Fugu

Fugu (河豚 ; 鰒 ;フグ) yapon tilida, bogeo (복어 ; bàní) yoki bok (복) koreys tilida va hétún (hétún; hétún) standart zamonaviy xitoy tilida ^[1] odatda Takifugu, Lagocephalus yoki Sphoeroides jinsiga mansub baliq yoki Diodon jinsiga mansub kirpi yoki shu baliqlardan tayyorlangan taomdir.

Fugu oʻzining tetrodotoksini sababli odamlar uchun zaharli boʻlishi mumkin, yaʼni u zaharli qismlarni olib tashlash va goʻshtni ifloslantirmaslik uchun ehtiyotkorlik bilan tayyorlanishi kerak^[2].

Fuguni restoranda tayyorlash Yaponiya ^[3] va boshqa bir qator mamlakatlarda qonun bilan qatʼiy nazorat qilinadi va faqat uch yoki undan ortiq yillik tayyorgarlikdan soʻng malakaga ega boʻlgan oshpazlargagina baliqdan taom tayyorlashga ruxsat beriladi^[2]^[4]. Uyda tayyorlangan baliq baʼzantasodifiy oʻlimga olib kelishi ham mumkin^[4].

Zaharlilik

Fugu oʻz aʼzolarida, ayniqsa, jigar, tuxumdonlar, koʻzlar va terilarida oʻldiradigan zaharli tetrodotoksin mavjud^[5]. Zahar natriy kanallarini blokirovka qiladi,^[6] muskullarni falaj qiladi, ^[7] zaharlangan qurbon nafas ololmaydi va oxir-oqibat asfiksiyadan vafot etadi^[8]. Fugu zahari uchun maʼlum antidot yoʻq^[9]. Standart davolash nafas olish va qon aylanish tizimlarini zahar metabolizatsiya qilinmaguncha va jabrlanuvchining tanasi tomonidan chiqarilguncha semptomatik davolashdan iborat^[10].

Tadqiqotchilar fugudagi tetrodotoksin tetrodotoksinbakteriyalari bilan zararlangan boshqa hayvonlarni isteʼmol qilish natijasida paydo boʻlishini aniqladilar^[11]. Shunday qilib, fermerlarga xavfsiz fugu ishlab chiqarishga imkon berish uchun tadqiqot va akvakulturada saʼy-harakatlar amalga oshirildi. Fermerlar endi baliqlarni bakteriyalardan uzoqroq tutib, zaharsiz fugu ishlab chiqarishyapti. Oita prefekturasidagi Usuki shahri zaharli boʻlmagan fugularni sotish bilan mashhur^[11].

*Torafugu* Tokiodagi Tsukiji baliq bozorida usta fugu oshpazlari uchun sotiladi

Yaponiyaning Osaka shahridagi bozor koʻchasida fugu savdosi

Toksin

Tetrodotoksin (TTX) 2015-yil holatiga koʻra, nafaqat pufferdan, balki sakkizoyoqlardan, qisqichbaqalar va qisqichbaqalardan, qurbaqalar va tritonlardan, shuningdek, boshqa suv hayvonlaridan ajratilgan tabiiy mahsulotdir^[12]. Bu nervlarda nerv impulslarni oʻchiradigan kuchli neyrotoksindir. Bu hujayralarning hujayra membranalaridagi natriy kanallarining tarkibiy qismlari bilan oʻzaro taʼsir qilish orqali harakat qiladi^[12]. U gemato-ensefalik baryer kesib oʻtmaydi.

Davolash

Tetrodotoksin bilan zaharlanish belgilari orasida bosh aylanishi, charchoq, bosh ogʻrigʻi, koʻngil aynishi yoki nafas olish qiyinlashuvi mavjud. Inson hushida qoladi, lekin gapira olmaydi yoki harakat qilolmaydi. Yuqori dozalarda nafas olish toʻxtaydi va asfiksiya kuzatiladi.

Maʼlum boʻlgan antidot yoʻq va davolash oshqozonni boʻshatish, toksinni bogʻlash uchun faollashtirilgan koʻmirni yuborish va zahar yoʻqolguncha semptomatik davolashdan iborat. Toksikologlar tetrodotoksinga qarshi antidot yaratish ustida ishlashmoqda.

Fugu sashimi plastinkasi
Fugu no Shirako

Fugu no Shirako
Fugu-nabe, pufferfish hotpot

Fugu-nabe, pufferfish hotpot
Fugu no ransou nukazuke, guruch kepagi pastasida tuzlangan baliq tuxumdonlari

Fugu no ransou nukazuke, guruch kepagi pastasida tuzlangan baliq tuxumdonlari

Ijtimoiy jihatlar

Kansay mintaqasida jargon soʻzi tepō, (鉄砲) miltiq yoki qurol maʼnosida baliq uchun ishlatiladi. Bu ataru feʼli ustidagi soʻzlar 当たる), bu zaharlanish yoki otishni anglatishi mumkin. Shimonoseki mintaqasida zamonaviy fugu oʻrniga qadimgi talaffuz fuku koʻproq tarqalgan^[13]. Birinchisi omad uchun, ikkinchisi esa nogironlar uchun omonimdir. Tsukiji baliq bozori fugu assotsiatsiyasi har yili fugu mavsumining eng yuqori choʻqqisida xizmat koʻrsatadi va yuzlab tutilgan fugularni Sumida daryosiga qoʻyib yuboradi. Xuddi shunday marosim Shimonosekidagi yana bir yirik bozorda ham oʻtkaziladi.

Manbalar

↑ In Classical Chinese and the various regional varieties of Chinese, there are nearly a dozen synonyms that refer to the toxic pufferfish, including 䲅, 𩷪鱼, 黄驹, 魺, 嗔鱼, 鲑, 鲐鱼, 鮧, 鯸鲐, 鯸鮧, 鰗鮧, 鹕夷, 芽依,鯸䱌, and 䰽.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Davidson, Alan. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press, 2006 — 324-bet. ISBN 978-0-19-280681-9. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Davidson" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Coxon, Mio. „Tokyo chefs swell with anger over new blowfish laws“. Reuters (2012-yil 3-aprel).
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 Hosking, Richard. A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients & Culture. Tuttle Publishing, 1997 — 41–42-bet. ISBN 978-0-8048-2042-4.
↑ Yong, Y. S.; Quek, L. S.; Lim, E. K.; Ngo, A. (2013). "Pufferfish poisoning case study". Case Reports in Medicine 2013: 206971. doi:10.1155/2013/206971. PMID 24368916. PMC 3867830. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3867830.
↑ "Interaction between voltage-gated sodium channels and the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin". Channels 2 (6): 407–12. 1 November 2008. doi:10.4161/chan.2.6.7429. PMID 19098433.
↑ "Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses". Marine Drugs 13 (10): 6384–406. October 2015. doi:10.3390/md13106384. PMID 26492253. PMC 4626696. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4626696.
↑ Cheng, K. K.; Ling, Y. L.; Wang, J. C. (April 1968). "The failure of respiration in death by tetrodotoxin posioning". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences 53 (2): 119–128. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1968.sp001951. ISSN 0033-5541. PMID 5185564.
↑ Larimore, Jennifer L.. Neuroscience Basics: A Guide to the Brain's Involvement in Everyday Activities. Elsevier Science, 25 May 2017 — 57-bet. ISBN 978-0-12-811017-1.
↑ „CDC - The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Biotoxin: TETRODOTOXIN - NIOSH“. www.cdc.gov (2017-yil 9-noyabr).
↑ ^11,0 ^11,1 Onishi, Norimitsu. „If the Fish Liver Can't Kill, Is It Really a Delicacy?“. The New York Times (2008-yil 4-may).
↑ ^12,0 ^12,1 "Stereocontrolled total synthesis of tetrodotoxin from myo-inositol and D-glucose by three routes: aspects for constructing complex multi-functionalized cyclitols with branched-chain structures". Natural Product Communications 10 (5): 691–702. May 2015. doi:10.1177/1934578X1501000501. PMID 26058138. "The original name of TTX was “taricatoxin” … TTX selectively interacts with elements of the sodium channel … TTX has been isolated from the puffer fish, newts, frogs, octopuses, crabs, shellfish, and numerous other aquatic animals. The animals do not produce TTX themselves; instead, it is produced by bacteria such as Alteromonas sp., Vibrio sp., and Shewanella sp."
↑ {{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda sarlavha= parametrini belgilashingiz kerak. „{{{title}}}“ (ja). Maruha Shinko. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 1-oktyabr.

[1] In Classical Chinese and the various regional varieties of Chinese, there are nearly a dozen synonyms that refer to the toxic pufferfish, including 䲅, 𩷪鱼, 黄驹, 魺, 嗔鱼, 鲑, 鲐鱼, 鮧, 鯸鲐, 鯸鮧, 鰗鮧, 鹕夷, 芽依,鯸䱌, and 䰽.

[Davidson-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Davidson, Alan. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press, 2006 — 324-bet. ISBN 978-0-19-280681-9. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Davidson" defined multiple times with different content

[3] Coxon, Mio. „Tokyo chefs swell with anger over new blowfish laws“. Reuters (2012-yil 3-aprel).

[Hosking-4] 4,0 ^4,1 Hosking, Richard. A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients & Culture. Tuttle Publishing, 1997 — 41–42-bet. ISBN 978-0-8048-2042-4.

[5] Yong, Y. S.; Quek, L. S.; Lim, E. K.; Ngo, A. (2013). "Pufferfish poisoning case study". Case Reports in Medicine 2013: 206971. doi:10.1155/2013/206971. PMID 24368916. PMC 3867830. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3867830.

[6] "Interaction between voltage-gated sodium channels and the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin". Channels 2 (6): 407–12. 1 November 2008. doi:10.4161/chan.2.6.7429. PMID 19098433.

[7] "Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses". Marine Drugs 13 (10): 6384–406. October 2015. doi:10.3390/md13106384. PMID 26492253. PMC 4626696. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4626696.

[8] Cheng, K. K.; Ling, Y. L.; Wang, J. C. (April 1968). "The failure of respiration in death by tetrodotoxin posioning". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences 53 (2): 119–128. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1968.sp001951. ISSN 0033-5541. PMID 5185564.

[Larimore2017-9] Larimore, Jennifer L.. Neuroscience Basics: A Guide to the Brain's Involvement in Everyday Activities. Elsevier Science, 25 May 2017 — 57-bet. ISBN 978-0-12-811017-1.

[10] „CDC - The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Biotoxin: TETRODOTOXIN - NIOSH“. www.cdc.gov (2017-yil 9-noyabr).

[NYT1-11] 11,0 ^11,1 Onishi, Norimitsu. „If the Fish Liver Can't Kill, Is It Really a Delicacy?“. The New York Times (2008-yil 4-may).

[SatoEtal2015-12] 12,0 ^12,1 "Stereocontrolled total synthesis of tetrodotoxin from myo-inositol and D-glucose by three routes: aspects for constructing complex multi-functionalized cyclitols with branched-chain structures". Natural Product Communications 10 (5): 691–702. May 2015. doi:10.1177/1934578X1501000501. PMID 26058138. "The original name of TTX was “taricatoxin” … TTX selectively interacts with elements of the sodium channel … TTX has been isolated from the puffer fish, newts, frogs, octopuses, crabs, shellfish, and numerous other aquatic animals. The animals do not produce TTX themselves; instead, it is produced by bacteria such as Alteromonas sp., Vibrio sp., and Shewanella sp."

[13] {{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda sarlavha= parametrini belgilashingiz kerak. „{{{title}}}“ (ja). Maruha Shinko. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 1-oktyabr.

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