulation of cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc) in rat ovarian granulosa cells and corpora lutea. cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence of rat P-450scc.

1 March 2021

1 reference