Kontent qismiga oʻtish

Turkiya–PKK ziddiyati

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
PKK—Turk ziddiyati (1978—hozirgacha)
Kurd—Turk ziddiyatining bir qismi

PKK-Turkiya mojarosining umumiy koʻrinishi (2010)
Sanalar c. 1978-yil 27-noyabr — hozirgacha
(46 yil, 1 oy, 1 hafta)
Urush yeri Sharqiy and janubi-sharqiy Turkiya, Shimoliy Iroq va Shimoliy Suriya hududlariga qadar tarqalgan
Holati Davom etmoqda:
Raqiblar
Turkiya Turkiya

Boshqa kuchlar:

Qoʻllovchilar:

Kurdiston jamoalar ittifoqi (KCK)

HBDH

Xalqaro ozodlik batalyoni

TAK

Qoʻmondonlar
Amaldagi qoʻmondonlar

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Turkiya Ali Yerlikaya
Yaşar Güler
Musa Avsever

Amaldagi qoʻmondonlar
Murat Karayılan

Bahoz Erdal
Cemil Bayık
Mustafa Karasu
Duran Kalkan
Ali Haydar Kaytan
Zübeyir Aydar
Haji Ahmadi

Kuchlar
Turkiya Qurolli Kuchlari: 639,551:[37]
Jandarmeriya: 148,700[38]
Politsiya: 225,000
Qishloq gvardiyasi: 65,000[39]
Turkiya Jami: 948,550
(toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri toʻqnashuvda hamma ham ishtirok etmaydi) 		PKK: 4,000–32,800[40][41]
PJAK: 1,000[42]–3,000[43]
TAK: Bir necha oʻnlab[44]
Jami: ≈5,000–32,800[41]
Yoʻqotishlar
2015-yildan oldin:
5,347 askar, 283 politsiya ofitserlari va 1,466 qishloq gvardiyachilari oʻldirildi, 95 nafari asir olindi (24 hozirda ushlab turilibdi)[45][46]
2015—hozirgacha:
1,166 oʻldirildi
Jami: 8,266 oʻldirilgan va 21,128 jarohatlangan
[47][48] 		Jami: 43,019–47,074 oʻldirilgan va 22,703 asir olingan
[49][50][51][52]
Jami oʻldirilganlar: 55,000–60,000[53][54][52]

Fuqaroviy yoʻqotishlar:
2015-yilga qadar PKK tomonidan 6,741 nafar oʻldirilgan va 14,257 yaralangan (Turkiya hukumati daʼvosi)[48]
Turkiya hukumati tomonidan 18,000–20,000 nafar kurdlar oʻldirilgan va 2,400–4,000 qishloqlar vayron qilingan[55][56]

Kurd Hizbullohi yoki Turkiyada shunchaki Hizbulloh nomi bilan ham tanilgan Turk Hizbullohi asosan sunniy islomiy jangari tashkilot boʻlib, Kurdiston ishchilar partiyasi (PKK) va Turkiya hukumatiga qarshi faol[57][58][59][60][61].

Kurd-turk ziddiyati[izoh 2] Turkiya Respublikasi va mustaqil Kurdiston yaratish uchun Turkiyadan ajralib chiqishni talab qilgan[44] yoki Turkiya Respublikasi hududida kurdlar uchun muxtoriyat[84] va kengroq siyosiy hamda madaniy huquqlarni taʼminlashga urinayotgan turli kurd isyonchi guruhlari[85] qurolli toʻqnashuvidir[86].

Asosiy isyonchi guruh Kurd ishchilar partiyasi (PKK) (Kurdcha: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) hisoblanadi[87]. Kurd-turk mojarosi koʻplab mintaqalarga yoyilgan boʻlsa-da[88], mojarolarning aksariyati Turkiya janubi-sharqiga toʻgʻri keladigan Shimoliy Kurdistonda sodir boʻlgan[89]. PKKning Iroq Kurdistonida mavjudligi Turkiya Qurolli Kuchlarining mintaqaga tez-tez quruqlikdan bostirib kirishi, havo va artilleriya hujumlarini amalga oshirishiga sabab boʻlib[90][91][92], uning Suriya Kurdistonidagi taʼsiri u yerda ham xuddi shunday faoliyatga sabab boʻlmoqda. Mojaro asosan harbiy xarajatlar tufayli Turkiya iqtisodiyotiga 300 dan 450 milliard dollargacha zarar keltirdi. Mojaro, shuningdek, Turkiya turizmiga ham salbiy taʼsir koʻrsatmoqda[93][94][95].

Izohlar

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
  1. ↑ Merged with the Revolutionary Communard Party (DKP) in 2017.
  2. ↑ The Turkey–PKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict,[62][63][64][65][66] the Kurdish question,[67] the Kurdish insurgency,[68][69][70][71][72][73] the Kurdish rebellion,[74][75][76][77][78] the Kurdish–Turkish conflict,[79] or PKK-terrorism[80][81][82] as well as the latest Kurdish uprising[83]

Manbalar

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
  1. ↑ „Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle“. Ansamed (2013-yil 21-mart). 2018-yil 20-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 21-mart.
  2. ↑ „Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle“. Hürriyet Daily News (2013-yil 21-mart). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 21-mart.
  3. ↑ „Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle“. Trend AZ (2013-yil 21-mart). 2013-yil 20-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 21-mart.
  4. ↑ „Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace“. Euronews (2013-yil 21-mart). 2018-yil 5-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 21-mart.
  5. ↑ „Less than 160 PKK terrorists left in Turkey, minister says“. Daily Sabah (2021-yil 9-dekabr).
  6. ↑ Doğan, Zülfikar „Erdogan's new Kurdish allies“ (en). Al-Monitor (2016-yil 5-fevral). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 16-fevral.
  7. ↑ The Kurds in a Changing Middle East: History, Politics and Representation. I.B. Tauris, 2019. DOI:10.5040/9781788318907.ch-0007. ISBN 978-1-78673-549-2. 
  8. ↑ MacDonald, Alex „Increasing tensions see resurgence of Turkey's far-right street movements“. Middle East Eye (2015-yil 14-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 7-dekabr.
  9. ↑ „Kurds demand answers after battles in Cizre“. al-monitor.com (2015-yil 18-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 17-aprel.
  10. ↑ „Turkish Government-Associated Death Squads“. thesop.org. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 17-aprel.
  11. ↑ Metelits, Claire, Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior, (New York University Press, 2010), 154–155.
  12. ↑ Belge, Ceren (24 January 2011). "State Building and the Limits of Legibility: Kinship Networks and Kurdish Resistance in Turkey" (en). International Journal of Middle East Studies 43 (1): 95–114. doi:10.1017/S0020743810001212. ISSN 0020-7438. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743810001212/type/journal_article. "When it started small-scale attacks in 1978, the PKK... deliberately targeted a number of influential clan leaders, especially those affiliated with right-wing political parties, to underline the class dimension of its struggle." 
  13. ↑ Marcus, Aliza. Blood and belief : the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence. New York: New York University Press, 2007 — 44–48-bet. ISBN 978-0-8147-5711-6. OCLC 85162306. „The Suleymanlar saw these leftists as a threat to the existing order, while the Kurdistan Revolutionaries viewed oppressive, landowning tribes like the Suleymanlar as much the enemy as the state itself... In Hilvan, the Suleymanlar tribe renewed their attacks on the PKK, kidnapping and killing six villagers.“ 
  14. ↑ „Syrian regime fighters 'heading to Afrin to join Kurds in fight against Turkish forces'“. The Daily Telegraph (2018-yil 19-fevral). 2022-yil 12-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  15. ↑ Fehim Tastekin. „Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria“. al-Monitor (2018-yil 26-yanvar). 2018-yil 29-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 29-yanvar.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Faucompret, Erik; Konings, Jozef. Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis, 2008 — 168-bet. ISBN 9780203928967. „The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.“ 
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 „Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey“ (2012-yil 3-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 17-oktyabr.
  18. ↑ Bal, İdris. Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Boca Raton, Fl.: BrownWalker Press, 2004 — 359-bet. ISBN 9781581124231. „With the explicit supports of some Arab countries for the PKK such as Syria...“ 
  19. ↑ Mannes, Aaron. Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004 — 185-bet. ISBN 9780742535251. „PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.“ 
  20. ↑ Shapir, Yiftah. The Middle East Military Balance, 1996. Jerusalem, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1998 — 114-bet. ISBN 9780231108928. „The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union“ 
  21. ↑ „Armenian animosity rekindled through PKK terror“. Al-Monitor (2016-yil 7-mart). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 11-mart.
  22. ↑ „Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels“. BBC News (1999-yil 2-iyun). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 21-iyul.
  23. ↑ „Turkey says Greece supports PKK“ (1999-yil 1-iyul). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 21-iyul.
  24. ↑ Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan. Ali. Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books, 2013 — 96-bet. ISBN 9780739184035. „The USSR, and then Russia, also supported the PKK for many years.“ 
  25. ↑ „Russian newspaper: Russia provided money for PKK“ (2000-yil 28-fevral). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 17-oktyabr.
  26. ↑ „Turkey devises action plan to dry up PKK's foreign support“ (2010-yil 30-sentyabr). 2013-yil 22-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 23-iyul.
  27. ↑ Phillips, David L.. From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2009 — 129-bet. ISBN 9781412812016. „Iran's Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) trained the PKK in Lebanon's Beka'a Valley. Iran supported the PKK despite Turkey's strict neutrality during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988).“ 
  28. ↑ „Terrorism Havens: Iraq“. Council on Foreign Relations (2005-yil 1-dekabr). — „Saddam has aided...the Kurdistan Workers' Party (known by its Turkish initials, PKK), a separatist group fighting the Turkish government.“. 2016-yil 28-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 4-avgust.
  29. ↑ Senbas, Demet. Post-Cold War Relations between Turkey and Syria, 2018 — 28-bet. „KDP and PUK thought that they needed Turkey's support against PKK which had gained Saddam's support.“ 
  30. ↑ Ciment, James (2015), World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, Routledge, 721-bet, „Other groups that have received Libyan support include the Turkish PKK...“
  31. ↑ „Are the PKK and Cairo new allies?“. Rudaw (2016-yil 27-iyun). — „Cairo allegedly gave the PKK delegation funds and weapons after the second meeting, the report adds.“.
  32. ↑ „What does Afrin mean for international security?“. Australian Strategic Policy Institute (2018-yil 2-fevral).
  33. ↑ „EXCLUSIVE: Iraqi Kurdistan restricts transfers from UAE amid allegations of 'PKK funding'“. The New Arab (2020-yil 15-iyun).
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Toksabay, Ece; Lehto, Essi. „Erdogan says Turkey not supportive of Finland, Sweden joining NATO“ (2022-yil 13-may).
  35. ↑ „Turkey neutralizes most-wanted PKK terrorist in N Iraq“. Hürriyet Daily News (2019-yil 7-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 7-oktyabr.
  36. ↑ „PKK militant on Turkey's 'most-wanted list' killed in southeast: Interior Ministry“. Hurriyetdailynews.com (2017-yil 14-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 16-aprel.
  37. ↑ „NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES“. Turkish Armed Forces. 2015-yil 5-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 15-yanvar.
  38. ↑ „Turkey's Paramilitary Forces“. Orbat (2006-yil 25-iyul), s. 33. 2009-yil 27-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  39. ↑ „Turkey's 'village guards' tired of conflict“. My Sinchew (2010-yil 19-aprel). 2010-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 29-avgust.
  40. ↑ Pike, John „Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)“. Federation of American Scientists (2004-yil 21-may). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 23-iyul.
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 „The PKK in Numbers“. Sabah News Agency (2015-yil 28-dekabr).
  42. ↑ ISN Kurdish strike reminder of forgotten war, 26 February 2007
  43. ↑ Iran's Kurdish Threat: PJAK, 15 June 2006
  44. ↑ 44,0 44,1 Brandon, James. „The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK“. Jamestown Foundation. Jamestown.org. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  45. ↑ 14 taken (May 1993),[1] 8 taken (Oct. 2007),[manba kerak] 23 taken (2011–12),[2] (Wayback Machine saytida 2016-01-20 sanasida arxivlangan) 8 released (Feb. 2015),[3] 20 taken/released (June–Sep. 2015),[4] 20 held (Dec. 2015),[5] 2 taken (Jan. 2016),[6] total of 95 reported taken
  46. ↑ 20 as of Dec. 2015,[7] 2 taken Jan. 2016,[8] total of 22 reported currently held
  47. ↑ „How many martyrs did Turkey lost?“. Internethaber. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 7-dekabr.
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 Şafak, Yeni „Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years“. Yenisafak.com. 2018-yil 28-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  49. ↑ 22,374 killed (1984–2015),[9] (Wayback Machine saytida 11 October 2016 sanasida arxivlangan) 9,500 killed (2015–2016), [10] 600 killed (2017),[11], 203,000 arrested (1984–2012),[12], 62,145 captured from 2003 to 2011, total of 31,874 reported killed and 203,000 arrested
  50. ↑ „Erdoğan'dan 'milli seferberlik' ilanı“. Bbc.com (2016-yil 15-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 17-aprel.
  51. ↑ „İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: Son 9 ayda bin 68 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi – Haberler – Son Dakika Haberleri – AKŞAM“. Aksam.com.tr (2017-yil 11-iyun). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 5-yanvar.
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 „Nedim Şener, PKK'nın kanlı bilançosu“. Hürriyet (2020-yil 4-sentyabr).
  53. ↑ Reuters „Turkish forces kill 32 Kurdish militants in bloody weekend as conflict escalates“ (2016-yil 10-yanvar).
  54. ↑ „Over 1,100 die in PKK attacks in Turkey since July 2015“. Aa.com.tr. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 10-noyabr.
  55. ↑ Everyday occupations experiencing militarism in South Asia and the Middle East, 1st, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013 — 14-bet. ISBN 978-0812207835. 
  56. ↑ Romano, David. The Kurdish nationalist movement : opportunity, mobilization and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 — 81-bet. ISBN 978-0521684262. 
  57. ↑ „Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah“. Turkish Weekly. 2015-yil 2-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 27-dekabr.
  58. ↑ „The real challenge to secular Turkey“. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 27-dekabr.
  59. ↑ Dogan, Azimet. Characteristics of Turkish Hezbollah: Implications for Policy and Programs. University of Baltimore, 2008. 
  60. ↑ T. Nugent, John. „The Defeat of Turkish Hizballah as a Model for Counter-Terrorism Strategy“. the Department of National Security Affairs. 2016-yil 20-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 27-dekabr.
  61. ↑ Jenkins, Gareth. „A New Front in the PKK Insurgency“. International Relations and Security Network (ISN). International Relations and Security Network (ISN) (2010). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 27-dekabr.
  62. ↑ „Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey“. Asiantribune.com. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  63. ↑ „Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict“. Middle-east-online.com (2010-yil 28-sentyabr). 2012-yil 3-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  64. ↑ „Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict“. Euronews.net (2010-yil 16-iyun). 2010-yil 4-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  65. ↑ Head, Jonathan. „Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds“. BBC News (2009-yil 13-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  66. ↑ Kinzer, Stephen. „Nudging Turkey toward peace at home“ (2011-yil 3-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  67. ↑ Emre Uslu. „Would Turkey intervene in Syria?“. Today's Zaman. 2012-yil 5-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 5-fevral., 5 February 2011
  68. ↑ „A Terrorist's Bitter End“ (1999-yil 1-mart). 2008-yil 10-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 10-aprel.
  69. ↑ Birch, Nicholas „Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out — War in Context“. Warincontext.org (2009-yil 20-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  70. ↑ „The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future“. Thewashingtonnote.com. 2011-yil 15-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  71. ↑ BBC News Turkey may ban Kurdish DTP party
  72. ↑ „Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter“. CNN.com (1999-yil 7-mart). 2011-yil 13-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  73. ↑ „Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars“. Reuters (2012-yil 6-yanvar).
  74. ↑ „Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion“. Highbeam.com (1992-yil 1-noyabr). 2012-yil 5-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  75. ↑ „Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion“. Thenational.ae. 2012-yil 14-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  76. ↑ „Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion“. Kuna.net.kw (2010-yil 25-iyun). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  77. ↑ Tore Kjeilen. „Kurds“. Looklex.com. 2020-yil 29-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  78. ↑ „MINA Breaking News – Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion“. Macedoniaonline.eu (2009-yil 15-avgust). 2012-yil 15-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  79. ↑ Saatci, Mustafa (2002). "Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict". Nations and Nationalism 8 (4): 549–564. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00065. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3f92b9bf2841d27b7265c0e0ac126ee314faf6de. 
  80. ↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named security
  81. ↑ „TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM“. 2011-yil 31-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  82. ↑ „A Report on the PKK and Terrorism“. Fas.org. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  83. ↑ McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. London 2005, pp 439 ff
  84. ↑ „Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand“. Ekurd.net. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  85. ↑ „TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ“. 2013-yil 14-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 12-aprel.
  86. ↑ O'Byrne.. „PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey'“. BBC News. BBC (2010-yil 21-iyul). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  87. ↑ Bloomberg Sex Scandal Shake-Up Reinvigorates Turkish Opposition Party (Wayback Machine saytida 10 November 2013 sanasida arxivlangan), 23 May 2010
  88. ↑ Jenkins, Gareth. „PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey“. Jamestown.org. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  89. ↑ Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council. „The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)“. Internal-displacement.org. 2011-yil 31-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  90. ↑ „Iraq warns Turkey over incursion“. BBC News (2008-yil 23-fevral). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-aprel.
  91. ↑ „Focus – Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurdish locals divided over Turkey's anti-PKK air strikes“ (en). France 24 (2020-yil 28-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 30-noyabr.
  92. ↑ „Iraq enforces border positions to prevent Turkish advance |“ (en). AW. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 30-noyabr.
  93. ↑ PKK: Targets and activities, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), Federation of American Scientists.
  94. ↑ Mutlu, Servet. „Türkiye'nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti“ [The security of Turkey: Economic cost of separatist PKK terrorism] (tr) (2008). 2016-yil 5-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 24-oktyabr.
  95. ↑ "Turkey: The PKK and a Kurdish settlement" (Wayback Machine saytida 15 September 2012 sanasida arxivlangan), International Crisis Group, 11 September 2012 
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