Currently, the United Kingdom's BAE Systems is collaborating with Japan, Spain and Italy to develop a sixth-generation fighter jet known as the "Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP)". The program, initially targeted for completion by 2035, aims to counter the aerial threat posed by China.
However, a new dynamic emerged when Saudi Arabia expressed its interest in joining the program, causing Japan to feel uneasy about this development.
Japan's reluctance stems from concerns that Saudi Arabia's participation could disrupt the program's target completion date. While the other participating countries have made considerable progress, Japan fears that Saudi Arabia's entry could slow down the project. According to the Financial Times, the program is approximately halfway complete compared to another international co-development initiative involving the UK, Germany, Italy, and Spain—the Eurofighter Typhoon co-development project.
However, I believe the primary reason for Japan's hesitation regarding Saudi Arabia's involvement lies in their differing levels of technology within the aerospace field. Apart from financial contributions, Saudi Arabia appears to have little to provide and mainly aims to acquire knowledge. Japan has encountered past instances of 'losing its technologies,' as seen with the Advanced Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) technology and parts consolidation technology.
Saudi Arabia's interest has stirred tensions among the existing program members. The UK is open to Saudi Arabia's involvement due to their existing strategic partnership. Since the 1980s, Saudi Arabia has consistently procured defense equipment from the UK. If Saudi Arabia joins GCAP, they are likely to allocate a significant budget and potentially purchase a substantial number of the final product—the Tempest fighter.
GCAP combines the UK's Tempest program with Japan's T-X program, which was managed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Although Japan had previously developed an experimental aircraft called the Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin, both countries recognized the similarities in their timelines and decided that merging the Tempest and Mitsubishi T-X programs in terms of time and cost would be more advantageous. The integration took place in 2022, followed by Italy and Spain's subsequent participation in the program, as Leonardo became responsible for some of its avionics.
Wow, what a contribution! It's great to see such a wide range of companies benefiting from the programme 💪