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Malaŵi

Sintha malink
Coordinates: 13°30′S 34°00′E / 13.500°S 34.000°E / -13.500; 34.000
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Kufuma Wikipedia
(Kufumila ku Malawi)
Kutimbanizga chala na mazina ghanyake ngati ni Marawi, Mallavi, Mallawi, Malavi, Mawlawi, Mali, panji Maui.

13°30′S 34°00′E / 13.500°S 34.000°E / -13.500; 34.000

Charu cha Malaŵi
Dziko la Malawi  (Chichewa)
Charu cha Malaŵi  (Chitumbuka)
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: "Unity and Freedom"
Nyimbo: Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi (Chichewa)
(English: "O God Bless Our Land of Malawi")[1]
Malo gha Malaŵi (pakubiliŵila) kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa
Malo gha Malaŵi (pakubiliŵila) kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa
Malo gha Malaŵi (pakubiliŵila) kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Lilongwe
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
English
Viyowoyelo vyaboma
Chewa
Viyowoyelo vyakumanyikwa vyamuvigaŵa
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2018 census[2])
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Malawian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary presidential republic
 -  President Lazarus Chakwera
 -  Vice-President Saulos Chilima
 -  House Speaker Catherine Gotani Hara
 -  Chief Justice Rizine Mzikamanda
Kujilamulila kufuma ku United Kingdom
 -  Dominion 6 July 1964 
 -  Republic 6 July 1966 
 -  Current constitution 18 May 1994 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 118,484 km2 (99th)
45,747 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 20.6%
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2020 estimate Neutral increase 20,091,635[3] (62nd)
 -  2018 census 17,563,749[2]
 -  Density 153.1/km2 (56th)
396.5/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total $35.0 billion[4] (137th)
 -  Per capita $1,558[4] (186th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total $11.5 billion[4] (149th)
 -  Per capita $523[4] (190th)
Gini (2016)Negative increase 44.7[5]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.512[6]
low ·169th
Ndalama Malawian kwacha (D) (MWK)
Mtundu Wanyengo CAT (UTC 2)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto left
Intaneti yacharu .mw[7]
* Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.

Malaŵi [8] ntcharu icho chili kumwera kwa Afrika icho kale chikachemekanga Nyasaland. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Zambia kumanjiliro gha dazi, Tanzania kumpoto na kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, na Mozambique kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera na kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Malaŵi yili na malo ghakujumpha 118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi) ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 19,431,566 (kufika mu Janyuwale 2021).[9] Msumba ukuru wa Malawi ni Lilongwe. Msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri ni Blantyre, wacitatu ni Mzuzu, ndipo wacinayi ni Zomba. Zina lakuti Malawi lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti Maravi, ilo kale ŵanthu ŵa ku Chewa ŵakachemekanga nalo. Caru ici cikucemeka "Mtima Wakupokelera wa ku Africa" cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo mbalusungu.[10]

Chigaŵa cha Africa icho sono chikuchemeka Malawi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi cha m'ma 1000 C.E. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, mu 1891, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa Britain ndipo chikachemekanga Nyasaland. Mu 1953, charu ichi chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Wupu uwu ukamara mu 1963. Mu 1964, boma la Nyasaland likamalizga kulamulira charu ichi. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, charu ichi chikazgoka charu cha Republic. Charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha, ndipo mu 1970 chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa chipani chimoza..[11][12][13] Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Malawi chili na boma la vyaru vinandi ilo likulongozgeka na pulezidenti. Lazarus Chakwera wa chipani cha Malawi Congress Party ndiyo wakalongozga chipani cha Tonse Alliance icho chili na vipani vinkhondi na viŵiri ndipo ndiyo wakathereska pa mavoti agho boma likapeleka pa 23 June 2020. Gulu la nkhondo la Malawi lili na ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, na ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo. Ndondomeko ya Malawi ya vyaru vya kuwaro njakovwira ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chikuŵa na ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinandi, ndipo chikukolerana na mawupu gha vyaru vinandi nga ni United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, Southern African Development Community (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), na African Union (AU).

Malaŵi ni yimoza mwa vyaru vyakutalulira comene pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chikuthemba chomene pa ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi. Boma la Malawi likuthemba comene wovwiri wa ku caru cinyake kuti lifiske ivyo likukhumba, nangauli ndalama izo zikukhumbikwa (na wovwiri uwo ukupelekeka) zacepa comene kwambira mu 2000. Boma la Malawi likukumana na masuzgo ghanandi pa mulimo wake wa kuzenga na kusazgirako chuma, kunozga masambiro, kupwelelera umoyo, na kuvikilira cilengiwa. Kwamba mu 2005, Malawi wali na ndondomeko zinandi izo zikovwira pa nkhani izi, ndipo vinthu vikwenda makora mu charu ichi.

Malaŵi wali na umoyo wambura kukhumbikwa kweniso ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa. HIV/AIDS yikuthandazgika comene, ndipo ici cikupangiska kuti ŵantchito ŵacepe ndiposo kuti maboma ghacitenge ndarama zinandi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, ndipo pali visopa vyakupambanapambana. Nangauli kumanyuma kukaŵanga mphindano za mu vigaŵa ivyo vikachitikanga chifukwa cha kupambana mitundu, kweni mu 2008 mphindano izi zikamara ndipo ŵanthu ŵakambaso kuwona kuti munthu ni wa ku Malawi.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: Mbili ya Malaŵi

Mbiri ya Ulamulilo wa ŵazungu

Chongoni Rock Art Area.

Malo gha mu Africa agho sono ghakucemeka Malawi ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kuvulura na kuvuna pambere ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵandambe kusama kufuma kumpoto ca m'ma 1000 C.E.[14] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakalutilira kukhala kumwera, kweni ŵanyake ŵakakhalilira ndipo ŵakambiska mafuko agho ghakafuma ku fuko limoza..[15] Kuzakafika mu 1500 C.E., mafuko agha ghakazenga ufumu wa Maravi uwo ukafika kufuma kumpoto kwa Nkhotakota m'paka ku Mlonga wa Zambezi na kufuma ku Nyanja ya Malawi m'paka ku Mlonga wa Luangwa mu Zambia.[16]

Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma mu 1600, apo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwusi yumoza, ŵanthu ŵa mu mafuko agha ŵakamba kukumana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal na ŵasilikari. Kweni mu 1700, ufumu uwu ukagaŵikana mu vigaŵa ivyo vikawusikanga na mitundu yinandi.[17] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, malonda gha ŵazga mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean ghakafika pachanya chomene apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 ŵakazgoka ŵazga.[18]

Kuŵako kwa Ŵakoloni

Mu 1859, mishonale munyake zina lake David Livingstone wakafika pa Nyanja ya Malawi (iyo panyengo iyo yikachemekanga Nyanja ya Nyasa). Mu 1878, African Lakes Company Limited yikakhazikiskika kuti yikagwirenge lumoza nchito na ŵamishonale aŵa. Mu 1876, ku Blantyre kukakhazikiskikaso ofesi yinyake na ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda. Boma la Portugal nalo likakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chileke kukhalamo. Ntheura, kuti ŵaleke kupoka charu ichi, boma la Britain likatuma Harry Johnston kuŵa kazembe wa Britain.[19]

1897 Sitampu ya British Central Africa iyo yikapelekeka na United Kingdom

Mu 1889, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands, ndipo mu 1891 likamba kulamulira chigaŵa chose cha Malawi.[20]Mu 1907, boma la Nyasaland likasintha zina kuŵa Nyasaland, ndipo likalutilira kuŵa na zina ili mu nyengo yose iyo likaŵa pasi pa Britain..[21]Mwaciyelezgero, boma la Nyasaland likapangika mu 1891. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakapika ndalama zakukwana £10,000 (1891 nominal value) pa caka, izo zikaŵa zakukwana kuti ŵagwiriske nchito ŵanthu 10 ŵa ku Europe, ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri, Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Punjab ŵakukwana 70 na ŵakunyamura katundu ŵakukwana 85 ŵa ku Zanzibar. Ŵantchito ŵachoko waka aŵa ŵakeneranga kulongozga na kuvikilira cigaŵa ca makilomita pafupifupi 94,000 na ŵanthu pakati pa 1 na 2 miliyoni.[22]

Mu caka cenecici, wuzga ukamara apo Sir Harry Johnston, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Nyasaland, wakacitapo kanthu kuti wamazge malonda agha.

Mu 1944, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakambiska bungwe la African Congress (NAC) kuti likovwire boma la Britain.[23] Mu 1953, Britain yikasazga Nyasaland na Northern na Southern Rhodesia mu ivyo vikaŵa Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland, ivyo kanandi vikucemeka Central African Federation (CAF), comenecomene cifukwa ca ndyali..[24] Nangauli wupu uwu ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga fundo iyi. Munthu munyake uyo wakasuskanga CAF wakaŵa Hastings Banda, dokotala uyo wakasambizgika ku Europe ndipo wakagwiranga nchito ku Ghana. Banda wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa NAC ndipo wakalimbikiranga kuti ŵanthu ŵatemwenge caru pambere boma lakwamba la Malawi lindamujalire mu jele mu 1959. Mu 1960, ŵakamufumiska ndipo ŵakamupempha kuti wawovwire kulemba dango liphya la charu cha Nyasaland..[15]

Hastings Banda (kumazere), nduna yikuru ya Malawi ndipo pamanyuma pulezidenti wakwamba, pamoza na pulezidenti wa Tanzania Julius Nyerere

Nyengo ya Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1961–1993)

Mu 1961, chipani cha Malawi Congress Party (MCP) cha Banda chikapokera wanandi pa mavoti gha ku Legislative Council ndipo Banda wakazgoka Prime Minister mu 1963. Boma la Nyasaland likamara mu 1963, ndipo pa Julayi 6, 1964, charu cha Nyasaland chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha ndipo chikachemeka Malawi..[25] Mu Malawi mukaŵa dango liphya la ndyali ndipo Banda wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Chikalata chiphya ichi chikapangiska kuti Malawi waŵe na chipani chimoza pera ndipo chipani cha MCP ndicho chikaŵa chamalamulo. Mu 1971, Banda wakapharazgika kuŵa pulezidenti wa umoyo wake wose. Kwa vilimika pafupifupi 30, Banda wakalongozga muwuso wankhongono comene uwo ukawoneseskanga kuti Malawi waleke kuŵa na nkhondo.[26] Maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Malawi, nga ni Malawi Freedom Movement, na Socialist League of Malawi, ghakasangika mu charu cha Malawi.

Pa nyengo iyo Banda wakaŵa purezidenti, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga vya umo charu cha Malawi icho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko kweniso chambura maji ghakununkhira, chingachitira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa ulimi na mafakitale.

Pa nyengo iyo Banda wakaŵa purezidenti, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga vya umo charu cha Malawi icho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko kweniso chambura maji ghakununkhira, chingachitira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa ulimi na mafakitale.[27] Apo wakaŵa pa udindo wake, Banda wakazenga ufumu wa bizinesi uwo pamasinda ukapangiska chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya GDP ya caru na kugwiliska nchito 10% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito.

Boma la vipani vinandi (1993-mpaka pano)

Mu 1993, Banda wakazomerezga kuti paŵe referendum, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi. Paumaliro wa 1993, wupu wa pulezidenti ukapangika, ndipo boma likamazga muwuso wa umoyo wose..[26]Mu 1994 mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi ghakachitika mu Malawi, ndipo Banda wakatonda na Bakili Muluzi (mlembi mukuru wakale wa MCP na nduna yakale ya Banda). Wakasoleka mu 1999, Muluzi wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 2004, apo Bingu wa Mutharika wakasankhika.[28] Nangauli boma la Malawi likayowoya kuti vinthu vili makora yayi pa nkhani ya ndyali, kweni mu 2009 likati mu charu ichi muli vipani vinandi.[29] Chisankho cha zipani zinandi na cha purezidenti chikachitika kachinayi ku Malawi mu Meyi 2009, ndipo President Mutharika wakasankhikaso, nangauli wakapika mulandu wa upusikizgi wa chisankho na mpikisano wake.[30]

Ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti Mutharika ni pulezidenti wankhaza ndipo wakuyuyura wanangwa wa ŵanthu,[31] ndipo mu Julayi 2011, pakawuka vivulupi chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa vinthu, kuleka kwendera malango gha vyaru vinyake, muwuso uheni, na kusoŵa ndalama zakwendakwenda.[32] Ŵanthu 18 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake 44 ŵakapwetekeka na futi.[33]

Mu Epulero 2012, Mutharika wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima. Kwa maora 48, nyifwa yake yikabisika, kusazgapo ulendo wa ndege na thupi la munthu uyu ku South Africa, uko ŵadokotala ŵakakana kusamuska thupi la munthu uyu.[34] Boma la South Africa likati lati liwopseze kuti lifumiskenge nkhani iyi, Joyce Banda, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, ndiyo wakamba kuwusa.[35] (mphaubali yayi na pulezidenti wakale Kamuzu Banda).[36]

Mu 2014 chisankho cha Malawi Joyce Banda wakataya chisankho ichi ndipo wakatora malo gha Peter Mutharika, munung'una wa President Mutharika.[37] Mu ma 2019 Malawi general election president Peter Mutharika wakasankhika. Mu February 2020 khoti la Malawi Constitutional Court likawuskapo mavoti chifukwa cha viheni na upusikizgi..[38] Mu Meyi 2020 Khoti Likuru Chomene la Malawi likakhozga ivyo khoti likadumura ndipo likapharazga kuti mavoti ghaphya ghachitike pa Julayi 2. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuskenge ivyo vikachitika pa ungano wa chigaŵa.[39][40] Mulongozgi wa chipani chakususkana na chalo cha Malawi, Lazarus Chakwera ndiyo wakathereska pa chisankho cha 2020 ndipo wapika udindo wa mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malawi..[41]

Boma na ndyali

Nkhani ikulu: Ndale mu Malaŵi, Visankho mu Malaŵi, Makhoti gha Malaŵi, and Gulu la Nkhondo la Malaŵi

Malaŵi ni chalo icho chili na muwuso wa purezidenti ndipo chili na pulezidenti Lazarus Chakwera.

Boma lili na wupu wakulongozga, wa malango, na wa vyeruzgo.

Boma la Malawi lili na pulezidenti uyo ni mutu wa boma na mutu wa boma, wachiŵiri na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kweniso nduna ya Malawi. Pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose, pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake ŵakusankhika pamoza. Mulongozgi wa boma wangimika wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti usange wasankhika, kweni wakwenera kuŵa wa chipani chinyake. Ŵabali awo ŵali mu nduna za Malawi ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti ndipo ŵangaŵa ŵa mukati panji kuwaro kwa wupu wakulongozga.[16]

Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga mu Lilongwe

Boma la Malawi lili na wupu wa malango uwo uli na ŵanthu 193. Wupu uwu ukusankhika kamoza pa vilimika vinkhondi. Usange wupu uwu uzamunjira, uzamwimira ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika maghanoghano, ŵawukirano, na ŵanakazi. Chipani cha Malawi Congress ndi chipani cholamulira pamodzi ndi zipani zina zingapo mu Tonse Alliance motsogozedwa ndi Lazarus Chakwera pomwe Democratic Progressive Party ndiye chipani chachikulu chotsutsa. Ŵanthu wose ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha para ŵafika vyaka 18, ndipo bajeti ya boma ya 2021/2022 ni $2.4 biliyoni kufuma pa $2.8 biliyoni ya 2020/2021.

Khoti lakujiyimira palekha likuyana na la ku England ndipo lili na khoti likuru la apilu, khoti likuru ilo lili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu (vyose, vya malango, na vya malonda), khoti la Industrial Relations Court na Magistrates Courts. Kufuma waka apo Malaŵi wakapokera wanangwa mu 1964, ndondomeko ya vyeruzgo yasintha kanandi waka. Makhoti ghakumanyikwa makora na ghakumanyikwa makora ghakaŵanga na vifukwa vyakupambanapambana.

Malaŵi wali na vigaŵa vitatu (Mwera, Kumpoto, na pakati), ivyo vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 28, na maboma ghanyake pafupifupi 250. Boma likulongozgeka na ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa na makomiti gha vigaŵa. Kwa nyengo yakwamba mu nyengo ya vyaru vinandi, pa Novembala 21, 2000, pakaŵa maungano gha vigaŵa. Mu Meyi 2005, boma likakhumbanga kuti paŵe chisankho chachiŵiri, kweni boma likakana.[16]

Mu February 2005, President Mutharika wakalekana na United Democratic Front ndipo wakambiska chipani chake, Democratic Progressive Party, icho chikakopa ŵantchito ŵakukhumba kusintha vinthu kufuma ku vyaru vinyake ndipo ŵakathereska mavoti mu charu chose mu 2006. Mu 2008, President Mutharika wakapangiska kusintha kwa vinthu pakumazga suzgo likuru la vimbundi mu chalo ichi, apo banthu bakuru bakukwana 5 ba chipani cha UDF ŵakususkana na milandu. Mu 2012, Malaŵi yikaŵa ya nambara 7 pa vyaru vyose vya ku sub-Saharan Africa mu Ibrahim Index of African Governance, index iyo yikupima vinthu vinandi kuti yivwire ŵanthu kumanya umo maboma gha vyaru vya mu Africa ghakwendera. Nangauli charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo ghapacanya kuluska pa caru cose, kweni cikaŵa pasi pa cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa Africa. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene pa nkhani ya chivikiliro na malango, ndipo malo ghachoko chomene ghakaŵa pa nkhani ya mwaŵi wa kusambizga ŵanthu. Pakati pa 2000 na 2011, vinthu vikenda makora mu Malawi. Malaŵi yikaŵa na mavoti mu mwezi wa Meyi 2019, ndipo Peter Mutharika ndiyo wakathereska ŵalwani ŵake Lazarus Chakwera, Atupele Muluzi, na Saulos Chilima. Mu 2020 khoti la Malawi Constitutional Court likawuskapo chisankho icho President Peter Mutharika wakathereska chifukwa cha upusikizgi. Mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka Lazarus Chakwera ndiyo wakathereska pa mavoti gha chalo cha Malawi mu chaka cha 2020.[42]

Kugawikana kwa boma

A clickable map of Malawi exhibiting its 28 districts.Chitipa DistrictKaronga DistrictLikoma DistrictLikoma DistrictMzimba DistrictNkhata Bay DistrictRumphi DistrictDedza DistrictDowa DistrictKasungu DistrictLilongwe DistrictMchinji DistrictNkhotakota DistrictNtcheu DistrictNtchisi DistrictSalima DistrictBalaka DistrictBlantyre DistrictChikwawa DistrictChiradzulu DistrictMachinga DistrictMangochi DistrictMulanje DistrictMwanza DistrictNsanje DistrictThyolo DistrictPhalombe DistrictZomba District
A clickable map of Malawi exhibiting its 28 districts.
Nkhani ikulu: Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi and Maboma gha Malaŵi

Malaŵi wali kugaŵika vigaŵa 28 mu vigaŵa vitatu:

Central Region

Northern Region

Southern Region

Maubale na vyaru vinyake

Nkhani ikulu: Ubale wa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyake

Pulezidenti wakale Hastings Banda wakambiska ndondomeko ya vyalo vya ku mpoto iyo yikalutilira mu 2011. Chikaŵa na vyaru vinandi vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kufumako ku boma la chipani cimoza kuya ku boma la demokilase la vipani vinandi kukakhozga ubwezi wa Malawi na United States. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Malawi ŵakuluta ku United States kuti ŵakasambire sukulu, ndipo ku United States kuli maofesi gha Peace Corps, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services na Agency for International Development ku Malawi. Charu cha Malawi chikaŵa paubwezi uwemi na charu cha South Africa mu nyengo ya Apartheid. Kufumira apo boma la apartheid likamalira mu 1994, Malawi na vyaru vinyake vyose vya mu Africa vikaŵa paubwezi na maboma gha vyaru vinyake. Kweni mu 2010, ubwezi wa Malawi na Mozambique ukasuzga chomene chifukwa cha mphindano pa nkhani ya Mlonga wa Zambezi na magesi.[16] IMu 2007, Malaŵi wakambiska ubwezi na China, ndipo kufuma nyengo iyo, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakugwiliskira nchito mu caru ici zikulutilira kukwera, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakufipa mtima cifukwa ca umo makampani gha ku China ghakucitira na ŵantchito ŵawo kweniso cifukwa ca kususkana kwa ŵantchito ŵa ku China na ŵantchito ŵa mu caru ici. Mu 2011, ubwezi wa pakati pa Malawi na United Kingdom ukasuzgika apo chikalata chikafumiskika umo kazembe wa Britain ku Malawi wakasuskanga President Mutharika. Mutharika wakachimbizga kazembe uyu ku Malawi, ndipo mu Julayi 2011, UK yikapharazga kuti yikukanizga wovwiri wose wa bajeti chifukwa chakuti Mutharika wakakana kuzgora pa ivyo boma lake likuyowoya na umo vinthu vikwendera. Pa Julayi 26, 2011, boma la United States nalo likakolerana na fundo iyi, ndipo likakanizga ndalama zakukwana madola 350 miliyoni gha ku United States.[43]

Malo gha maboma gha Malawi panji ma high commissions mu 2012

Kwambira mu 1985, Malawi waŵa malo ghakukhalamo ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, nga ni Mozambique na Rwanda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchimbilira ku Malaŵi ŵakusuzgika chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Vyaru vinyake ivyo vyapeleka ndalama ku Malawi ni United States, Canada, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Ireland, United Kingdom, na Flanders (Belgium), kweniso maboma ghanyake nga ni World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European Union, African Development Bank, na mawupu gha UN.

Malaŵi ni chalo icho chili na wupu wa Commonwealth, United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, African Union na World Health Organisation. Malaŵi wakuwona kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kuti vinthu viŵe makora pa nkhani za ndyali na vya cuma mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Africa. Charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kumwera kwa Africa kupokera masambiro ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe pa mtende.

Mu Okutobala 2022, pakalembeka chikalata chakulongosora umo ŵakupulikiskirana na charu cha Liberland.[44]

Maufulu

Wonaniso: Wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Malaŵi

Mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakawona kuti pa charu pali masuzgo ghanandi. Ŵapolisi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono zinandi, ŵasilikari ŵakachitanga vinthu mwambura kulangika, nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakachitiranga nkhaza ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵakayidi ŵakalutilira kukhala mu jele mwakofya. Ndipouli, boma likayezgayezga kususka ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zinandi. Nkhani zinyake za malango zikasazgapo kukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya na wa manyuzipepara, kuŵikika mu jele nyengo yitali pambere mulandu undakhazikiskike, na kukakika mwambura kwenelera. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika navyo ni nkhaza izo ŵakuchitira ŵanakazi, kusuzga ŵanthu, na ntchito za ŵana. Vimbundi mu boma vikuwoneka kuti ni suzgo likuru, nangauli wupu wa Malawi Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) ukuyezgayezga kuti vimare. Wupu wa ACB ukuwoneka kuti ukusanga na kususka vimbundi pa vigaŵa vicoko, kweni ŵalaraŵalara ŵakuwoneka kuti ŵakucita vinthu kwambura kulangika. Uheni wa vimbundi uwo ukuchitika mu mawupu gha vimbundi nawo ngwakuzirwa. Malaŵi ndiyo yikaŵa na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakutorana na ŵana ŵachoko comene pa caru cose. Mu 2015, boma la Malawi likakwezga vyaka vya nthengwa kufuma pa 15 kufika pa 18. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya ni vyakuti ŵanakazi ŵakutondeka kuvikilirika na malango kuti ŵaleke kutambuzgika, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakufwa para ŵababa, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakuŵatambuzga chifukwa cha kususkana nawo.[45][46][47]

Kwambira mu 2010, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika mu Malawi. Pa mulandu unyake uwo ukachitika mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakakakika na kukhala mu jele nyengo yitali.[48] Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakalangika kuti waliyose wagwire nchito yakuvuska kwa vilimika 14. Kweni pamanyuma pa masabata ghaŵiri ŵakaŵagowokera cifukwa ca wovwiri wa Secretary General wa United Nations, Ban Ki-moon. Mu Meyi 2012, pulezidenti Joyce Banda wakalayizga kuti wazamuwuskapo malango agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Peter Mutharika, uyo wakamusankhira mu malo ghake, ndiyo wakaŵika dango lakuti mu 2015 ŵaleke kuzomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Pa 26 Juni 2021, gulu la LGBT la mu chalo ichi likachita chiphikiro chakwamba cha kujikuzga mu msumba wa Lilongwe..[49]

Makhalilo

Nkhani ikulu: Makhalilo gha charu cha Malaŵi
Wonaniso: Mndandanda wa misumba mu Malaŵi
Mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Malawi mu nyengo ya vula

Malaŵi ni charu icho chili kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 9° na 18°S, kweniso longitude 32° na 36°E.

Chigwa cha Great Rift chikwendendeka kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigwa ichi kuli Nyanja ya Malawi. Nyanja ya Malawi nyengo zinyake yikuchemeka Kalendala chifukwa yili na utali wa makilomita 587 na usani wa makilomita 84. Mlonga wa Shire ukufuma kumwera kwa nyanja ndipo ukubatikana na Mlonga wa Zambezi makilomita 400 kumwera ku Mozambique. Nyanja ya Malawi yili pa mtunda wa mamita 457 (1500 ft) pachanya pa nyanja.[50]

Two small dugout canoes on the shore of a lake
Nyanja ya Malawi

Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya Malawi ivyo vili pafupi na Rift Valley, mapiri ghakukwera mamita 914 m'paka 1,219 (3,000 m'paka 4,000 ft) pachanya pa nyanja. Kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi kuli mapiri gha Shire Highlands, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 914 (3,000 ft). Mu chigaŵa ichi, mapiri gha Zomba na Mulanje ghakukwera mamita 2,134 na 3,048.[15]

Msumba ukuru wa Malawi ni Lilongwe, ndipo msumba ukuru wa malonda ni Blantyre. Malaŵi wali na malo ghaŵiri agho ghali pa UNESCO World Heritage List. Malo gha Lake Malawi National Park ghakalembeka mu 1984 ndipo Chongoni Rock Art Area ghakalembeka mu 2006.[51]

Ku Malaŵi, mu vigaŵa vyamumphepete mwa charu ichi, nyengo yikotcha chomene ndipo kumpoto kwa charu ichi kuli malo ghakuthambalara. Pakuti malo agha ghali pachanya chomene, nyengo ya ku malo agha yikuŵa ya ku equator. Pakati pa Novembala na Epulero, mu charu ichi mukuŵa vula yikuru, ndipo kuumaliro wa Malichi kukaŵa chimphepo chikuru. Para mwezi wa Malichi wajumpha, vula yikuchepa chomene, ndipo kufuma mu Meyi m'paka Seputembala, chivula chikufuma mu mapiri na kunjira mu mapiri..[15]

Vinyama na Vyakumela

Nkhani ikulu: Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa vya Malaŵi
Wonaniso: Flora Zambesiaca
Njovu mu Malo Ghakusungirako Vinyama gha Majete

Viyuni ivyo vikukhala mu Malaŵi ni njovu, mphoyo, viyuni vyakuchemeka antelope, viyuni vya mphoyo, viyuni vikuruvikuru, vinyama vyakututuŵa, vinyama vyakupambanapambana nga ni viyuni vyakumera, viyuni vya mu maji, viyuni vikuruvikuru, viyuni vya mu nyanja, viyuni vya mu nyanja, viyuni vya mu nyanja, viyuni vya mu nyanja, na viyuni vinyake. Nyanja ya Malawi yili na visomba vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Mu nyanja iyi muli vinyama pafupifupi 200, viyuni 650, vyakumera vyakujumpha 350, na vyakumera vyakujumpha 5,500.

Vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya pa caru capasi vili mukati mwa Maliwi: Central Zambezian miombo forests, Eastern miombo forests, Southern miombo forests, Zambezian and mopane forests, Zambezian flooded grasslands, South Malawi mountain forest-grassland mosaic, and Southern Rift mountain forest-grassland mosaic.

Mu Malaŵi muli mapaki ghankhondi, malo ghanayi ghakusungirako vinyama, na malo ghanyake ghaŵiri ghakuvikilirika. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 5.74/10, ndipo chili pa malo 96 pa vyaru 172.[52]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Chuma cha Malaŵi
Wonaniso: Malawian food crisis and List of companies based in Malawi
Crafts market in Lilongwe

Malaŵi njimoza mwa vyaru vyambura kukura comene pa caru cose. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 85% ŵakukhala ku mizi. Vyaru ivi vikuthemba pa vyakurya, ndipo vyakurya ivi vikupanga vigaŵa vyakujumpha 30 pa vigaŵa vitatu vya GDP na vigaŵa 90 pa vigaŵa vyose vya vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kumanyuma uku, chuma cha charu ichi chikathembanga chomene wovwiri wakufuma ku World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), na vyaru vinyake..[53] Malawi ndiyo yikaŵa malo gha 119 ghakukhora chomene pa charu chose mu malipoti gha Euromoney Country Risk.[54]

Mu Disembala 2000, IMF yikayimiska wovwiri chifukwa cha vimbundi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakapelekanga wovwiri ŵakalondezgapo.[55] Ndalama zose izo boma likupeleka ku vyakurya (na munkhwala) zikumanyikwa yayi.

Chiŵerengero cha katundu wa ku Malawi, 2019

Kweniso vinthu vikenda makora yayi, ndipo Malawi watondeka kulipira katundu uyo wakunjira mu charu ichi chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama zakwendakwenda. Mu Malawi muli masuzgo ghanandi agho boma likutondeka kumazga, nga ni ndalama zinandi zakugwilira nchito na vinthu viheni vya magesi, maji, na mauthenga. Mu chaka cha 2017, chalo cha Malawi chikaŵa na GDPNdalama zose izo boma likupeleka ku vyakurya (na munkhwala) zikumanyikwa yayi.

Chiŵerengero cha katundu wa ku Malawi, 2019

Kweniso vinthu vikenda makora yayi, ndipo Malawi watondeka kulipira katundu uyo wakunjira mu charu ichi chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama zakwendakwenda. Mu Malawi muli masuzgo ghanandi agho boma likutondeka kumazga, nga ni ndalama zinandi zakugwilira nchito na vinthu viheni vya magesi, maji, na mauthenga. Mu chaka cha 2017, chalo cha Malawi chikaŵa na GDP (purchasing power parity) ya $22.42 billion, na GDP pa munthu yumoza ya $1200, ndipo inflation yikayanika pa 12.2% mu chaka cha 2017.[53]

Agriculture accounts for 35% of GDP, industry for 19% and services for the remaining 46%.[29] Malawi has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world,[55] although economic growth was estimated at 9.7% in 2008 and strong growth is predicted by the International Monetary Fund for 2009.[56] The poverty rate in Malawi is decreasing through the work of the government and supporting organisations, with people living under the poverty line decreasing from 54% in 1990 to 40% in 2006, and the percentage of "ultra-poor" decreasing from 24% in 1990 to 15% in 2007.[57]

Many analysts believe that economic progress for Malawi depends on its ability to control population growth.[58]

In January 2015 southern Malawi was devastated by the worst floods in living memory, stranding at least 20,000 people. These floods affected more than a million people across the country, including 336,000 who were displaced, according to UNICEF. Over 100 people were killed and an estimated 64,000 hectares of cropland were washed away.[59]

Kulima na vyamalonda

Nkhani ikulu: Ulimi mu Malaŵi
Ŵakuvuna mphonje pa malo ghakucitira kafukufuku wa ulimi ku Malawi

Charu cha Malawi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakugwira ntchito zaulimi. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 peresenti ŵakulima, nangauli mu 2013 ŵalimi ndiwo ŵakapanganga 27 peresenti ya GDP. Makampani gha vya mautumiki ghakupanga pafupifupi hafu ya GDP (54%), pakuyaniska na 11% ya makampani gha kupanga vinthu na 8% ya makampani ghanyake. Malaŵi wakugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi pa ulimi (kuyana na GDP) kuluska caru cilicose ca mu Africa: 28% ya GDP.[60][61][62]

Vyakumera vikuruvikuru vya ku Malawi ni hona, mskambo, katoni, tiyi, mbuto, mbuto, mpunga, ng'ombe na mbuzi. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni hona, tiyi na shuga, vyakupangira mathabwa, simenti na vinthu vinyake. Kukula kwa malonda kwa mafakitale kumawerengedwa kuti ndi 10% (2009). Charu ichi chikugwiliskira nchito gasi yayi. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2008, Malaŵi wakuguliska panji kuguliska magesi yayi, kweni wakuguliska mafuta ghake ghose, kwambura kupanga mafuta mu charu.[53]Kwambira mu 2006, caru ici cikamba kusazga mafuta gha mafuta ghambura kulongozga na 10% ya ethanol, agho ghakupangika mu vyalo viŵiri, kuti ghaleke kugwiliskira nchito mafuta agho ghakugura mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 2008, Malawi wakamba kuyezga magalimoto agho ghakugwiliskira nchito mafuta gha ethanol pera.[63]

Ŵana ŵakuwungana na ŵalimi mu muzi wa Nalifu, Mulanje

Kufika mu 2009, charu cha Malawi chikaguliskanga katundu wakukwana madola 945 miliyoni pa chaka. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cikuthemba comene hona, cuma cikusuzgika comene cifukwa cakuti mitengo ya hona pa caru cose yikukhizga ndipo caru cose cikuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kupanga comene hona. Malaŵi wakuthemba chomene hona, ndipo kufuma mu 2007 m'paka 2008, hona wakwera kufuma pa 53% kufika pa 70%. Charu ichi chikuthemba comene pa tiyi, shuga, na khofi, ndipo vyakurya ivi pamoza na hona vikupangiska kuti Malawi wapokere ndalama zinandi comene.[53][55] Cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mtengo wa hona na kukhira kwa mtengo wake, Malawi wakuciska ŵalimi kuti ŵaleke kukhweŵa hona na kwamba kulima vyakurya vyakunozga, kusazgapo vyakununkhira nga ni paprika. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuleka kukhweŵa hona cifukwa cakuti wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose (World Health Organization) ukukhumba kulekeska mtundu unyake wa hona uwo Malawi wakupanga. Ŵanthu ŵakuti hona wakunanga comene umoyo wa ŵanthu kuluska hona. Vinyake ivyo vingachitika ni khuni la hemp la ku India, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuti likupangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵe vigeŵenga vinandi chifukwa likuyana na minkhwala yinyake iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito pa vyakusanguluska..[64] Suzgo ili ndakuzirwa comene cifukwa cakuti kulima matholi gha ku Malawi, agho ghakucemeka Malawi Gold, nga munkhwala wa ulwilwi kwazara comene. Lipoti la Wupu wa World Bank likulongora kuti charu cha Malawi chikumanyikwa na kulima "nthanga yiwemi comene" pa caru cose.[65]

GDP mu vyaru vya Southern African Development Community kuyana na vigaŵa vya vyachuma, 2013 panji chaka chapafupi.[66]

Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ni thonje, phere, vinthu vya makuni, na vyakuvwara. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivyo vyakurya vya mu caru ici vikutolekera ni South Africa, Germany, Egypt, Zimbabwe, United States, Russia, na Netherlands. Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Malawi chikuguliska katundu uyo wakukwana madola 1.625 biliyoni pa chaka. Vyaru vikuru comene ivyo Malawi wakuguliskira vinthu ivi ni South Africa, India, Zambia, Tanzania, United States, na China.[53]

Mu 2006, cifukwa ca kuchepa kwa vyakurya, Malaŵi wakambiska pulogiramu ya wovwiri wa vyakurya, FISP (Fertilizer Input Subsidy Programme). Ŵanthu ŵakuti ndondomeko iyi, iyo yikukhozgeka na pulezidenti wa caru ici, yikusintha comene ulimi wa ku Malawi, ndipo yikupangiska kuti Malawi waŵe wakuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vyapafupi..[67] Ndondomeko ya FISP yakovwira ŵanthu na vyakurya yikamara na nyifwa ya Pulezidenti Mutharika..[68]

Mu 2016, mu Malawi mukaŵa chilangalanga, ndipo mu Janyuwale 2017, mu charu ichi mukaŵa nthenda ya viyuni vyakuchemeka armyworms. Nkhumba iyi yingaparanya minda yose ya tirigu, iyo njakukhumbikwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵakavu.[69] Pa Janyuwale 14, 2017, George Chaponda, nduna ya vyaulimi, wakapharazga kuti mahekitala 2,000 gha vyakurya vyaparanyika.[70]

Nthowa na misewu

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Malawi, Rail transport in Malawi, and Communications in Malawi
Msewu wa M1 pakati pa Blantyre na Lilongwe

Mu 2012, ku Malawi kukaŵa viŵanja vya ndege 31, 7 vikaŵa na misewu yakwenda nayo. Mu 2008, chalo chili na makilomita 797 (495 mi) gha njanji, zose za mphinjika, ndipo, mu 2003, makilomita 24,866 (15,451 mi) gha misewu mu malo ghakupambanapambana, makilomita 6,956 (4,322 mi) ghakukhomeka na makilomita 8,495 (5,279 mi) ghambura kukhomeka. Malawi nayo wali na maji ghakukwana makilomita 700 pa Nyanja ya Malawi na mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Shire.[53]

Mu 2022, mu Malawi mukaŵa mafoni 10.23 miliyoni. Mu 2022, ŵanthu 4.03 miliyoni ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito Intaneti (Datareportal). Kweniso, m'paka mu 2022 pakaŵa wayilesi yimoza ya boma (Malawi Broadcasting Corporation) na yinyake pafupifupi 12 iyo yikaŵa ya mabungwe ghapadera.

Ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Africa nga ni peresenti ya GDP, 2012 panji chaka chapafupi chomene.

Wupu wa Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) ndiwo ukwendeskera mawayilesi, mawayilesi gha pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi.

[71][72] Mapulogiramu gha pa wayilesi gha ku Malawi ghakwenda makora. Charu ichi chili na mawayilesi 20 agho ghakupharazga pa Intaneti mu 2016. ngati ni: [3] Ivi vikusazgapo Times Group, Timveni, Adventist, na Beta, Zodiak na CFC.[53] Kumanyuma uku, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti mafoni gha ku Malawi ndigho ngakusuzga chomene mu Africa, kweni sono vinthu vikwenda makora. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni mu misumba, ndipo vigaŵa vya ku mizi ni vichoko chomene pa vigaŵa vyose.[73]

Sayansi na vyakupangapanga

Nkhani ikulu: Science and technology in Malawi

Ku Malaŵi, kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mu 2010, charu ichi chikagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana 1.06% ya GDP pa kafukufuku. Pa munthu yumoza uyo wakugwira nchito iyi, ndalama izi zikuyana na madola 7.8 (mu ndalama za ku America).[60][61]

IMu 2014, ŵasayansi ŵa ku Malawi ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mabuku ghanandi chomene kuluska mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵakalemba nkhani 322 mu nyuzipepara ya Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index expanded) chaka chenechicho. Ku South Africa pera (9,309) na United Republic of Tanzania (770) ndiko ŵakalemba mabuku ghanandi. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakulemba vinandi mu manyuzipepara ghakurughakuru kuluska charu chilichose. Ichi ntchakuzizika chomene nangauli chiŵelengero cha mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu charu ichi ntchichoko chomene. Ku cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni pali mabuku 20.[60][61] MMalawi wali pa malo 107 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa malo 118 mu 2019.[74][75][76][77]

Ndondomeko ya kakhalilo ka vinyake

Ndondomeko yakwamba ya Malawi ya sayansi na vyakupangapanga yikamba mu 1991 ndipo yikasinthika mu 2002. Ndondomeko ya sayansi na vyakupangapanga ya mu 2002 yikalongora kuti pakhumbikwenge kukhazikiska komiti ya sayansi na vyakupangapanga kuti yilongozgenge boma na ŵanyakhe pa vya sayansi na vyakupangapanga. Nangauli dango la sayansi na vyakupangapanga la mu 2003 likati wupu uwu ukhazikiskikenge, kweni ukamba kugwira ntchito mu 2011 pera. Dango la sayansi na vyakupangapanga la mu 2003 nalo likakhazikiska fundo ya sayansi na vyakupangapanga kuti yivikilire kafukufuku na masambiro kwizira mu vyawanangwa vya boma na ngongoli, kweni mu 2014, yikaŵa kuti yindambe kugwira ntchito. Wupu wa National Commission for Science and Technology (NCSTC) wawona ndondomeko ya sayansi, technology, and innovation (2011~2015) kweni pakwamba kwa chaka cha 2015, ndondomeko iyi yindakhazikiskike..[60][61]

Malaŵi wakumanya kuti nchakukhumbikwa kukopa ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu kusamukira ku vyaru vinyake, kusambizga ŵanthu, na kovwira maboma kuti ghasange ndalama. Mu 2012, ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakagwiliskira ntchito zikendanga mu vigaŵa vya vyakuzenga (62%) na vya magesi (33%). Boma la Russia laŵikapo ndalama zinandi, kusazgapo kuchepeska misonkho kuti likope ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu chaka cha 2013, Malawi Investment and Trade Centre yikakhazikiska mabungwe 20 mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru 6 vya charu ichi.:[60][61]

  • ulimi;
  • vyakupanga;
  • Nkhongono (nkhongono za vyamoyo, magesi ghakusunkhunyika);
  • ntchito zakukopa ŵalendo (ecolodges);
  • Vinthu vyamahara (maofesi gha maji ghakututuka, ma fiber optic cable, na vinyake)
  • Kujima malibwe ghamtengo wapatali
  • Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.
    Ivyo ŵasayansi ŵakuchita pa nkhani ya kafukufuku mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Africa, 2008-2014.[78]
  • Ŵasayansi (HC) ku Southern Africa pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni, 2013 panji chaka chapafupi
    Ŵasayansi (HC) ku Southern Africa pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni, 2013 panji chaka chapafupi
  • Scientific publications per million inhabitants in SADC countries in 2014.
    Mabuku gha sayansi pa ŵanthu miliyoni mu vyaru vya SADC mu 2014.[66][79]

Mu 2013, boma likakhazikiska pulani ya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti vyakurya vyakupambanapambana vifumenge mu vyaru vinyake. Vipinda vyakupangira vyakurya vinandi vikwenera kuzakanozgeka mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi: vyakurya vya mafuta, vyakurya vya mkaka, na vyakupangira. Boma likughanaghana kuti mu 2027, vigaŵa vitatu ivi vingaŵa kuti vikwimira vyakurya vyakujumpha 50 peresenti ivyo Malawi wakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Kuti viŵawovwire kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vinthu viphya, ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti ŵagwirenge nchito makora pa kafukufuku wa pa caru cose kweniso kuti ŵamanye makora vya maukadaulo agho ghalipo..[60][61]

Ndalama ya Malawi Innovation Challenge ni nthowa yakupambanapambana iyo yingawovwira makampani gha mu vigaŵa vya vyakurya na vyakupangira vinthu mu Malawi kupempha wovwiri wa ndalama zakwendeskera mapulojekiti ghaphya agho ghangakhwaska chomene umoyo wa ŵanthu na kovwira charu ichi kuti chiŵe na vyakurya vinandi. Mu April 2014, ŵakachita chiphikiro chakwamba cha kupempha ŵanthu. Ndalama iyi yikukolerana na vigaŵa vitatu ivyo vyasankhika mu ndondomeko ya vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake: vyakurya vya mafuta, vyakurya vya mkaka, na vyakupangira vinthu. Likupeleka wovwiri wakukwana 50% ku mapulojekiti gha bizinesi ghaphya kuti ghapokerepo masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakuŵapo chifukwa cha kupanga vinthu viphya. Wovwiri uwu ukwenera kukhwimiska ntchito ya kupanga malonda ghaphya na/panji kupokelera matekinoloje. Ndalama izi zikufuma ku United Nations Development Programme na United Kingdom Department for International Development.[60][61]

Ivyo Ŵakafiska

Makhaliro gha mabuku gha sayansi mu vyaru vya SADC ivyo vikugwira nchito comene, 2005-2014.

Vinthu vinyake ivyo vyachitika mu vyaka vyasonosono apa pakufiska ndondomeko za sayansi, tekinoloje na vyakupanga vinthu vinyake ni

:[60][61]

  • Kukhazikiska Yunivesite ya Malawi ya Sayansi na Maluso mu 2012 na Yunivesite ya Lilongwe ya Vyakumera na Vinthu Vyachilengiwa (LUANAR) kuti viwovwire kuzenga luso la STI. LUANAR wakafumiskika pa Yunivesite ya Malawi. Ivi vikupangiska kuti ma yunivesite gha boma ghaŵe ghanayi.
  • Kuwongolera luso la kafukufuku wa biomedical kwizira mu ndondomeko ya vyaka vinkhondi ya kukhozga luso la kafukufuku wa vyaumoyo (2008~2013) yakupeleka vyawanangwa vya kafukufuku na masambiro gha masambiro gha Ph.D., master na first degree, na wovwiri wa UK Wellcome Trust na DfID;
  • Ŵakuchita makora chomene pakuyezga katoni na wovwiri wa U.S. Program for Biosafety Systems, Monsanto, na LUANAR.
  • Kuŵikapo mafuta gha ethanol nga ni mafuta ghanyake kuluska mafuta gha petulo na kugwiliskira nchito sayansi ya ethanol.
  • Kukhazikiska pulogiramu ya Malawi ya Information and Communication Technology (ICT) mu Disembala 2013, kuti yikhozge kuthuwuska ICT mu vigaŵa vyose vya chuma na vyakupangiska vinthu na kunozga vinthu vya ICT mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, chomenechomene pakukhazikiska ma telecentres.

ndipo

  • Ndondomeko ya masambiro gha ku sekondare mu 2013.

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Ŵanthu mu Malaŵi
Population[80][81]
Year Million
1950 2.9
2000 11.3
2021 19.9

Malaŵi wali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha miliyoni, ndipo chiŵelengero chake chikukura na 3.32%..[80][81][82] Kuzakafika mu 2050, ŵanthu awo ŵazamukhala mu charu ichi ŵazamuŵa 45 miliyoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi mu 2016 ŵakukwana, 18,091,575.[83]

 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Malawi
According to the 2018 Census[84]
Mndandanda Region Ŵanthu
Lilongwe
Lilongwe
Blantyre
Blantyre 		1 Lilongwe Central 989,318
2 Blantyre Southern 800,264
3 Mzuzu Northern 221,272
4 Zomba Southern 105,013
5 Karonga Northern 61,609
6 Kasungu Central 58,653
7 Mangochi Southern 53,498
8 Salima Central 36,789
9 Liwonde Southern 36,421
10 Balaka Southern 36,308

Mtundu wa ŵanthu

Magulu mu Malawi (2018 Census)[2]
Ethnic Groups percent
Chewa
 
 34.4%
Lomwe
 
 18.9%
Yao
 
 14.3%
Tumbuka
 
 22.2%
Sena
 
 3.8%
Mang'anja
 
 3.2%
Nyanja
 
 1.9%
Tonga
 
 1.8%
Ngonde
 
 1%
Lambya
 
 0.6%
Sukwa
 
 0.5%
Other
 
 1.1%

Ŵanthu ŵa mu Malaŵi mba fuko la Chewa, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, na Ngonde.

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Malawi
Viyowoyelo vyamu Malawi (1998 Census)[85]
Languages percent
Chichewa
 
 43.2%
Chitumbuka
 
 22.8%
Chiyao
 
 11.1%
Chilomwe
 
 12.5%
Chisena
 
 2.7%
Chilomwe
 
 2.4%
Chitonga
 
 1.7%
Chinkhonde
 
 0.8%
Chingoni
 
 0.7%
Chilambya
 
 0.4%
Chisenga
 
 0.2%
Chinyakyusa
 
 0.2%
English
 
 0.2%
Other
 
 1.1%

Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chingelezi.[86]Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ni Chichewa, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 41%, Chitumbuka (28.2%), Chinyanja (12.8%), Chiyao (16.1%), na Chitumbuka (28.2%).[53] Viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Malawi ni Lomwe, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 250,000 kumwera kwa charu ichi; Kokola, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 kumwera kwa charu ichi; Lambya, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi; Ndali, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 70,000; Nyakyusa-Ngonde, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000 kumpoto kwa Malawi; Sena, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 270,000 kumwera kwa Malawi; na Tonga, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 170,000 kumpoto.[87]

Ŵana wose ŵa ku sukulu za pulayimale ŵakusambizgika mu Chichewa, icho chikuyowoyeka kuti ni ciyowoyero ca caru ca Malawi. Ndipouli, ŵana ŵa sukulu zapachanya ŵakusambira mu Cingelezi usange ŵakulondezga ndondomeko ya ku America panji Britain.[88]

Chipembezo

Wonani vinandi: Christianity in Malawi, Roman Catholicism in Malawi, Islam in Malawi, Hinduism in Malawi, and Baháʼí Faith in Malawi
Mission Church in Livingstonia

Charu cha Malawi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo Mbakhristu, kweni Ŵasilamu ndiwo ŵachoko. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu 87% mu charu ichi Mbakhristu, ndipo 11.6% mbasilamu.[89] Gulu likuru comene la Ŵakhristu mu Malaŵi ni Tchalitchi la Katolika, ilo ŵanthu 19 pa 100 ŵalimo, kweniso Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la ku Central Africa (CCAP) ilo ŵanthu 18 pa 100 ŵalimo.[89] CCAP ni cisopa cikuru comene ca Ciprotesitanti mu Malaŵi ico cili na ŵanthu 1.3 miliyoni. Pali matchalitchi ghachoko waka gha Presbyterian nga ni Reformed Presbyterian Church of Malawi na Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Malawi. Paliso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakusopa ku Anglican, Baptist, Evangelical, Seventh-day Adventist, na Lutheran.[90]

Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Sunni, ndipo ŵali mu gulu la Qadriya panji Sukkutu..[91]

Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵalipo (95,000),[92]Tchalitchi la Yesu Khristu la Ŵatuŵa ŵa Mazuŵa Ghaumaliro ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2,000 paumaliro wa 2015,[93] Ŵarastafari, Ŵahindu, Ŵabahai, (0.2%)[94]) Ŵayuda pafupifupi 300.[citation needed] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije ŵalipo pafupifupi 4 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose mu Africa..[95]

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Healthcare in Malawi
Malawi women with young children attending family planning services

Malaŵi wali na vipatala vikuruvikuru, vipatala vya chigaŵa, na vyapadera. Boma likupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala na munkhwala kwaulere, ndipo mawupu gha boma yayi ghakupeleka wovwiri na munkhwala kwaulere. Ŵadokotala ŵakupeleka munkhwala na vinthu vinyake. Ndondomeko za inshuwalansi ya ulwari zaŵikika kwambira mu 2000.[96]Charu ichi chili na makampani ghanayi ghakupanga munkhwala. Cakulinga ca boma la Malawi nchakuti "ŵawovwire ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi, kuti ŵaleke kulwara, kuti ŵaleke kufwa luŵiro, ndiposo kuti ŵaleke kufwa luŵiro".[97]

Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 50.03. Kufumiska nthumbo nkhuheni mu Malawi,[98] kweni kuti waponoske umoyo wa anyina. Dango likukanizga ŵanakazi awo ŵakukhumba kufumiska nthumbo kwambura kuzomerezgeka na dango yayi kukhala mu jele vyaka 7..[99] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika na HIV/AIDS, ndipo mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 980,000 (panji 9.1% ya ŵanthu wose) ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi. Chaka chilichose ŵanthu pafupifupi 27,000 ŵakufwa na HIV/AIDS, ndipo ŵana ŵakujumpha hafu ya miliyoni mbalanda chifukwa cha nthenda iyi (2015).[100] Zuŵa lililose ŵanthu ŵakukwana 250 ŵakulwara nthenda iyi, ndipo pa vipatala vyose vya ku Malawi, 70% ni vya ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS. Chifukwa cha nthenda iyi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.8% awo ŵakugwira ntchito ku minda ŵakufwa. Boma likupeleka ndalama zakujumpha madola 120,000 pa chaka pa nyifwa za ŵateŵeti ŵa boma awo ŵakufwa na nthenda iyi.[55] Mu 2006, Madonna wakambiska bungwe la Raising Malawi, ilo likovwira ŵana ŵachekuru awo ŵali na nthenda ya AIDS ku Malawi. Kweniso wakathiska ndalama zakupangira filimu yakulongosora masuzgo gha ŵana ŵachoko ŵa ku Malawi.[101] Raising Malawi also works with the Millennium Villages Project to improve education, health care, infrastructure and agriculture in Malawi.[102]

Pali ngozi yikuru chomene ya matenda ghakuru, nga ni nthenda ya kumetera, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, maleriya, nthenda ya maleriya, schistosomiasis, na rabies.[53] Malaŵi wachita makora chomene pa nkhani ya kuchepeska nyifwa ya ŵana na kuchepeska nthenda ya HIV/AIDS, maleriya na matenda ghanyake. Kweni charu ichi "chikuchita makora yayi" pa nkhani ya kuchepeska nyifwa ya ŵamama na kukhozga wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi.[57] Nangauli ŵanakazi ŵakudumulika yayi, kweni mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuchita ivi.[103]

Pa Novembala 23, 2016, khoti linyake ku Malawi likadumura kuti mwanalume uyo wali na HIV wakhale mu jele vyaka viŵiri chifukwa cha kugonana na ŵanakazi 100. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi ŵakapempha boma kuti liwoneso chilango ichi.[104] Vinyake mwa vipatala vikuru comene mu caru ici ni Blantyre Adventist Hospital, Mwaiwathu Private Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central, na Kamuzu Central Hospitals.[105]

Msambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Malawi
Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year.[79]

Mu 1994, boma likakhazikiska masambiro ghapachanya ghaulere ku ŵana wose ŵa ku Malawi, ndipo masambiro ghapachanya ghakaŵa ghakukakamika kufuma apo dango la masambiro ilo likasinthika mu 2012 likapelekeka. Ntheura, ŵana wose ŵakuluta ku sukulu, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu za pulayimale chikakwera kufuma pa 58% mu 1992 kufika pa 75% mu 2007. Kweniso chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakwamba sukulu ya nambara yimoza na kumalizga ya nambara 5 chakwera kufuma pa 64% mu 1992 kufika pa 86% mu 2006. Wupu wa World Bank ukati chiŵerengero cha ŵawukirano awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 68% mu 2000 kufika pa 75% mu 2015.[106] Kuwonjezeka uku kwachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vinthu vyakusambizgira mu masukulu, vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa sukulu na vyakurya ivyo vyaŵikika mu masukulu ghose..[57] Ndipouli, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku sekondare ŵakusangika na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 25 peresenti..[107][108]Ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakuleka sukulu kuluska ŵanyamata,[109] ŵasungwana ŵakusuzgika comene cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikucitika para ŵakwenda mtunda utali kuluta ku sukulu..[citation needed]

Masambiro gha ku Malawi ni vyaka 8 vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, vyaka 4 vya masambiro gha ku sekondare, na vyaka 4 vya masambiro gha ku yunivesite. Ku Malawi kuli ma yunivesite ghanayi: Mzuzu University (MZUNI), Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), University of Malawi (UNIMA) na Malawi University of Science and Technology (MUST). Paliso masukulu ghapachanya nga ni Livingstonia, Malawi Lakeview, Catholic University of Malawi, Central Christian University, African Bible College, UNICAF University, na MIM. Para munthu wakukhumba kusambira sukulu iyi wakwenera kuŵa na credits 6 pa Malawi School Certificate of Education, iyo njakuyana na O level.[110]

Ŵanakazi mu Malaŵi

Mbawemi Women's group in Malawi learning how to add value to beeswax by making candles

Mu caru cose, kusazgapo na Malawi, ŵanakazi ŵakuyezgeka na maindices ghanandi agho ghakulongosora umo vinthu viliri pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pa nkhani ya nyengo ya pakati pa 2010 na sono, malo gha ŵanakazi mu Malawi ghazamuwonekapo kwizira mu manambara ghanandi.

Umo vinthu viliri pa umoyo wa ŵanakazi ku Malawi vikulongosoreka makora na ivyo vikuchitika pa charu nga ni sukulu, kufwa kwa ŵamama, na umoyo wa ŵanakazi. Vimanyikwiro ivi vikulongosora vinandi vyakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na umoyo wawo mu Malawi. Chiŵerengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakusambira ku sukulu ku Malawi chikulongora kuti mu charu ichi, chiŵerengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanalume na ŵanakazi mu magulu ghanandi gha vyaka kweniso ŵana wose kuyana na mtundu, chikulongora kuti ŵanakazi ŵakusambira pa sukulu mwakuyana waka na ŵanalume..[111] Ndipouli, ŵana ŵasungwana ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhilira pasi para munthu wakura.[111] Chiŵelengero cha umoyo wa ŵanakazi kufuma apo ŵakababikira ku Malawi chakwera chomene mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu 2010, umoyo wa ŵanakazi ukaŵa wa vyaka 58.[112] Chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakufwa para ŵababa mu Malaŵi ntchichoko chomene nanga kungaŵa para chikuyaniskika na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili mu nyengo yakuyana waka.[113]

Ŵanakazi mu Malaŵi ŵakuŵa na mwaŵi wa kupokera chiharo chawo, ntchito, kweniso ŵakupokera ndalama zinandi. Nambara iyi yikulongora kuti ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵali na wanangwa wa kupwelelera katundu wawo. Pa caru ca Malawi, wanangwa wa kupokera ciharo uli nga umo uliri pakati pa ŵana ŵanalume na ŵanakazi kweniso pakati pa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵafumu ŵawo panji ŵawoli ŵawo ŵali kufwa.[114]Mwakupambana na umo vinthu viliri ku Malawi, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito ndipo ŵalije ntchito. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakugwira ntchito mazuŵa ghano ŵali na nchito zinandi comene nangauli ŵali na nchito zinandi kweniso ŵalije nchito..[115] Kupambana uku kukulutilira na malipiro mu Malawi apo chalo chikulutilira kujumphira pasi chomene pa charu chose.[116] Pamoza na malo ghakusuzga gha pa charu chose, chalo ichi chili na malo ghakusuzga pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku sub-Sahara pakuti chalo chakusuzga chomene cha ku sub-Sahara, chalo cha Rwanda chili na 0.791 pa scale ya 0.01 apo Malawi wali na 0.664.[116]

Vinthu ivyo vikovwira ŵanakazi kumanya umo ŵaliri pa ndyali ni umo ŵanakazi ŵakugwilirapo pa ndyali, umo ŵakutolera maudindo mu ndyali, na malo agho ŵanakazi ŵakukhala mu nyumba za malango. Ku Malawi, ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchitako ndyali ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Ŵanakazi ŵakunjilirapo comene yayi pa ndyali kuluska ŵanalume cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera ghakuti ŵanakazi mbakukhumbisiska yayi pa ndyali nga mbanalume..[117] Ŵanakazi ŵakunjilirapo comene pa ndyali cifukwa ca kuŵapo kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira kuti ŵanakazi ŵasange ndalama zakukhumbikwa kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu pa maungano gha boma..[118] Ŵanakazi awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵali na maudindo ghacoko. Ndondomeko iyi, nangauli yikukhumba kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana, kweni yatondeka kovwira ŵanakazi kuti ŵalutilire kukhala mu nyumba za malango..[119] Nangauli ŵanakazi ŵa ndyali aŵa ŵalije ndalama zinandi, kweni nyumba ya malango ya Malawi yikwenda makora chomene pakwimika ŵanakazi pa mipando pakuti pa mipando yose ya mu nyumba ya malango, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵali na mipando yakujumpha 20%.[120] Nangauli ŵanakazi ŵa ndyali ku Malawi ŵali na mwaŵi na ndalama zinandi yayi, kweni boma likuchita makora chomene pakovwira ŵanakazi ŵa ndyali pa charu chose.[citation needed]

Ŵankhondo

Nkhani ikulu: Malawian Defence Force
Malawian female soldier

Malaŵi wali na ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 25,000. Gulu ili lili na ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, na ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Malawi likafuma ku maboma gha Britain agho ghakaŵa kuti ghandapoke wanangwa. Gulu la nkhondo la Malawi Air Force likakhazikiskika na boma la Germany mu 1976, ndipo lili na ndege zinandi zakwendeskera vinthu na ma helikopita. Nkhondo ya ku Malaŵi yikamba mu ma 1970 na wovwiri wa ku Portugal, ndipo pasono yili na maboti ghatatu agho ghakwenda pa Nyanja ya Malaŵi..[121]Mu 2017, charu cha Malawi chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.[122]

Mwambo

Wonaniso: Music of Malawi and Malawian cuisine
Musical instruments of Malawi

Zina lakuti "Malawi" likufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi, awo ŵakafuma kumwera kwa Congo cha m'ma 1400 C.E. Ŵakati ŵafika kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Malawi, gulu ili likagaŵikana, ndipo gulu limoza likaluta kumwera ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa nyanja iyi na kuzgoka gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Chewa. Nkhondo ya mafuko na kusama vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa Malawi ŵaleke kukolerana m'paka mu ma 1900. Mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakamba kutinkhana chomene, kweni pasono palije mphindano. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ŵakamba kughanaghana vya mtundu wawo chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyakuthupi ndipo ŵakutemwa yayi nkhaza. Zina lakuti "Mtima Wakotcha wa ku Africa" likufuma ku nyengo yakuzizima yayi, kweni cifukwa ca lusungu na citemwa ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi.[16]

Kufuma mu 1964 m'paka mu 2010, kweniso kufuma mu 2012, ndembera ya Malaŵi yili na mphonje zitatu zakuyana zakuŵa zakufipa, zakufipa, na za ciŵisi. Mzere wakufipa ukimiranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, muswesi ukimiranga ndopa za ŵanthu awo ŵakafwira wanangwa wa ku Africa, wa ciŵisi ukimiranga malo gha Malawi agho ghakaŵa ghaswesi, ndipo dazi ilo likukwera likimiranga kukwera kwa wanangwa na cigomezgo ca ku Africa..[123]Mu 2010, ndembera iyi yikasinthika, ndipo dazi laciŵinda ilo likukwera likafumiskikapo ndipo dazi lituŵa likasazgikako pakati pa ndembera iyi. Kusintha uku kukaleka mu 2012.[124]

Vyakwimba vyake ni vyakuzirwa comene mu cikaya ca Malawi, ndipo boma likambiska gulu la kuvina la National Dance Troupe (kale likacemekanga Kwacha Cultural Troupe) mu Novembala 1987. Sumu na kuvina vya cikaya vingawoneka pa viphikiro vya kutora panji kutengwa.[125]

Ŵanthu ŵa mu Malaŵi ŵakutemwa chomene kupanga matete na visalu. Vinthu vinyake ivi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa viphikiro ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuchita. Kuzenga vinthu pa khuni na kupenta na mafuta vikumanyikwa chomene mu matawuni. Pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose cha Malawi, kusazgapo Jack Mapanje, Paul Zeleza, na Legson Kayira, Felix Mnthali, Frank Chipasula na David Rubadiri..[citation needed] https://web.archive.org/web/20221003043524/https://malawithebeautiful.com/

Maseŵera

Nkhani ikulu: Sports in Malawi
Bingu National Stadium in Lilongwe.

Mu Malaŵi, maseŵero ghakucemeka kuti bola ghakumanyikwa comene, ndipo ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain. Gulu la chalo ichi likutondeka kufika pa World Cup, kweni lichitapo kaŵiri pa Africa Cup of Nations. Magulu gha mpira ghakaŵa Mighty Wanderers, Big Bullets, Silver Strikers, Blue Eagles, Civo Sporting, Moyale Barracks, na Mighty Tigers. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha basiketi, kweni timu ya charu ichi yindaciteko maseŵero gha pa caru cose.[126]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita makora chomene pa maseŵero gha bola, nga ni timu ya Malawi[127] ili pa malo gha 6 pa charu chose (kufika mu Malichi 2021). Ŵaseŵero ŵanandi ŵa mu timu iyi ŵakuchita maseŵero gha pa caru cose.

Kuphika

Vyakurya vya ku Malawi ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa tiyi na somba.[128] Sukari, khofi, chimanga, mbatata, sorghum, ng'ombe na mbuzi ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene mu vyakurya vyawo. Mu Nyanja ya Malawi mukusangika somba zinandi nga ni chambo, usipa, na mpasa.[128]Sima ni cakurya cakuzirwa ico cikupangika na mbuto ndipo kanandi ŵakupeleka pamoza na nyama na mphangwe. Kanandi ŵakurya pa nyengo ya muhanya na ya mise.[128]

Wonaniso

Vyakulemba

  1. ↑ "Malawi National Anthem Lyrics". National Anthem Lyrics. Lyrics on Demand. Archived from the original on 10 Meyi 2011. Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2008.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report" (PDF). Malawi National Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 Disembala 2019.
  3. ↑ "Malawi Population 2022 – Pediaglobe". pediaglobe.com.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.
  5. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 23 Juni 2021.
  6. ↑ Human Development Report 2021 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 Disembala 2021. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 Disembala 2021.
  7. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC
  8. ↑ "Malawi: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi?". DicionarioeGramatica.com.br. Archived from the original on 17 Ogasiti 2016. Retrieved 25 Okutobala 2015.
  9. ↑ "Malawi Population (2021) – Worldometer". www.worldometers.info (in English). Retrieved 31 Janyuwale 2021.
  10. ↑ "Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa". Network of Organizations for Vulnerable & Orphan Children. Archived from the original on 27 Julayi 2011. Retrieved 26 Janyuwale 2011.
  11. ↑ "Hastings Kamuzu Banda | president of Malawi". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  12. ↑ York, Geoffrey (20 Meyi 2009). "The cult of Hastings Banda takes hold". The Globe and Mail.
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