Help:CirrusSearch

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Il modo più veloce per trovare informazioni nei progetti Wikimedia è di cercarle direttamente. In ogni pagina c'è una casella ricerca.

CirrusSearch è un'estensione MediaWiki che usa Elasticsearch per fornire funzionalità di ricerca migliorate rispetto alla ricerca predefinita di MediaWiki. La Wikimedia Foundation utilizza CirrusSearch in tutti i progetti Wikimedia. Questa pagina descrive le funzionalità di CirrusSearch. Se qui non trovi risposta alla tua domanda, sentiti libero di chiedere sulla pagina di discussione e qualcuno ti risponderà.

Per informazioni sull'estensione MediaWiki vedi Extension:CirrusSearch .

For its use on Wikidata, see Help:Extension:WikibaseCirrusSearch .

Come funziona

Inserisci parole chiave o frasi e premi il tasto Invio. Oppure clicca sull'icona della lente o sul tasto Ricerca.

Se una pagina ha lo stesso titolo che hai cercato sarai subito rimandato a tale pagina. In caso contrario, cercherà tra tutte le pagine del wiki e presenterà un elenco di pagine che corrispondono ai tuoi termini di ricerca, o un messaggio per informarti che nessuna pagina ha tali parole chiave e frasi.

Se clicchi sul pulsante "Ricerca" senza inserire nulla, sarai rimandato alla pagina Speciale:Ricerca che fornisce ulteriori opzioni di ricerca (comunque disponibili anche dalle pagine dei risultati di ricerca).

Può essere utile restringere una ricerca ad un particolare namespace, ad esempio solo all'interno delle pagine User. Controlla i namespace che richiedi per questa ricerca.

All keywords mentioned below are case-sensitive and in lowercase.

Cos'è migliorato?

In confronto alla ricerca predefinita di MediaWiki, CirrusSearch offre tre principali miglioramenti, cioè:

• Miglior supporto per la ricerca in diverse lingue.
• Aggiornamenti più rapidi dell'indice di ricerca, cosa che rende più veloce l'assimilazione nei risultati delle modifiche effettuate.
• Espansione dei template, il che significa che anche il contenuto dei template ora riflette i risultati delle ricerche.

Con quale frequenza è aggiornato l'indice di ricerca?

There are two primary search indexes to consider:

The first is full-text search, on Special:Search. This index is updated in near real time. Le modifiche alle pagine dovrebbero apparire immediatamente nei risultati. Le modifiche ai template dovrebbero avere effetto sulle voci che li includono entro pochi minuti. Una null edit all'articolo forzerà comunque l'aggiornamento ma non è richiesta se tutto procede per il verso giusto.

The second index to consider is the fuzzy auto-complete title search. This index is updated once a day and mirrors what was found in the full-text search index at the time the index was updated. Depending on timing a new page could take two days to be found in the fuzzy title autocomplete. If this is unacceptable for a particular use case, within user search options the title completion can be changed to classic prefix search which uses the full-text search index.

Suggerimenti di ricerca

I suggerimenti che si ottengono nel menu a tendina quando si digita qualcosa nella casella di ricerca sono ordinati in base ad una misurazione approssimata della qualità della voce. Questo tiene in conto il numero di wikilink in entrata, la dimensione della pagina, il numero di collegamenti esterni, il numero di sezioni e il numero di redirect.

I suggerimenti possono essere ignorati e le ricerche indirizzeranno direttamente alla pagina dei risultati di ricerca. Basta aggiungere una tilde ~ prima della ricerca stessa. Ad esempio "~Frida Kahlo". I suggerimenti di ricerca continueranno ad apparire, ma premendo in qualsiasi momento il tasto Invio si verrà rimandati alla pagina dei risultati di ricerca.

Accent/diacritic folding is turned on for some languages; the details are language-specific.

The algorithm used to rank suggestions is described in more detail at Extension:CirrusSearch/CompletionSuggester#Ranking criteria.

Ricerca nel testo completo

Una "ricerca nel testo completo" (full text search) è una "ricerca indicizzata". Tutte le pagine sono salvate nel database wiki, e tutte le parole di queste pagine sono salvate in un database di ricerca, che è un indice al testo completo del wiki. Ogni parola visibile è indicizzata nella lista di pagine in cui può essere trovata, quindi la ricerca di una parola è veloce come se fosse fatta all'interno di un singolo documento. Oltretutto, per ogni cambiamento nelle parole, l'indice di ricerca è aggiornato entro qualche secondo.

Ci sono vari indici sul "testo completo" del wiki per facilitare le varie tipologie di ricerche di cui si ha bisogno. Il wikitesto completo è indicizzato varie volte i più indici a finalità speciali, ignuna interpretando il wikitesto nella maniera che ottimizza il loro uso. Un esempio di indicizzazione:

• Il testo "ausiliario" che include annotazioni, didascalie, indici analitici ed ogni wikitesto classificato da un attributo HTML class=searchaux.
• Il testo "introduttivo" che è il wikitesto fra la parte superiore della pagina e il primo di sezione.
• Il testo "categoria" che indicizza la lista al fondo.
• I template sono indicizzati. Se le parole nella transclusione cambiano, allora viene aggiornata ogni pagina che lo include. (Questo può richiedere parecchio tempo a seconda della coda di lavoro.) Se cambiano i sottotemplate usati dal template, l'indice è aggiornato.
• I contenuti dei documenti che sono salvati nel namespace File/Media sono indicizzati. Sono riconosciuti migliaia di formati.

Sono supportate dozzine di lingue, sebbene l'obiettivo sia quello di gestire tutte le lingue. Vi è una lista delle lingue supportate su elasticsearch.org; vedere la loro documentazione per inviare richieste o correzioni. Third-party open-source libraries are also used to support additional languages not covered by Elasticsearch.

CirrusSearch ottimizzerà la tua richiesta (query) e la effettuerà. I titoli risultanti sono pesati per rilevanza, e significativamente post-processati, 20 alla volta, per ogni pagina dei risultati di ricerca. Per esempio i frammenti di testo sono ottenuti dalla pagina, e i termini di ricerca sono evidenziati in grassetto.

I risultati di ricerca spesso saranno accompagnati da vari avvisi preliminari. Fra di essi vi è il Forse cercavi (correzione degli errori di battitura) e, quando non vi sarebbero risultati, vi sarà il Mostra risultati per (ricerca corretta) e cerca invece (la tua query).

Fra le varie funzionalità della ricerca:

• Ordinamento dei suggerimenti di ricerca per numero di collegamenti in entrata.
• Inizio con il carattere tilde ~ per disabilitare la navigazione e i suggerimenti in modo da preservare anche l'ordinamento delle pagine.
• Normalizzazione dei caratteri non inseribili da tastiera in caratteri inseribili da tastiera.
• Parole e frasi che corrispondono sono evidenziate in grassetto nelle pagine dei risultati. L'evidenziazione è un analizzatore superficiale, mentre sono gli indici di ricerca a trovare realmente le pagine, e quindi possono non corrispondere al 100%, specialmente per le espressioni regolari (regex). L'evidenziazione può essere più o meno accurata dell'indice.

Parole, frasi e modificatori

Una ricerca base è una parola o una "frase fra virgolette". I dettagli variano in base alla lingua, soprattutto per le lingue senza spazi, ma la ricerca in genere riconosce una "parola" come:

• una stringa di numeri
• una stringa di lettere
• sottoparole fra transizioni di lettere/numeri, come in txt2regex
• sottoparole dentro a nomiCombinati usando camelCase

Una "parola bloccata" (stop word) è una parola che è ignorata (perchè è troppo comune, o per altre ragioni). The list of stop words is language-specific and not all languages support stop words. Un certo termine di ricerca trova corrispondenze nel contenuto (elaborato nella pagina). Per trovare corrispondenze nel wikitesto, usa il parametro di ricerca insource (vedi la sezione Insource più in fondo). Ogni parametro di ricerca ha il suo indice, e lo interpreta a modo suo.

La spaziatura fra le parole, frasi, parametri, e l'input dei parametri, può includere una generosa presenza di spazi bianchi e di spaziature grigie (greyspace characters). Le spaziature grigie sono tutti i caratteri non alfanumerici ~!@#$%^&()_ -={}|[]\:";'<>?,./. Una stringa composta dall'insieme di spaziature grigie e spazi bianchi è uno "spaziogrigio" (greyspace), ed è trattata come una grande parola limite. Lo spaziogrigio è come gli indici sono costruiti e come le query sono interpretate.

Le due eccezioni sono quando 1) embedded:colon è una parola (che viene trattata come una lettera, o sequenza alfabetica), e 2) è una virgola incorporata , come in 1,2,3, che viene trattata come un numero, o sequenza numerica. I caratteri di spaziatura grigia vengono in ogni modo ignorati a meno ché, per la sintassi della query, possano essere interpretate come caratteri modificatori.

I modificatori sono ~ * \? - " ! . In base alla loro posizione nella sintassi possono essere applicati ad un termine, un parametro, o ad una intera query. I modificatori di parola e frase sono le ricerche jolly, o di prossimità o le ricerche ambigue e non definite. Ogni parametro può avere i propri modificatori, ma in generale:

• A fuzzy-word or fuzzy-phrase search can suffix a tilde ~ character (and a number telling the degree).
• A tilde ~ character prefixed to the first term of a query guarantees search results instead of any possible navigation.
• A wildcard character inside a word can be an (escaped) question mark \? for one character or an asterisk * character for zero or more characters.
• Truth-logic can interpret AND and OR, but parameters cannot. Note that the AND and OR operators currently do not function in the traditional truth-logic manner! For details see more on logical operators.
• Truth-logic understands - or ! prefixed to a term to invert the usual meaning of the term from "match" to "exclude".

Words that begin with - or !, such as -in-law or !Kung can exactly match titles and redirects, but will also match every document that does not contain the negated word, which is usually almost all documents. To search for such terms other than as exact matches for titles or redirects, use the insource search parameter (See section below).

• Quotes around words mark an "exact phrase" search. For parameters they are also needed to delimit multi-word input.
• Stemming is automatic but can be turned off using an "exact phrase".

I due caratteri jolly sono l'asterisco ed il punto interrogativo (escaped), ed entrambi possono essere inseriti nel mezzo o alla fine di una parola. Il punto interrogativo (escaped) \? indica un carattere qualsiasi e l'asterisco indica una qualsiasi sequenza di caratteri. Poiché molti utenti, anziché scrivere una query, faranno una domanda, ogni punto interrogativo viene ignorato a meno ché non sia specificamente escaped \? nel suo significato di carattere jolly.

Una ricerca di una frase può essere iniziata con diverse indicazioni al motore di ricerca. Ogni metodo di indicazione ha un effetto collaterale su quanto saranno precisi i risultati corrispondenti alla sequenza di parole. Indicazioni per greyspace, camelCase, o txt2number:

• given words-joined_by_greyspace(characters) or wordsJoinedByCamelCaseCharacters it finds words joined by ... characters, in their bare forms or greyspace forms.
• txt2number will match txt 2 number or txt-2.number.
• Stop words are enabled for the edge cases (in the periphery) of a grey_space or camelCase phrase. An example using the, of, and a is that the_invisible_hand_of_a matches invisible hand within the text meetings invisible hand shake.

Un report di "cerca ivece" è attivata quando una parola universalmente sconosciuta viene ignorata in una frase.

Oguna dei seguenti tipi di ricerca-frasi contiene o si estende oltre le tolleranze di riscontro della precedente:

• Una "frase esatta" "virgolettata" tollererà (considererà) gli spazigrigi. Data una "exact_phrase" o "exact phrase" verrà trovata una "exact]phrase".
• Una grayspace_phrase avvia il controllo dei lemmi e delle "parole di stop"
• Dato CamelCase sarà "in oltre" trovato camelcase, tutto in minuscolo, poiché CirrusSearch non è sensibile alle maiuscole nella ricerca. Note that CamelCase matching is not enabled for all languages.

Alcuni parametri interpretano frasi greyspace (frasi che possiedono caratteri non-alfanumerici), ma altri parametri, come insource (fonte di informazione), interpretano soltanto la "frase tra virgolette" abituale.

In search terminology, support for "stemming" means that a search for "swim" will also include "swimming" and "swimmed", but may not include irregular forms like "swam".

Frase cercata	parserfunction	parserFunction	parser function	parser-function	parser:function	parSer:funcTion
parserfunction			N	N	N	N
"parser function"	N	N			N	N
parser_function	N				N	N
parserFunction					N	N
"parser:function"	N	N	N	N
"parser_function"	N	N			N	N
"parSer_funcTion"	N	N			N	N
parSer_FuncTion	N	N

Note that all stemming is case insensitive.

Noti come la ricerca della "frase esatta" ha interpretato il carattere embedded:colon come una lettera, ma non il carattere embedded_underscore. Un simile evento avviene con il carattere , in un numero.

Given in:this:word, CirrusSearch, when in an "exact phrase" context, (which includes the insource parameter context), will not match in, this, or word, but will then only match in:this:word.

Altrimenti ricorda che per CirrusSearch le parole sono lettere, numeri o combinazioni dei due e non contano le maiuscole/minuscole.

The common word search employs the space character and is aggressive with stemming, and when the same words are joined by greyspace characters or camelCase they are aggressive with phrases and subwords.

When common words like "of" or "the" are included in a greyspace-phrase, they are ignored, so as to match more aggressively.

A greyspace_phrase search term, or a camelCase, or a txt2number term, match the signified words interchangeably. You can use any of those three forms. Now camelcase matches camelCase because Search is not case sensitive, but camelCase matches camelcase because camelCase is more aggressive. Like the rest of Search, subword "words" are not case-sensitive. By comparison the "exact phrase" is greyspace oriented and ignores numeric or letter-case transitions, and stemming. "Quoted phrases" are not case sensitive.

From the table we can surmise that the basic search parser_function -"parser function" is the sum of the basic searches parserFunction and parser<stems> function<stems>.

Making inquiries with numbers, we would find that:

• Plan9 or Plan_9 matches any of: plan9, plans 9, planned 9th, (planned) 9.2, "plans" (9:24)
• "plan9" only matches plan9 (case insensitive)
• Plan*9 matches plan9 or planet4589.

The star * wildcard matches a string of letters and digits within a rendered word, but never the beginning character. One or more characters must precede the * character.

• When * matches numbers, a comma is considered part of one number, but the decimal point is considered a greyspace character, and will delimit two numbers.

• Inside an "exact phrase" * is treated as a greyspace character and not a wild card character, so it delimits words.

The \? wildcard represents one letter or number; *\? is also accepted, but \?* is not recognized.

The wildcards are for basic word, phrase, and insource searches, and may also be an alternative to (some) advanced regex searches (covered later).

Putting a tilde ~ character after a word or phrase activates a fuzzy search.

• For a phrase it is termed a proximity search, because proximal words are tolerated to an approximate rather than exact phrase.

• For example, "exact one two phrase"~2 matches exact phrase.

• For a word it means extra characters or changed characters.

• For a phrase a fuzzy search requires a whole number telling it how many extra words to fit in, but for a word a fuzzy search can have a decimal fraction, defaulting to word~0.5 (word~.5), where at most two letters can be found swapped, changed, or added, but never the first two letters.

• For a proximity phrase, a large number can be used, but that is an "expensive" (slow) search.

• For a word word~2 is most fuzzy with an edit distance of 2 (default), and word~1 is least fuzzy, and word~0 is not fuzzy at all.

	flowers algernon	Flowers for Algernon	flowers are for Algernon	Flowers a1 2b 3c 4f 5j 6l 7j 8p q9 z10 for Algernon
"flowers algernon"		N	N	N
"flowers algernon"~0		N	N	N
"flowers algernon"~1			N	N
"flowers algernon"~2				N
"flowers algernon"~11
"algernon flowers"~1	N	N	N	N
"algernon flowers"~2		N	N	N
"algernon flowers"~3			N	N
"algernon flowers"~4				N
"algernon flowers"~13

For the closeness value necessary to match in reverse (right to left) order, count and discard all the extra words, then add twice the total count of remaining words minus one. (In other words, add twice the number of segments). For the full proximity algorithm, see Elasticsearch slop.

Le virgolette disattivano lo stemming, "but appending"~ la tilde riattiva lo stemming.

	flowers	flower	Flowers for Algernon	flower for Algernon
flowers					Stemming is in effect.
"flowers"		N		N	Proximity search turns off stemming.
"flowers"~					Proximity plus stemming by suffixing a tilde.
"flowers for algernon"	N	N		N	Proximity search turns off stemming.
"flowers for algernon"~	N	N			Proximity plus stemming by suffixing a tilde.
"flowers algernon"~1	N	N		N	Proximity search turns off stemming.
"flowers algernon"~1~	N	N			Proximity plus stemming by suffixing a tilde.

Insource

≥ 1.24 Gerrit change 137733

Insource searches can be used to find any one word rendered on a page, but it's made for finding any phrase you might find - including MediaWiki markup (aka wikicode), on any page except redirects. This phrase completely ignores greyspace: insource: "state state autocollapse" matches |state={{{state|autocollapse}}}.

insource: word insource: "word1 word2"	Greyspace characters are ignored, just as they are with word searches and exact-phrase searches.
insource:/regexp/ insource:/regexp/i	Queste sono espressioni regolari. Non sono efficienti, quindi solo pochi sono consentiti alla volta nel cluster di ricerca, ma sono molto potenti. L'espressione regolare fa distinzione tra maiuscole e minuscole per impostazione predefinita; la mancanza di distinzione tra maiuscole e minuscole può essere attivata con i extra, che è ancora meno efficiente.

Insource complements itself. On the one hand it has full text search for any word in the wikitext, instantly. On the other hand it can process a regexp search for any string of characters. Regexes scan all the textual characters in a given list of pages; they don't have a word index to speed things up, and the process is interrupted if it runs for more than twenty seconds. Regexes run last in a query, so to limit needless character-level scanning, every regex query should include other search terms to limit the number of documents that need to be scanned. Often the best candidate to add to the regex query insource:/arg/ is insource:arg, where arg is the same (and uses no wildcards).

The syntax for the regexp is insource: no space, and then /regexp/. (No other parameter disallows a space. All the parameters except insource:/regexp/ accept space after their colon.)

Insource indexed-search and regexp-search roles are similar in many respects:

• Both search wikitext only.
• Neither finds things "sourced" by a transclusion.
• Neither does stemmed, fuzzy, or proximity searches.
• Both want the fewest results, and both work faster when accompanied by another clause.

But indexed searches all ignore greyspace; wildcards searches do not match greyspace, so regexes are the only way to find an exact string of any and all characters, for example a sequence of two spaces. Regexes are an entirely different class of search tool that make matching a literal string easy (basic, beginner use), and make matching by metacharacter expressions possible (advanced use) on the wiki. See #Regular expression searches below.

The insource parameter treats words with embedded colons as one word. This affects search queries for templates, parser functions, URLs, wikilinks, HTML tags, and comments.

When possible, please avoid running a bare regexp search. See how this is always possible at #Regular expression searches, below.

To search for words that begin with - or !, such as -in-law or !Kung, use a case-insensitive insource query together with a simple search on the "plain" version of the term (to avoid a bare regexp search). For example, "in-law" insource:/-in-law/i or "kung" insource:/!kung/i.

Prefix and namespace

Prepending a namespace term like file: to a search query limits results to a specific namespace , instead of searching the entire wiki. The default namespace is "Main".

Only one namespace name can be set from the search box query. It must be the first term in the query, or, if used as part of a prefix: term, must appear as the last term in the query.

Two or more namespaces may be searched from the Advanced pane of the search bar found on the top of every search results page, Special:Search. Your search domain, as a profile of namespaces, can be set here. The namespaces list will then present itself on the first page of future search results to indicate the search domain of the search results. To unset this, select the default namespace (shown in parentheses), select "Remember", and press Search.

The search bar graphically sets and indicates a search domain. "Content pages" (mainspace), "Multimedia" (File), "Everything" (all plus File), "Translations", etc., are hyperlinks that can activate the query in that domain, and then indicate this by going inactive (dark). But the query will override the search bar. When a namespace or prefix is used in the query the search bar activations and indications may be misleading, so the search bar and the search box are mutually exclusive (not complementary) ways to set the search domain.

A namespace term overrides the search bar, and a prefix: term overrides a namespace.

To specify a namespace name, prefix it with a colon, e.g., talk:. Use all: to search across all namespaces, or : (a single colon) to search just the main article namespace.

The all: term does not include the File: namespace, which includes media content held at Commons such as PDF, which are all indexed and searchable. When File is involved, a namespace modifier local: has an effect, otherwise it is ignored.

As with search parameters, local: and all: must be lowercase. Namespaces names, though, are case insensitive.

Namespace aliases are accepted.

talk: "Wind clock"	Find pages in the Talk namespace whose title or text contains the phrase "wind clock".
file: "Wind clock"	Find pages in File namespace, whose title, text, or media content contains the phrase "wind clock".
file: local: "Wind clock"	Filter out results from Commons wiki.
local: "Wind clock"	Ignored. Searches mainspace. Local is ignored unless File is involved.

prefix:

The prefix: parameter matches any number of first-characters of all pagenames in one namespace. When the first letters match a namespace name and colon, the search domain changes.

Given a namespace only, prefix: will match all its pagenames. Given one character only, it cannot be - (dash), ' (quote), or " (double quote). The last character cannot be a colon.

For pagenames that match, their subpage titles match by definition.

The prefix: parameter does not allow a space before a namespace, but allows whitespace before a pagename. This term always goes at the end, so that pagename characters may contain quotation marks (").

prefix:cow	Find pages in mainspace whose title starts with the three letters c o w.
domestic   prefix:cow	Find pages in mainspace whose title starts with the three letters c o w, and that contain the word "domestic".
domestic   prefix:cow/	List any existing subpages of Cow but only if they contain the word "domestic". This is a very common search and is frequently built using a special URL parameter called prefix=.
domestic   prefix:Talk:cow/	List any subpages of Talk:cow, but only if they contain the word "domestic".
1967   prefix:Pink Floyd/	List any subpages of Pink Floyd, but only if it also contains the word "1967".

The Translate extension creates a sort of "language namespace" of translated versions of a page. However, unlike namespace or prefix, which create the initial search domain, the inlanguage parameter is a filter of it. (See the next section.)

Exclude content from the search index

Content can be excluded from the search index by adding class="navigation-not-searchable". This will instruct CirrusSearch to ignore this content from the search index (see task T162905 for more context).

Additionally content can be marked as auxiliary information by adding class="searchaux". This will instruct CirrusSearch to move the content from the main text to an auxiliary field which has lower importance for search and snippet highlighting. This distinction is used for items such as image thumbnail descriptions, 'see also' sections, etc.

Filters

A filter will have multiple instances, or negated instances, or it can run as a standalone filtering a search domain. A query is formed as terms that filter a search domain.

Adding another word, phrase, or parameter filters more. A highly refined search result may have very many Y/N filters when every page in the results will be addressed. (In this case ranking is largely irrelevant.) Filtering applies critically to adding a regex term; you want as few pages as possible before adding a regex (because it can never have a prepared index for its search).

A namespace is a specified search domain but not a filter because a namespace will not run standalone. A prefix will negate so it is a filter. The search parameters below are filters for which there may be multiple instances.

Insource (covered above) is also a filter, but insource:/regexp/ is not a filter. Filters and all other search parameters are lowercase. (Namespaces are an exception, being case insensitive.)

Intitle e incategory

Word and phrase searches match in a title and match in the category box on bottom of the page. But with these parameters you can select titles only or category only.

• cow*

• • Find articles whose title or text contains words that start with cow

• intitle:foo

• • Find articles whose title contains foo. Stemming is enabled for foo.

• intitle:"fine line"

• • Find articles whose title contains fine line. Stemming is disabled.

• intitle:foo bar

• • Find articles whose title contains foo and whose title or text contains bar.

• -intitle:foo bar
  • Trova le voci il cui titolo non contiene "foo" e il cui titolo o il testo contiene "bar".
• incategory:Music
  • Trova le voci che sono in Category:Music
• incategory:"music history"
  • Trova le voci che sono in Category:Music_history
• incategory:"musicals" incategory:"1920"

• • Find articles that are in both Category:Musicals and Category:1920

• -incategory:"musicals" incategory:"1920"

• • Find articles that are not in Category:Musicals but are in Category:1920

Intitle and incategory are old search parameters. Incategory no longer searches any subcategory automatically, but you can now add multiple category pagenames manually.

≥ 1.31 Gerrit change 413896

Since MediaWiki 1.31-wmf.23 Regular expression searches are supported for intitle:

intitle:/regex/, intitle:/regex/i

Everything written in the #Regular expression searches is also valid for these searches, including warnings.

When possible, please avoid running a bare regexp search. See how this is always possible at #Regular expression searches, below.

Deepcategory

Deep category search allows to search in category and all subcategories. The depth of the tree is limited by 5 levels currently (configurable) and the number of categories is limited by 256 (configurable). The deep search uses SPARQL Category service from WDQS. Keywords are deepcategory or deepcat. Example:

• deepcat:"musicals"

• • Find articles that are in Category:Musicals or any of the subcategories.

The DeepCat gadget that previously implemented the parameter was sunsetted in January 2020.

Linksto

Linksto finds wikilinks to a given name, not links to content. The input is the canonical, case sensitive, page name. It must match the title line of the content page, exactly, before any title modifications of the letter-case. (It must match its {{FULLPAGENAME}}, e.g. Help:CirrusSearch/it.)

Linksto does not find redirects. It only finds [[wikilinks]], even when they are made by a template. It does not find a link made by a URL, even if that URL is an internal wiki link.

To find all wikilinks to a "Help:Cirrus Search", if "Help:Searching" and "H:S" are redirects to it:

1. linksto: "Help:Cirrus Search"
2. linksto: Help:Searching
3. linksto: H:S

CirrusSearch -linksto: Help:CirrusSearch finds articles that mention "CirrusSearch" but not in a wikilink.

Hastemplate

You can specify template usage with hastemplate: template. Input the canonical pagename to find all usage of the template, but use any of its redirect pagenames finds just that naming. Namespace aliases are accepted, capitalization is entirely ignored, and redirects are found, all in one name-search. (Compare boost-template no default namespace; linksto no namespace aliases, case-sensitive, no redirects; intitle no redirects.)

Hastemplate finds secondary (or meta-template) usage on a page: it searches the post-expansion inclusion. This is the same philosophy as for words and phrases from a template, but here it's for templates from a template. The page will be listed as having that content even though that content is not seen in the wikitext.

• hastemplate: "quality image", finds "Template:Quality image" usage in your default search domain (namespaces).

• hastemplate: portal:contents/tocnavbar, finds mainspace usage of a "Contents/TOCnavbar" template in the Portal namespace.

For installations with the Translate extension, hastemplate searches get interference wherever Template:Translatable template name wraps the template name of a translatable template. Use insource instead.

Inlanguage

For installations with the Translate extension, inlanguage is important for highly refined searches and page counts.

inlanguage: language code

will produce search results in that language only.

For example

• to count all Japanese pages on the wiki

all: inlanguage: ja

• to filter out German and Spanish pages in the Help namespace

help: -inlanguage: de -inlanguage: es

• to ignore Translate, and where English is the base language, add

inlanguage:en

Contentmodel

The contentmodel: keyword allows to limit the search to pages of a specific content model. For possible models cf. Content handlers. E.g.:

• To see only JSON pages:

contentmodel:json

subpageof

To find sub-pages.

subpageof: ParentPage

For example

• To find all subpages of CirrusSearch.

subpageof:CirrusSearch

• Use double quotes if the parent page contains spaces.

subpageof:"Requests for comment"

unlike prefix:, do not include the page namespace in the keyword value. If you want to limit to sub-pages of a particular namespace use the namespace filter.

Articletopic

The articletopic: keyword allows filtering search results by topic. For possible topics see Help:CirrusSearch/articletopic . E.g. articletopic:books will filter the search results to articles about books. articletopic:books|films will filter to articles about books or films. articletopic:books articletopic:films will filter to articles which are about both books and films.

Only mainspace articles belong into topics, and topics are only available on Wikipedias. Unlike other filters, articletopic also does page weighting: articles which are a stronger match for a topic will be higher in the search results (while articles which aren't about that subject at all will be removed from the result set completely).

Topic models are derived via machine learning from ORES. Any given article receives a score on dozens of different topics, and therefore may appear under different keywords. For instance, the article on Albert Einstein may appear as a "physics" article and a "biography" article. All Wikipedias have scores available -- some have local-language topic models that have coverage on all articles. Other languages do not have local ORES models, and are using English-language scores assigned to articles in the local language that also exist in English Wikipedia. The languages with such "cross-wiki" scores do not have 100% coverage -- depending on the language, it may only be something like 60% of articles that have topics available.

Topic-related search data is updated weekly, so recently created articles might not show up in topic-based search queries.

Pageid

The pageid: keyword restricts search results to the given set of page IDs. This is not really useful for manual searching; it can be used by software tools for checking whether a set of pages match the given set of search conditions (e.g. for re-validating cached search results).

Page weighting

Weighting determines snippet, suggestions, and page relevance. The normal weight is one. Additional weighting is given through multipliers.

If the query is just words, pages that match them in order are given a boost. If you add any explicit phrases to your search, or for certain other additions, this "prefer phrase" feature is not applied.

Morelike

• morelike:page name 1|page name 2|...|page name n
  • Ricerca tra gli articoli quale ha il contenuto più simile ai primi due articoli ricercati.
• morelike:wasp|bee|ant
  • Find articles about stinging insects.
• morelike:template:search|template:regex|template:usage
  • Find templates about regex searching for template usage on the wiki.

morelike is a "greedy" keyword, meaning that it cannot be combined with other search queries. If you want to use other search queries, use morelikethis in your search:

• morelikethis:bee hastemplate:"featured article"
  • Find articles about bees that also have the "featured article" template.

The morelike: query works by choosing a set of words in the input articles and run a query with the chosen words. You can tune the way it works by adding the following parameters to the search results URL:

• cirrusMltMinDocFreq: Minimum number of documents (per shard) that need a term for it to be considered.

• cirrusMltMaxDocFreq: Maximum number of documents (per shard) that have a term for it to be considered.

• cirrusMltMaxQueryTerms: Maximum number of terms to be considered.

• cirrusMltMinTermFreq: Minimum number of times the term appears in the input to doc to be considered. For small fields (title) this value should be 1.

• cirrusMltMinWordLength: Minimal length of a term to be considered. Defaults to 0.

• cirrusMltMaxWordLength: The maximum word length above which words will be ignored. Defaults to unbounded (0).

• cirrusMltFields (comma separated list of values): These are the fields to use. Allowed fields are title, text, auxiliary_text, opening_text, headings and all.

• cirrusMltUseFields (true|false): use only the field data. Defaults to false: the system will extract the content of the text field to build the query.

• cirrusMltPercentTermsToMatch: The percentage of terms to match on. Defaults to 0.3 (30 percent).

• Example:

  &cirrusMtlUseFields=yes&cirrusMltFields=title&cirrusMltMinTermFreq=1&cirrusMltMinDocFreq=1&cirrusMltMinWordLength=2
  

These settings can be made persistent by overriding cirrussearch-morelikethis-settings in System message.

Prefer-recent

Adding prefer-recent: anywhere in the query gives recently edited articles a slightly larger than normal boost in the page-ranking rules. Prefer-recent is only applied when using the default relevance sort order.

It defaults to boost only 60% of the score, in a large, 160-day window of time, which can be entered in the query as prefer-recent:0.6,160. This plays well with other page ranking rules, and is intended for most searches.

You can manipulate the rules: prefer-recent:boost,recent Technically, "boost" is the proportion of score to scale, and "recent" is the half life in days. The boost is more than the usual multiplier, it is an exponential boost. The factor used in the exponent is the time since the last edit.

For example

prefer-recent:,7

Pages older than 7 days are boosted half as much, and pages older than 14 days are boosted half as much again, and so on. For a simple "sort by date" in highly refined search results, where page ranking and boosting are largely meaningless, just boost the entire score.

• prefer-recent:1,7 - weeks
• prefer-recent:1,1 - days
• prefer-recent:1,0.0007 - minutes
• prefer-recent:1,0.0001 - 8.64 seconds
• prefer-recent:1,0.00001 - seconds

Boost-templates

Puoi anche dare priorità alle pagine basandoti sui template in esse contenuti. Ciò può essere fatto direttamene scrivendo boost-templates:"" o puoi decidere che ciò avvenga di default per ogni ricerca inserendo MediaWiki:Cirrussearch-boost-templates. Il codice boost-templates sostituisce il contenuto di cirrussearch-boost-templates se il primo è esplicitato. La sintassi è un po' bizzarra ma è stata scelta per questioni di semplicità. Similar to the prefer-recent feature, boost-templates is applied as part of the default relevance sort order. It has no effect on other search orders.

The syntax of the message is as follows:

• Everything from a # character to the end of the line is considered a comment, and ignored.
• Every non-blank line is interpreted as the exact name of a template that should receive boosting (including namespace prefix), followed by a pipe "|" character, followed by a number, followed by a "%" character.

Good examples:

 Template:Important|150%
 Template:Very_Very_Important|300%
 Template:Less_important|50%

Bad examples:

 Template:Foo|150.234234% # decimal points are not allowed.
 Foo|150% # technically valid, but acts on transclusions of Foo (main space article) instead of Template:Foo.

Alcuni esempi:

boost-templates:"Template:Quality_Image|200%" incategory:china

Cercherà le immagini della categoria Cina che abbiano anche il template "Quality Image"

boost-templates:"Template:Quality_Image|200% Template:Low_Quality|50%" incategory:china

Troverà le immagini nella categoria Cina visualizzando prima quelle d'alta qualità e poi quelle di bassa qualità.

boost-templates:"Template:Quality_Image|200% Template:Low_Quality|50%" popcorn

Find files about popcorn, sorting quality images first and low-quality images last. Remember that through the use of the cirrussearch-boost-templates message this can be reduced to just popcorn.

Non inserire un decimale nelle percentuali. Non funzionano con questo sistema di ricerca e restituirà un risultato indesiderato.

Una nota il merita il codice cirrussearch-boost-templates: se aggiungi percentuali molto piccole o molto grandi esse possono contaminare il risultato della ricerca. Pensa per esempio se su en.wikipedia volessi dare priorità ad una percentuale molto molto alta di articoli in vetrina.

Phrase matching would be similarly blown away, so a search like brave new world would return a featured article as first result even if it merely has those three words mentioned throughout it, instead of the more relevant article about Brave New World itself.

Regular expression searches

Attenzione:

Do not run a bare insource:/regexp/ search. It will probably timeout after 20 seconds anyway, while blocking the queries of responsible users.

A basic indexed search finds words rendered visible on a page. Hyphenation and punctuation marks and bracketing, slash and other math and computing symbols, are merely boundaries for the words. It is not possible to include them in an indexed search. Mostly that search behavior is wanted by the user. However, sometimes one wants to have the ability for a more precise search.

To get around the syntactic deficiency of index-based searches regexp searches can be used. But as queries with only regexp expressions are very slow and resource consuming, they should always be combined with an index-based search, such that the regexp search-domain gets limited to the results of one or more index-based search.

An "exact string" regexp search is a basic search; it will simply "quote" the entire regexp, or "backslash-escape" all non-alphanumeric characters in the string. All regexp searches also require that the user develops a simple filter to generate the search domain for the regex engine to search (index based search domain marked bold, regexp part marked in italics):

• insource:"debian.reproducible.net" insource:/debian\.reproducible\.net/
• insource:"c:\program files (x86)" insource:/C\:\\Program Files \(x86\)/i
• insource:"<tag>{{template}}</tag>" insource:/"<tag>{{template}}<"\/"tag>"/
• insource:"[[title|link label]]'s" insource:/"[[title|link label]]'s"/
• insource:/regexp/ prefix:{{FULLPAGENAME}}

The last example works from a link on a page, but {{FULLPAGENAME}} doesn't function in the search box.

For example: [[Special:Search/insource:/regex/ prefix:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]] finds the term regex on this page.

A query with no namespace specified and no prefix specified searches your default search domain, (settable on any search-results page, i.e. at Special:Search). Some users keep their default search domain at "all namespaces", i.e. the entire wiki. On a large wiki if this user does a bare regexp search it will probably fail, incurring a timeout, before completing the search.

A regex search actually scours each page in the search domain character-by character. By contrast, an indexed search actually queries a few records from a database separately maintained from the wiki database, and provides nearly instant results. So when using an insource:// (a regexp of any kind), consider adding other search terms that will limit the regex search domain as much as possible. There are many search terms that use an index and so instantly provide a more refined search domain for the /regexp/. In order of general effectiveness:

• insource:"" with quotation marks, duplicating the regexp except without the slashes or escape characters, is ideal.

• intitle (without regex search), incategory, and linksto are excellent filters.

• hastemplate: is a very good filter.

• "word1 word2 word3", with or without the quotation marks, are good.

• namespace: is practically useless, but may enable a slow regexp search to complete.

To test a bare regexp query you can create a page with test patterns, and then use the prefix parameter with that fullpagename. The match will be highlighted. It searches that page (in the database) and its subpages.

Search terms that do not increase the efficiency of a regexp search are the page-scoring operators: morelike, boost-template, and prefer-recent.

Metacharacters

This section covers how to escape metacharacters used in regexp searches. For the actual meaning of the metacharacters see the explanation of the syntax.

The use of an exact string requires a regexp, but the regexp term obligates the search to limit itself. Add a regexp term, never search a bare regexp. Start by noting the number of pages in a previous search before committing an exact string search. Querying with an exact string requires a filtered search domain.

For example:

• to search a namespace, gauge the number of pages with a single term that is a namespace. This will list the number of pages in that namespace.

• starting out to find again what you may have seen, like "wiki-link" or "(trans[in]clusion)" start with namespace and insource filters.

There are some notable differences from standard regex metacharacters:

• The \n or \r\n are not reserved for matching a newline.

To search for a string that contains a newline, you can do a search like insource:/[^\}]\}\}[^\} \|]{2}\<noinclude/i which means not a curly brace, then two curly braces, then any two characters except a curly brace, space, or pipe, then a ‎<noinclude> tag. The "any character except" will include a newline in the search. Note thas this search was designed only to match to the following string:

}}

<noinclude>

• The dot . metacharacter stands for any character including a newline, so .* matches across lines.

• The number # sign means something, and must be escaped.

• The ^ and $ are not implemented. Like "grep" (global per line, regular expression, print each line), each insource:// is a "global per document, regular expression, search-results-list each document" per document.

• < and > support a multi-digit numeric range like [0-9] does, but without regard to the number of character positions, or the range in each position, so <9-10> works, and even <1-111> works.

Substitutions for some metacharacters

While character classes \n, \s, \S are not supported, in case of an acute need to use them in a regular expression, you may use these workarounds:

PCRE	CirrusSearch	Description
\n	[^ -􏿿]	A newline (also a tabulation character can be found)
[^\n]	[ -􏿿]	Any character except a newline and tabulation
\s	[^!-􏿿]	A whitespace character: space, newline, or tabulation
\S	[!-􏿿]	Any character except whitespace

In these ranges, " " (space) is the character immediately following the control characters, "!" is the character immediately following space, and "􏿿" is U 10FFFF, the last character in Unicode. Thus, the range from " " to "􏿿" includes all characters except for control characters (of which articles may contain newlines and tabulation), while the range from "!" to "􏿿" includes all characters except for control characters and space.

Refining with an exact string

• refining an ongoing search process with what you want to see, like "2 2 = 4", or "site.org" This is ideally the best use of regex, because it adds it as a single regexp term while refining a search, the limited number of pages the regexp must crawl is can be seen.

You can start out intending an exact string search, but keep in mind:

• regex only search the wikitext not the rendered text, so there are some differences around the markup, and even the number of space characters must match precisely.

• You are obligated to supply an accompanying filter.

• You must learn how to escape regex metacharacters.

There are two ways to escape metacharacters. They are both useful at times, and sometimes concatenated side-by-side in the escaping of a string.

• Backslash-escape one of them \char. The insource:/regexp/ uses slashes to delimit the regexp. Giving /reg/exp/ is ambiguous, so you must write /reg\/exp/.

• Put a string of them in double quotes "string". Because escaping a character can't hurt, you can escape any character along with any possible metacharacters in there. Escaping with quotes is cleaner.

• You can't mix methods, but you can concatenate them.

Double-quotes escaping using insource:/"regexp"/ is an easy way to search for many kinds of strings, but you can't backslash-escape anything inside a double-quoted escape.

• /"[[page/name|{{temp-late"/ instead of /\[\[page\/name\|\{\{temp\-late/

• /"literal back\slash"/ is as good as /literal back\\slash/

• But /"This \" fails"/ always.

• And /"This \/ depends"/. It finds the \/ literally, which is not the / you probably wanted.

Backslash-escape using insource:/regexp/ allows escaping the " and / delimiters, but requires taking into account metacharacters, and escaping any:

• To match a / delimiter character use \/.

• To match a " delimiter character use \".

• The escaped metacharacters would be \~\@\#\&\*\(\)\-\ \{\}\[\]\|\<\>\?\.\\.

• The equivalent expression escaped with double-quotes is "~@#&*()- {}[]|\<>?.\".

The simplest algorithm to create the basic string-finding expression using insource:/"regexp"/, need not take metacharacters into account except for the " and / characters:

1. Write the/str"ing out. (The /" delimiters "/ are not shown.)

1. Replace " with "\"" (previous double-quote: stop, concatenate, quote restart).

1. Replace / with "\/" (stop, concatenate, start).

1. You get insource:/"the"\/"str"\""ing"/, showing concatenation of the two methods.

While refining a regexp on a search results page, keep in mind that the snippet "wikitext" has modified spacing. Regex are sensitive to space characters, so copying from snippets is dangerous.

The square-bracket notation for creating your own character-class also escapes its metacharacters. To target a literal right square bracket in your character-class pattern, it must be backslash escaped, otherwise it can be interpreted as the closing delimiter of the character-class pattern definition. The first position of a character class will also escape the right square bracket. Inside the delimiting square brackets of a character class, the dash character also has special meaning (range) but it too can be included literally in the class the same way as the right square bracket can. For example both of these patterns target a character that is either a dash or a right square bracket or a dot: [-.\]] or [].\-].

For general examples using metacharacters:

• insource:"2 2=4" insource:/"2 2=4"/ matches "2 2 = 4", with zero spaces between the characters.

• insource:"2 2 = 4" insource:/2 ?\ ?2 ?= ?4\./ match with zero or one space in between. The equals = sign is not a metacharacter, but the plus sign is.

• insource:"<tag>[[link|2\3?]]\</tag>" insource:/"<tag>[[link|2\3?]]<"\/"tag>"/

Regex on titles

The insource keyword does only search the page source content. To run regex searches on the title strings intitle:/regex/ can be used.

Advanced example

For example, using metacharacters to find the usage of a template called Val having, inside the template call, an unnamed parameter containing a possibly signed, three to four digit number, possibly surrounded by space characters, and on the same page, inside a template Val call, a named argument fmt=commas having any allowable spaces around it, (it could be the same template call, or a separate one):

hastemplate:val insource:"fmt commas" insource:/\{\{ *[Vv]al *\|[^}]*fmt *= *commas/ insource:/\{\{ *[Vv]al *\|[^}]*[- ]?[0-9]{3,4} *[|}]/

Note that the = sign in "fmt commas" is not needed but that adding it would not change the search results. It is fast because it uses two filters so that every page the regexp crawls has the highest possible potential.

Geo Search

Searching based on the (primary) coordinates associated with pages. Depends on Extension:GeoData and {{#coordinates:}}

bounded

You can limit search to pages identified as being near some specified geographic coordinates. The coordinates can either be specified as a <lat>,<lon> pair, or by providing a page title from which to source the coordinates. A distance to limit the search to can be prepended if desired. Examples:

• neartitle:"San Francisco"
• neartitle:"100km,San Francisco"
• nearcoord:37.776,-122.39
• nearcoord:42km,37.776,-122.39

boosted

You can alternatively increase the score of pages within a specified geographic area. The syntax is the same as bounded search, but with boost- prepended to the keyword. This effectively doubles the score for pages within the search range, giving a better chance for nearby search results to be near the top.

• boost-neartitle:"San Francisco"
• boost-neartitle:"100km,San Francisco"
• boost-nearcoord:37.776,-122.39
• boost-nearcoord:42km,37.776,-122.39

File properties search

≥ 1.28 Gerrit change 311061

Since MediaWiki 1.28, CirrusSearch supports indexing and searching of properties of files in the File: namespace. This includes:

• file media type

• MIME type

• size

• width & height

• resolution

• bit depth for files that support these

While these predicates are useful only for files, they by themselves do not limit search to the File: namespace. It is recommended to include this namespace in a search or restrict the search to only this namespace when using these conditionals.

filetype

Searching for file type allows to retrieve files according to their classification, such as office documents, videos, raster images, vector images, etc. The following types currently exist:

• UNKNOWN
• BITMAP
• DRAWING
• AUDIO
• VIDEO
• MULTIMEDIA
• OFFICE
• TEXT
• EXECUTABLE
• ARCHIVE

This list may be extended in the future. See also MEDIATYPE_* constants in Defines.php.

The syntax of the search is: filetype:{type}. Example:

filetype:video - looks for all videos

The filetype search is not case-sensitive.

filemime

Matches file MIME type. The syntax is:

filemime:{MIMEtype} - look for files of this MIME type

The argument can be quoted to specify exact match. Without quotes, partial matches to components of MIME type will be accepted too.

Examples:

• filemime:"image/png" - look for files with MIME type exactly image/png
• filemime:pdf - look for all PDF documents
• -filemime:pdf - skip all PDF documents (notably on Commons)

The MIME type search is not case-sensitive.

filesize

Search for file of given size, in kilobytes (kilobyte means 1024 bytes). The syntax is:

• filesize:{number} or filesize:>{number} - file with size at least given number
• filesize:<{number} - file with size no more than given number
• filesize:{number},{number} - file with size between given numbers

Examples:

• filesize:>20 or filesize:20 - files 20KB and bigger
• filesize:<1024 - files smaller than 1MB
• filesize:100,500 - files with sizes between 100KB and 500KB

File measures

It is possible to search for specific file measures: width, height, resolution (which is defined as square root of height × width), and bit depth. Not all files may have these properties. The syntax is:

• {measure}:{number} - file with measure that equals to given number
• {measure}:>{number} - file with measure that is at least given number
• {measure}:<{number} - file with measure that is no more than given number
• {measure}:{number},{number} - file with measure that is between given numbers

Where measure can be:

filew or filewidth - file width

fileh or fileheight - file height

fileres - file resolution (see above)

filebits - file bit depth

Examples:

filew:>800 fileh:>600 - files that are at least 800×600 pixels in size

filebits:16 - files with 16-bit color depth

fileheight:100,500 - file between 100 and 500 pixels high

Wikibase search

The Wikibase extension defines some search keywords in order to make it easier to search for certain Wikibase items. This is useful on Wikidata and other Wikibase sites, including to search for images with Structured data on Wikimedia Commons . See Help:WikibaseCirrusSearch for details.

Cross-wiki search results

There are two kinds of cross-wiki results that may be shown when searching on Wikipedia.

Cross-project search (also known as interwiki search, sister search, or sister projects search) shows additional results from other projects (Wiktionary, Wikisource, Wikiquote, etc.) shown to the side on the Wikipedia results page. Cross-project search is available on most Wikipedias with sister projects.

Cross-language search (see blog post) refers to additional results shown below the main results that are from a Wikipedia in a different language. Cross-language search uses a heavily modified and optimized version of a light-weight language detector called TextCat . Cross-language search is currently only available on a few Wikipedias (see TextCat link for details).

Explicit sort orders

In addition to the default relevance based sort, CirrusSearch can provide results using a few other explicit sort orders. Specifying a sorting order other than relevance will disable all search keywords that affect scoring, such as prefer-recent or boost-templates. The keywords will still be parsed, but they will have no effect.

Sorting options are currently available from the MediaWiki API by providing the srsort parameter.

Guidance:

Sorting options can be manually added to a search URL by adding &sort=order, for example:

• https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?search=foo&sort=last_edit_desc

Valid sort orders include:

URL supplement	Description
&sort=incoming_links_asc	Lowest to highest number of incoming links. This is approximately from least to most popular.
&sort=incoming_links_desc	Highest to lowest number of incoming links. This is approximately from most to least popular.
&sort=last_edit_asc	From least recently to most recently edited
&sort=last_edit_desc	From most to least recently edited
&sort=create_timestamp_asc	From least to most recently created
&sort=create_timestamp_desc	From most to least recently created
&sort=just_match	A simple relevance sort based only on text matching
&sort=relevance	A relevance sort taking into account many features of the document
&sort=random	Randomized
&sort=none	Unsorted, arbitrarily ordered lists. Preferred for large result sets.

Interface for advanced options

Advanced Search Interface

The AdvancedSearch extension adds an improved interface to the search page allowing the use of several options described above in a user-friendly manner. See here for the user manual.

Vedi anche

• Extension:CirrusSearch

• Completion Suggester - the incremental search feature of CirrusSearch

• Wikimedia Search Platform/Search/Glossary — definitions, context, and links for terms related to search.

• See Aiuto:Ricerca for MWSearch, used by the many wikis that don't have a search extension.

External links

• From Lucene, highly relevant documentation.

• Specifiche complete nei test del browser dell'estensione As of 2017
• Extension:CirrusSearch/Profiles – sets of tunable parameters that influence various aspect of the indexing
• Wikimedia blog articles related to search
• WMF Global Search

Notes and references