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Pyotr (Peter) Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born on May 7, 1840, in Votkinsk, Vyatka region, Russia. He was the second of six children (five brothers and one sister). His father, named Ilya Chaikovsky, was a mining business executive in Votkinsk. His father's ancestors were from Ukraine and Poland. His mother, named Aleksandra Assier, was of Russian and French ancestry.

Tchaikovsky played piano since the age of 5, he also enjoyed his mother's playing and singing. He was a sensitive and emotional child, and became deeply traumatized by the death of his mother of cholera, in 1854. At that time he was sent to a boarding school in St. Petersburg. He graduated from the St. Petersburg School of Law in 1859, then worked for 3 years at the Justice Department of Russian Empire. In 1862-1865 he studied music under Anton Rubinstein at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. In 1866-1878 he was a professor of theory and harmony at the Moscow Conservatory. At that time he met Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz, who visited Russia with concert tours. During that period Tchaikovsky wrote his first ballet 'The Swan Lake', opera 'Eugene Onegin', four Symphonies, and the brilliant Piano Concerto No1.

As a young man Tchaikovsky suffered traumatic personal experiences. He was sincerely attached to a beautiful soprano, named Desiree Artot, but their engagement was destroyed by her mother and she married another man. His homosexuality was causing him a painful guilt feeling. In 1876 he wrote to his brother, Modest, about his decision to "marry whoever will have me." One of his admirers, a Moscow Conservatory student Antonina Ivanovna Milyukova, was persistently writing him love letters. She threatened to take her life if Tchaikovsky didn't marry her. Their brief marriage in the summer of 1877 lasted only a few weeks and caused him a nervous breakdown. He even made a suicide attempt by throwing himself into a river. In September of 1877 Tchaikovsky separated from Milyukova. She eventually ended up in an insane asylum, where she spent over 20 years and died. They never saw each other again. Although their marriage was terminated legally, Tchaikovsky generously supported her financially until his death.

Tchaikovsky was ordered by the doctors to leave Russia until his emotional health was restored. He went to live in Europe for a few years. Tchaikovsky settled together with his brother, Modest, in a quiet village of Clarens on Lake Geneva in Switzerland and lived there in 1877-1878. There he wrote his very popular Violin Concerto in D. He also completed his Symphony No.4, which was inspired by Russian folk songs, and dedicated it to Nadezhda von Meck. From 1877 to 1890 Tchaikovsky was financially supported by a wealthy widow Nadezhda von Meck, who also supported Claude Debussy. She loved Tchaikovsky's music and became his devoted pen-friend. They exchanged over a thousand letters in 14 years; but they never met, at her insistence. In 1890 she abruptly terminated all communication and support, claiming bankruptcy.

Tchaikovsky played an important role in the artistic development of Sergei Rachmaninoff. They met in 1886, when Rachmaninov was only 13 years old, and studied the music of Tchaikovsky under the tutelage of their mutual friend, composer Aleksandr Zverev. Tchaikovsky was the member of the Moscow conservatory graduation board. He joined many other musicians in recommendation that Rachmaninov was to be awarded the Gold Medal in 1892. Later Tchaikovsky was involved in popularization of Rachmaninov's graduation work, opera 'Aleko'. Upon Tchaikovsky's promotion Rachmaninov's opera "Aleko" was included in the repertory and performed at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.

In 1883-1893 Tchaikovsky wrote his best Symphonies No.5 and No.6, ballets 'The Sleeping Beauty' and 'The Nutcracker', operas 'The Queen of Spades' and 'Iolanta'. In 1888-1889, he made a successful conducting tour of Europe, appearing in Prague, Leipzig, Hamburg, Paris, and London. In 1891, he went on a two month tour of America, where he gave concerts in New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. In May of 1891 Tchaikovsky was the conductor on the official opening night of Carnegie Hall in New York. He was a friend of Edvard Grieg and Antonín Dvorák. In 1892 he heard Gustav Mahler conducting his opera 'Eugene Onegin' in Hamburg. Tchaikovsky himself conducted the premiere of his Symphony No.6 in St. Petersburg, Russia, on the 16th of October, 1893. A week later he died of cholera after having a glass of tap water. He was laid to rest in the Necropolis of Artists at St. Aleksandr Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Upper Bockhampton, Dorset, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Far from the Madding Crowd (2015), Tess (1979) and Maiden No More. He was married to Florence Emily Dugdale and Emma Lavinia Gifford. He died on 11 January 1928 in Dorchester, Dorset, England, UK.

Émile Zola was born on April 2, 1840, in Paris, France. His father was an Italian engineer. Young Zola studied at the Collége Bourbon in Provence, where his schoolmate and friend was Paul Cezanne. In 1858 Zola returned to Paris and became a student at the Lycée Saint-Louis, from which he graduated in 1862. After working at clerical jobs, he began to write a literary column for a Parisian newspaper. Zola's main literary work was "Les Rougon-Macquart", a monumental cycle of twenty novels about Parisian society during the French Second Empire under Napoleon III and after the Franco-Prussian War.

Zola was the founder of the Naturalist movement in 19th-century literature. His medicinal approach in scrupulous description of the lives of ordinary people was based on the contemporary theory of hereditary determinism, which he used to demonstrate how genetic and environmental factors influence human behavior. His most notable novels, "L'assommoir" (1877), "Nana" (1880) and "Germinal" (1885), displayed Zola's concerns of both scientific and artistic nature, as well as his stances on social reform. His life in the Parisian intellectual elite was that of a statesman and a bon vivant. He lived in a villa in Medan on the Seine and had a home in Paris. He was a political apprentice and follower of Victor Hugo in his stand against the corrupt monarchy of Napoleon III. Zola was among the strongest proponents of the Third Republic and was elected to the Legion of Honour. At the same time he was an important figure in the Parisian cultural milieu. He entered a circle of realist writers such as Edmond de Goncourt, Alphonse Daudet, Ivan Turgenev and Gustave Flaubert, his literary mentor and a close friend. After his novels brought him critical and financial success, Zola himself became surrounded by such followers as Guy de Maupassant and Paul Alexis, among others.

Zola shook the Parisian art world with his novel "L'Oevre" ("The Masterpiece") in 1886. Its protagonist, named Claude Lantier, was actually an amalgam of several artists including Paul Cezanne, Edouard Manet and Claude Monet. Zola also portrayed himself and his friend and mentor Gustave Flaubert. However, the personality and artistic career of painter Paul Cezanne was shown with a closer resemblance, especially when it came to intimate personal characteristics. Zola and Cezanne were schoolmates and close friends from childhood, which gave the writer a wealth of material for the novel. Cezanne's reticent personality, his self-doubt, his artistic anxieties and his more hidden sexual anxieties all came out in Zola's narrative. He revealed Cezanne's "passion for the physical beauty of women, and insane love for nudity desired but never possessed", his almost misogynistic perception of the "satanic female beauty", which affected his sexuality, and sublimated in his brush-strokes that he laid on his paintings. He showed Cezanne's work on his numerous sketches of nudes and impressionistic bathers as an outlet to artist's masculinity. He also hinted on Cezanne's countless depictions of apples as a sublimation and displacement of the artist's erotic interests. Zola used Cezanne's inner struggles of artistic and sexual nature and the interdependence of his sexual and artistic anxiety, to show some intricate parts of an eternal conundrum where lies one of the mysterious sources of creativity. In Zola's novel the artist fails to depict a perfectly beautiful nude, his wife has a baby that has a disfigured head and dies, then artist presents a painting of his dead child to the Salon, then artist commits suicide. In real life Cezanne, as a highly sensitive and refined individual, took Zola's novel too personally. The book ended their life-long friendship. Even the wise and friendly comments by Claude Monet and Camille Pisarro failed to help their reconciliation. Zola's powerful literary image had formed a lasting perception of Cezanne among his fellow artists, as well as among critics and public. Cezanne fled from the Parisian art world into a self-imposed isolation.

Zola risked his career in February of 1898, when he defended army Capt. Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer who was wrongfully convicted and imprisoned for treason. Zola accused the French government of anti-Semitism in an open letter to François Félix Faure, the President of France. Zola's "J'Accuse" was published on the front page of the Paris daily "L'Aurore". Zola declared that Dreyfus' conviction was based on false accusations and forged "evidence" of espionage, which the court that convicted him knew was false, and was a misrepresentation of justice. Zola was brought to trial for libel for publishing "L'Accuse" and was convicted two weeks later, sentenced to jail, and removed from the Legion of Honour. Zola managed to escape to England. He returned during the collapse of the government and continued defending Dreyfus, who was imprisoned on the hellish penal colony in South America called Devil's Island. France became deeply divided by the case, known as the Dreyfus affair. Zola stood together with the more liberal commercial society opposite the reactionary army and Catholic church. Zola's open letter formed a major turning point in the Dreyfus affair. The case was reopened and Dreyfus was acquitted, then convicted again, but ultimately freed and completely exonerated by the French Supreme Court.

Zola's strange and tragic death from carbon monoxide poisoning was caused by a stopped chimney and remained an unresolved mystery. His enemies were blamed, but nothing was proved. He died on September 29, 1902, in Paris, and was initially laid to rest in the Cimetiere de Montmartre in Paris. On June 4, 1908, Zola's remains were laid to rest in the Pantheon in Paris, France.

Oscar-Claude Monet was born on November 14, 1840, in Paris, France. His father, named Adolphe Monet, was a grocer. His mother, named Louise-Justine Monet, was a singer. Young Monet grew up in Le Havre, Normandy. There he developed a reputation for the caricatures he loved to draw. He studied drawing with Jean-Francois Ochard, an apprentice of Jacques-Louis David. Then he studied painting 'en plein air' with marine painter 'Eugene Boudin'. After having served in the French Army in Algeria for two years, Monet was decommissioned after contracting a typhoid. In 1862, in Paris he joined the studio of Charles Gleyre, where he met Alfred Sisley, Frederic Bazille, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

In 1865 Monet submitted his painting to the official Salon for the first time. His 'Le dejeuner sur l'uerbe' (The Picnic 1865), depicting his lady friend Camille Doncieux and artist Bazille, was gently criticized by Courbet; Monet modified the painting, then, still unsatisfied, dismissed it from the show. In 1866, he painted Camille Doncieux as 'Camille, ou la femme a la robe verte' (Woman in the green Dress), and in 1867, she bore their first child, named Jean. Monet's paintings were treated as inferior at the Salon shows. In 1868 he made a suicide attempt. With the modest financial support from Frederic Bazille, Monet survived the first attack of depression. In 1870 he married Camille Doncieux and they settled in Argenteul. There he painted from a boat on the Seine River, capturing his impressions of the interplay of light, water and atmosphere.

Claude Monet became enthusiastic over the London landscapes, when he took refuge in England, to avoid the Franco-German War of 1870-1871. In London he was joined by his friend Camille Pissarro and the two artists continued painting landscapes. At that time Monet became interested in the paintings of William Turner in London museums. Turner's influence on Monet remained noticeable, especially in some later more vivdly chromatic paintings of the Thames, which he made during his visits to London in the 1890's and 1900's. In 1899, in London, Monet painted the river Thames in the series of paintings of the Houses of Parliament with the reflections of light in the river and fog. Then Monet said, "Without the fog, London would not be a beautiful city."

Monet's painting 'Impression, soleil levant' (Impression, Sunrise 1872) was untitled until the first show in 1874, in the Paris studio of photographer Nadar. A title was needed in a hurry for the catalogue. Monet suggested simply 'Impression'. The catalogue editor, Renoir's brother Edouard, added an explanatory 'Sunrise'. From the painting's title, art critic Louis leroy coined the term "Impressionism", which he intended to be derogatory. Monet's title came under criticism which seized upon the first word. Monet with Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, were joined by Edgar Degas, and continued to exhibit together despite the financial failure of the first show.

Impressionists slowly gained recognition after 1880, when public begun to recognize the value of their works. In 1883 Monet was able to rent a house in Giverny, in Haute-Normandie. In 1890 Monet bought the house and expanded the garden into a beautifully landscaped park with a pond. There he painted many landscapes, and his water lily pond became the favorite subject of his paintings during the next 40 years of his life. Monet outlived his second wife and first son Jean. He suffered from cataracts, which affected his vision so that his later paintings had a general reddish tone. After two cataract surgeries in 1923, Monet even repainted some of the reddish paintings. He died on December 5, 1926, and was laid to rest at the Giverny church cemetery.

"My king is the sun, my republic is water, my people are flowers and leaves," said Claude Monet. He was the first artist to present his initial impressions as completed works. In 2004, his London painting 'Le Parlement, Effet de Brouillard' (The Parliament, Effects of Sun in the Fog. 1904), sold for over $20,000,000.

Auguste Rodin was a prominent French sculptor best known for "The Thinker."

He was born Francois-Auguste-Rene Rodin, on November 12, 1840, in Paris, France. His father, Jean-Baptiste Rodin, was a detective in the Paris police department. His mother, Marie Cheffer, was a former seamstress. Rodin was somewhat shy and nearsighted from an early age.

Young Rodin started serious drawing lessons at the age of 10. From the age of 14 he studied art at the École Impériale de Dessin, a government school for craft and design (also called "la Petite École", or "Small School") in Paris. There he discovered sculpture and acquired a thorough grounding in the tradition of French 18th-century art. Rodin also studied anatomy under the tutelage of sculptor Antoine-Louis Barye. In 1858 he left "la Petite Ecole" and sought admission to study at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts; he applied three times but was rejected each time. So, instead of a formal education, Rodin served a long and difficult apprenticeship under Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, a highly successful sculptor, for whom Rodin started as a modeler, then became an assistant. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 he followed his teacher to Belgium. There he became a partner of Antoine Van Raspbourgh and worked on monumental allegorical sculptures for the Brussels Bourse.

Rodin considered "Man with the Broken Nose" to be his earliest major work. Much to his disappointment, the Salon rejected the work twice, in 1864 and 1865. While in Brussels Rodin made a number of decorative female figures in terra cotta, to which he began to sign his name. In 1875 he made a trip to Italy. where he studied the works of Michelangelo. In 1876 Rodin created "The Bronze Age" and exhibited it in Brussels and at the Salon des artistes Francais in Paris. He was falsely accused by critics of having cast the entire statue from a live model. The French government bought "The Bronze Age" and a bronze model of St. John the Baptist. From 1879-1882 Rodin worked at the Manufacture de Sevres. In 1884 the city council of Calais commissioned a monument that became "The Burghers of Calais". In 1888 the French government commissioned "The Kiss" in marble for the Universal exhibition of 1889. Rodin became the founding member of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts. At that time he exhibited with Claude Monet. In the 1890s he created monuments to Claude Le Lorrain, Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac, and also worked on other commissions. In 1892 Rodin was promoted to Officer of the Légion d'Honneur. In 1899 the large-scale "Eve" was shown at the Salon. In 1903 Rodin was appointed Commander of the Légion d'Honnoeur.

In 1864 Rodin met a seamstress, Rose Beuret. They had a son, named Auguste-Eugene Beret, who was born in 1866. Rose became the model for many of his works. She and Rodin remained lifetime companions and formally married in 1917, the year they both died. Rodin had another relationship with a student named Camille Claudel, who was 25 years younger than him. She became his mistress at the age of 18, and inspired Rodin as a model for his several sculptures of passionate love couples. Camille was also a talented pupil; she worked for Rodin and assisted him during his four-year work on the bronze group "Les Bourgeois de Calais" ("The Burghers of Calais", 1884-1888). Unfortunately, her mental problems brought tragic complexity in Rodin's life (she was eventually committed to a mental asylum). He remained attached to Rose, who patiently endured his other affairs. In 1903 he met an English painter, Gwendolen Mary John, and she became his mistress and was his model for "The Whistler Muse". In 1904 Rodin met the American-born Duchess Claire de Choiseul, who dominated his life until 1912. His complex relationships found reflection in his works: "Eternal Spring", "The Poet and Love", "The Genius and Pity", "The Sculptor and his Muse".

Rodin preferred to sketch the natural spontaneity of amateur models, street acrobats, athletes and dancers. He worked with the freely moving models instead of copying traditional academic postures. From freely walking models Rodin would make quick sketches in clay, which he later reworked and fine-tuned, then cast in plaster and forged into bronze. A large staff of pupils, craftsmen and stonecutters were working for him, including Bourdelle. Rodin's method of evolutionary development of his initial idea into a masterpiece was demonstrated by creation of "The Kiss" and "The Thinker", which were derived from smaller reliefs within "The Gates of Hell", a work he was commissioned to create in 1880 for a museum in Paris. For that project he made a palm-size sketch of "The Kiss" and a first small plaster version of "The Thinker" as a figure of the poet Dante Alighieri. "The Kiss" was completed in marble in 1889. By that time he had exhibited a mid-size version of "The Thinker", which was cast in bronze in the 1890s. Meanwhile, Rodin made countless variations of "The Thinker" by subtle alterations to its pose and expression until he achieved the desired result with one of the bigger versions.

In the course of 20 years Rodin was taking lengthy breaks in order to refresh his view of the work. At the same time he also became more experienced as an artist and a man. He gradually developed the initial palm-size sketch into the final life-size sculpture by 1901. The first large-scale bronze cast was completed in 1902, by A. A. Hebrard, but was rejected by Rodin. Rodin also made another enlarged version of "The Thinker" in 1904. Bronze casts were not made by Rodin himself but by a professional reducteur, Henri Lebosse, under Rodin's supervision. Finally Rodin turned to foundry owner Alexis Rudier, who made the 1904 bronze cast; it was unveiled to the public at the Paris Salon in 1904. Rodin was somewhat satisfied with Rudier's foundry and approved several subsequent casts.

Rodin's works are distinguished by their lifelike energy and realism. His art embraced all aspects of humanity, ranging from distress and moral weakness to the heights of passion and beauty. Rodin's most famous bronze sculpture, "The Thinker", was originally named "The Poet" as a depiction of Dante Alighieri in front of the Gates of Hell. "The Thinker" was an achievement of a special harmony in showing premiere human qualities: heroic, poetic and intellectual. It was recast in over 20 copies for major museums, and was also reproduced in millions of smaller versions and became one of the most recognizable icons of art. Rodin's masterpieces--"The Age of Bronze", "The Burghers of Calais", "Eve", "The Kiss" and "The Thinker"--are among the most celebrated works of art in the world.

From 1908-1917 Rodin lived at the Hotel Biron in Paris. There his neighbors included artist Henri Matisse, writer Jean Cocteau and dancer Isadora Duncan. In 1912 the French government scheduled the Hotel Breton for demolition and ordered the tenants to vacate. Rodin persuaded the government to allow him to stay. As an exchange, in 1916 Rodin gave his entire collection of art to France on the condition that the state maintain the Musée Rodin. The collection contains Rodin's most significant works, including "The Thinker", "The Kiss", "The Gates of Hell" and "The Burghers of Calais" in the front garden. Rodin's living rooms are decorated with paintings by Vincent van Gogh, Claude Monet, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir that he had acquired. Rodin's own works and other art objects are still placed as Rodin set them.

Auguste Rodin enjoyed friendships with some of the most important writers and artists of the day, such as Claude Monet, Paul Cezanne, Émile Zola, Robert Louis Stevenson and George Bernard Shaw. Rodin died on November 17, 1917, in Mendon, France, and was laid to rest beside Rose Beuret in the Cemetery of Mendon, Ile-de-France. A bronze cast of "The Thinker" was placed at the base of his tomb.

Alphonse Daudet was born on 13 May 1840 in Nîmes, France. He was a writer, known for Sapho (1934), Sapho (1917) and Sapho (1913). He was married to Julia Allard. He died on 16 December 1897 in Paris, France.

Princess Royal Victoria was born on 21 November 1840 in Buckingham Palace, Westminster, London, England, UK. She was married to King Frederick III of Prussia. She died on 5 August 1901 in Kronberg im Taunus, Kingdom of Prussia [now Kronberg im Taunus, Hesse, Germany].

Edmond Audran was born on 12 April 1840 in Lyon, France. He is known for La poupée (1920), Miss Helyett (1928) and Miss Helyett (1933). He died on 17 August 1901 in Tierceville, Seine-et-Oise, France.

Giovanni Verga was born on 2 September 1840 in Catania, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies [now Catania, Sicily, Italy]. He was a writer, known for Fatal Desire (1953), Tigre reale (1916) and Cavalleria rusticana (1916). He died on 27 January 1922 in Catania, Sicily, Italy.

In 1860 Antoine Lumière left his hometown in the Haute-Saône to set up a photography business in Besançon. His first son, Auguste was born in 1862, and the second, Louis, arrived two years later. In 1870 Antoine moved to Lyons with his family and opened a new workshop. Over the next 10 years he gradually built up an industrial manufacturing plant for photographic plates. The factory was taken over by Auguste and Louis in 1893. By 1894, when Edison's kinetoscope arrive on the scene in France, the Lumière Company, with a capital of 3 million francs, already had a work force of 300 people and was producing 15 million photographic plates a year.

William Pittenger was born on 31 January 1840 in Knoxville, Ohio, USA. He was a writer. He died on 24 April 1904.

Mykhailo Starytsky was born on 14 December 1840 in Klishchyntsi, Zolotonosha, Poltava, Ukraine. He was a writer, known for Za dvoma zaytsiamy (1961), Tsyganka Aza (1987) and Marusia (1938). He died on 27 April 1904 in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Charles Warren was born on 17 February 1840 in Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, UK. He died on 26 January 1927.

She grew up with nine siblings in modest circumstances as the daughter of an innkeeper. She attended school in Dornholzhausen, where she also learned the French language. At a young age she met the journeyman locksmith Adam Opel. He founded the Adam Opel company in Rüsselsheim in 1862 to produce sewing machines. The couple married on November 17, 1868. Her dowry turned out to be poor. Shortly afterwards, her father won 100,000 thalers in a Braunschweig lottery. Sophie and her nine siblings achieved a little prosperity. Sophie Opel used her share to support her husband's workshop.

The company expanded and a steam engine was purchased. It was only through these innovations that mass production became possible. In 1869, 40 workers worked for the sewing machine company Opel. In 1864, 15 years later, there were 300 employees. The production capacity at that time was 18,000 sewing machines annually. Sophie also lent a strong hand in the company. She took care of the payment of wages, the field sales force and the trainees. She was also the mother of five sons: Carl, Wilhelm, Heinrich, Fritz and Ludwig, who were born to the Opel couple between 1869 and 1880. Until 1887, Opel only manufactured sewing machines. In the same year, however, he partially converted production to bicycles, although the production of sewing machines continued.

The company was so successful in the bicycle sector that it became the largest bicycle manufacturer in Germany. Adam Opel died on September 8, 1887 as a result of typhoid fever. He left behind a thriving company. Sophie Opel then became manager of the company and, together with her sons, a partner in the machine and bicycle factory. In 1898 she followed her sons' advice and began producing motor vehicles. At the end of the 19th century, the automobile industry in Germany was still in its infancy. There was no German company that mass-produced motor vehicles. As early as 1901, the Adam Opel company manufactured 30 cars. Sewing machines were still manufactured on the side. By 1911, annual production had already increased to 3,000 units.

In the same year, the entire Opel factory fell victim to a major fire. Afterwards, reconstruction began immediately. However, the production of sewing machines stopped. The Opel company focused exclusively on the production of motor vehicles. However, the bicycles remained in the range until 1937. In 1912 the company, with Sophie Opel at the helm, celebrated its 50th anniversary. During this time the company employed 4,000 people. Opel had long since become one of the leading automobile companies in Germany.

Sophie Opel died on October 30, 1913 in Rüsselsheim.

In 1929, when the company had now become a stock corporation, Adam Opel AG sold the company to the US company General Motors, of which it still belongs today. In 2017, PSA from France took over Adam Opel AG.

William T. Sampson was born on 8 February 1840 in Palmyra, New York, USA. He died on 6 May 1902 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA.

Richard von Krafft-Ebing was born on 14 August 1840 in Mannheim, Baden, Germany. He was a writer, known for Libidomania (1979), Psychedelic Sexualis (1966) and Stato di Grazia (2011). He died on 22 December 1902 in Graz, Styria, Austria-Hungary [now Austria].

Abraham Goldfaden was born on 24 July 1840 in Starokonstantinov, Volhynian Governorate, Russian Empire [now Starokostiantyniv, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine]. He was a writer, known for Di farshtoysene tokhter (1915), Two Kuni Lemel (1966) and Szulamit (1916). He died on 9 January 1908 in New York City, New York, USA.

Barnabé Abancazot was born on 17 July 1840 in Lescun, 64490, Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Barnabé was married to Marguerite Bayé. Barnabé died on 15 January 1911 in Cette-Eygun, 64490, Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

Marchesa Colombi was born on 1 January 1840 in Novara, Kingdom of Sardinia [now Piedmont, Italy]. Marchesa was a writer, known for Un matrimonio in provincia (1980). Marchesa was married to Eugenio Torelli Viollier. Marchesa died in 1920 in Italy.

Jakub Arbes was born on 12 June 1840 in Prague, Bohemia, Austrian Empire. He was a writer, known for Sivooký démon (1919), Ukrizovaná (1921) and Romanetto (1970). He died on 8 April 1914 in Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary.

Frans Hodell was born on 13 August 1840 in Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sweden. He was a writer, known for Andersson, Pettersson och Lundström (1923), Förtrollad vandring (1954) and A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence (2014). He died on 25 May 1890 in Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sweden.

Joseph Allen was born on 2 January 1840 in Bristol, England, UK. He died on 12 January 1917 in Newton, Massachusetts, USA.

Jules Clarétie was born on 3 December 1840 in Limoges, France. He was a writer, known for Little Jack (1912), Her Final Reckoning (1918) and Il principe Zilah (1919). He died on 23 December 1913 in Paris, France.

Edward Sylvester Ellis was born on 11 April 1840 in Geneva, Ohio, USA. Edward Sylvester was a writer, known for The Cabin in the Clearing (1954). Edward Sylvester was married to Clara Spalding Brown and Anna M. Deane. Edward Sylvester died on 20 June 1916 in Cliff Island, Maine, USA.

Edward Whymper was born on 27 April 1840 in London. He died on 16 September 1911 in Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, Haute-Savoie, France.