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Template loop detected: USA{{s], which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish–American War.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag In 1869, a new [[Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant#Indian af> American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War.[1] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.[2]

Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. The Ameated prnst-californias-native-americans|title=Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans|last=Wolf|first=Jessica|website=UCLA Newsroom|language=en|access-date=July 8, 2018}}</ref> and the creation of additional western states.[3] After the Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and incrffairs and Peace Policy|Peace Policy]] nominally promised to protect Native Americans from abuses, avoid further war, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship. Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.

Civil War and Reconstruction era

[edit]
Main articles: American Civil War and Reconstruction era
Further information: Origins of the American Civil War
The Battle of Gettysburg, fought between Union and Confederate forces on July 1–3, 1863 around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, marked a turning point in the American Civil War.

Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the enslavement of Africans and African Americans ultimately led to the American Civil War.[4] With the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, conventions in thirteen slave states declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the "South" or the "Confederacy"), while the federal government (the "Union") maintained that secession was illegal.[5] In order to bring about this secession, military action was initiated by the secessionists, and the Union responded in kind. The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.[6] The Union initially simply fought to keep the country united. Nevertheless, as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, the main purpose of the war from the Union's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery. Indeed, when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865, each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which prohibited slavery. Two other amendments were also ratified, ensuring citizenship for blacks and, at least in theory, voting rights for them as well.

Reconstruction began in earnest following the war. While President Lincoln attempted to foster friendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy, his assassination on April 14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again. Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans. They persisted until the Compromise of 1877 when the Republicans agreed to cease protecting the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876.

Southern white Democrats, calling themselves "Redeemers", took control of the South after the end of Reconstruction. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called Jim Crow laws, disenfranchising most blacks and some poor whites throughout the region. Blacks faced racial segregation, especially in the South.[7] They also occasionally experienced vigilante violence, including lynching.[8]

Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization

[edit]
Main articles: Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States
Ellis Island, in New York Harbor, was a major entry point for European immigration into the U.S.[9]

In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and transformed its culture.[10] National infrastructure, including telegraph and transcontinental railroads, spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West. The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life.[11]

The United States fought Indian Wars west of the Mississippi River from 1810 to at least 1890.[12] Most of these conflicts ended with the cession of Native American territory and their confinement to Indian reservations. Additionally, the Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that forcibly resettled Indians. This further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets.[13] Mainland expansion also included the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.[14] In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy and formed the [[Republirican economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.[15] These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.[16] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms including women's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.[17][18][19]

World War I, Great Depression, and World War II

[edit]
Further information: World War I, Great Depression, and World War II
The Empire State Building was the tallest building in the world when completed in 1931, during the Great Depression.

The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an "associated power" alongside the Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations.[20]

In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage.[21] The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television.[22] The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After his election as president in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal.[23] The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s;[24] whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.[25]

U.S. Marines raising the American flag on Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima in one of the most iconic images of the war.

At first effectively neutral during World War II, the United States began supplying materiel to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend-Lease program. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers and, the following year, to intern about 120,000[26] U.S. residents (including American citizens) of Japanese descent.[27] Although Japan attacked the United States first, the U.S. nonetheless pursued a "Europe first" defense policy.[28] The United States thus left its vast Asian colony, the Philippines, isolated and fighting a losing struggle against Japanese invasion and occupation. During the war, the United States was one of the "Four Powers"[29] who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data' not found. Although the nation lost around 400,000 military personnel,[30] it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence.[31]

The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an Allied victory was won in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war.[32] The United States and Japan then fought each other in the largest naval battle in history, the Battle of Leyte Gulf.[33][34] The United States eventually developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945; the Japanese surrendered on September 2, ending World War II.[35][36]

Cold War and civil rights era

[edit]
Main articles: History of the United States (1945–1964), History of the United States (1964–1980), and History of the United States (1980–1991)
Further information: Cold War, Civil Rights Movement, War on Poverty, Space Race, and Reaganomics
Martin Luther King Jr. gives his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington, 1963

After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for power, influence, and prestige during what became known as the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism.[37] They dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other. The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence. While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950–53.[38] The Soviet Union's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first crewed spaceflight initiated a "Space Race" in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the Moon in 1969.[38] A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into the Vietnam War (1955–1975), with full American participation.[39]

At home, the U.S. had experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class following World War II. After a surge in female labor participation, especially in the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.[40] Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments.[41][42] In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country.[43] The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968, sought to end racial discrimination.[44][45][46] Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew, which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war, the Black Power movement, and the sexual revolution.

U.S. president Ronald Reagan (left) and Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in Geneva, 1985

The launch of a "War on Poverty" expanded entitlements and welfare spending, including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor, respectively, and t

Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and at the state level in 28 states, though three states have moratoriums on carrying out the penalty imposed by their governors.[47][48][49] In 2019, the country had the sixth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Egypt.[50] No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down the practice. Since the decision, however, there have been more than 1,500 executions.[51] In recent years the number of executions and presence of capital punishment statute on whole has trended down nationally, with several states recently abolishing the penalty.[49]

See also: Capital punishment in the United States

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of the United States
See also: Economic history of the United States, List of companies of the United States by state, List of largest companies in the United States by revenue, and Lists of companies
Economic indicators
Nominal GDP $20.66 trillion (Q3 2018) [52]
Real GDP growth 3.5% (Q3 2018)</small> [52]
2.1% (2017) [52]
CPI inflation 2.2% (November 2018) [53]
Employment-to-population ratio 60.6% (November 2018) [54]
Unemployment 3.7% (November 2018) [55]
Labor force participation rate 62.9% (November 2018) [56]
Total public debt $21.85 trillion (November 2018) [57]
Household net worth $109.0 trillion (Q3 2018) [58]

According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity.[59][60] The United States is the largest importer of goods and second-largest exporter,[61] though exports per capita are relatively low. In 2010, the total [[Foreign trade of the United States|U.S. trade deficit]] was $635 billion.[62] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.[63]

From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.[64] The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita[65] and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[60] The U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.[66][[File:Photos NewYork1 032.jpg|thumb|left|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] on Wall Street is the world's largest stock exchange (per market capitalization of its listed companies)[67] at $23.1 trillion as of April 2018.[68] |alt=A large flag is stretched over Roman style columns on the front of a large building.]]

In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy.[69] While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

| national_anthem =

"The Star-Spangled Banner"[71]
{{center|[[File:"The Star-Spangled Banner" performed by the Uid=ka6LxulZaEwC&q=territorial expansion United States "manifest destiny"|title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America|last2=Golson|first2=J. Geoffrey|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-833-0|series=Turning Points in History Series|page=238}}</ref> prompting a long series of American Indian Wars.[72] The 1803 Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the nation's area,[73] Spain ceded Florida and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819,[74] the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 during a period of expansionism,[75] and the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest.[76] Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present-day American Southwest, making the U.S. span the continent.[77][78]

The California Gold Rush of 1848–49 spurred migration to the Pacific coast, which led to the California Genocide[79] In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people (50%). With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most European nations.[80]

The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation[81] and is one of a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right.[82] 74% of full-time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of part-time workers get the same benefits.[83] In 2009, the United States had the third-highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway.[84][85]

Science and technology

[edit]
Main articles: Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States

[[File:Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg|thumb|Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, 1969]]

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century. This technology, along with the establishment of a machine tool industry, enabled the U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing. Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production.[86] In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.[87] The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.[88][89]

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's research laboratory, one of the first of its kind, developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera.[90] The latter led to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothers, in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight.[91]

The rise of fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States.[92] During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age, while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and aeronautics.[93][94]

The invention of the transistor in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern electronics, led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry.[95] This, in turn, led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California. Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Intel, along with both computer software and hardware companies such as Adobe Systems, Apple Inc., IBM, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems, created and popularized the personal computer. The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet.[96]

Income, poverty and wealth

[edit]
Further information: Income in the United States, Poverty in the United States, Affluence in the United States, United States counties by per capita income, and Income inequality in the United States

Accounting for 4.24% of the global population, Americans collectively possess 29.4% of the world's total wealth, the largest percentage of any country.[97][98] Americans also make up roughly half of the world's population of millionaires.[99] The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013.[100] Americans on average have more than twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as EU residents.[101] For 2017 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 13th among 189 countries in its Human Development Index (HDI) and 25th among 151 countries in its inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI).[102]

Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half possess only 2%.[103] According to the Federal Reserve, the top 1% controlled 38.6% of the country's wealth in 2016.[104] In 2017, Forbes found that just three individuals (Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates) held more money than the bottom half of the population.[105] According to a 2018 study by the OECD, the United States has a larger percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.[106] The top one percent of income-earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015, where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers.[107]

Wealth inequality in the U.S. increased between 1989 and 2013.[108]

After years of stagnation, median household income reached a record high in 2016 following two consecutive years of record growth. Income inequality remains at record highs however, with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income.[109] The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top one percent, which has more than doubled from nine percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has significantly affected income inequality,[110] leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations.[111] The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data' not found.[112][113]

There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[114] In 2017, the U.S. states or territories with the lowest and highest poverty rates were New Hampshire (7.6%) and American Samoa (65%), respectively.<ref>A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County. University of Utah Press (2008).

Maps
Photos

Template:United States political divisions Template:Countries of North America Template:Biodiversity Worldwide {{s], which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish–American War.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag In 1869, a new [[Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant#Indian af> American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War.[115] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.[116]

Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. The Ameated prnst-californias-native-americans|title=Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans|last=Wolf|first=Jessica|website=UCLA Newsroom|language=en|access-date=July 8, 2018}}</ref> and the creation of additional western states.[3] After the Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and incrffairs and Peace Policy|Peace Policy]] nominally promised to protect Native Americans from abuses, avoid further war, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship. Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.

Civil War and Reconstruction era

[edit]
Main articles: American Civil War and Reconstruction era
Further information: Origins of the American Civil War
The Battle of Gettysburg, fought between Union and Confederate forces on July 1–3, 1863 around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, marked a turning point in the American Civil War.

Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the enslavement of Africans and African Americans ultimately led to the American Civil War.[117] With the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, conventions in thirteen slave states declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the "South" or the "Confederacy"), while the federal government (the "Union") maintained that secession was illegal.[118] In order to bring about this secession, military action was initiated by the secessionists, and the Union responded in kind. The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.[119] The Union initially simply fought to keep the country united. Nevertheless, as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, the main purpose of the war from the Union's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery. Indeed, when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865, each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which prohibited slavery. Two other amendments were also ratified, ensuring citizenship for blacks and, at least in theory, voting rights for them as well.

Reconstruction began in earnest following the war. While President Lincoln attempted to foster friendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy, his assassination on April 14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again. Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans. They persisted until the Compromise of 1877 when the Republicans agreed to cease protecting the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876.

Southern white Democrats, calling themselves "Redeemers", took control of the South after the end of Reconstruction. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called Jim Crow laws, disenfranchising most blacks and some poor whites throughout the region. Blacks faced racial segregation, especially in the South.[120] They also occasionally experienced vigilante violence, including lynching.[121]

Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization

[edit]
Main articles: Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States
Ellis Island, in New York Harbor, was a major entry point for European immigration into the U.S.[9]

In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and transformed its culture.[10] National infrastructure, including telegraph and transcontinental railroads, spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West. The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life.[122]

The United States fought Indian Wars west of the Mississippi River from 1810 to at least 1890.[123] Most of these conflicts ended with the cession of Native American territory and their confinement to Indian reservations. Additionally, the Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that forcibly resettled Indians. This further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets.[124] Mainland expansion also included the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.[125] In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy and formed the [[Republirican economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.[126] These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.[127] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms including women's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.[128][129][130]

World War I, Great Depression, and World War II

[edit]
Further information: World War I, Great Depression, and World War II
The Empire State Building was the tallest building in the world when completed in 1931, during the Great Depression.

The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an "associated power" alongside the Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations.[20]

In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage.[21] The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television.[131] The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After his election as president in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal.[132] The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s;[133] whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.[134]

U.S. Marines raising the American flag on Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima in one of the most iconic images of the war.

At first effectively neutral during World War II, the United States began supplying materiel to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend-Lease program. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers and, the following year, to intern about 120,000[135] U.S. residents (including American citizens) of Japanese descent.[27] Although Japan attacked the United States first, the U.S. nonetheless pursued a "Europe first" defense policy.[136] The United States thus left its vast Asian colony, the Philippines, isolated and fighting a losing struggle against Japanese invasion and occupation. During the war, the United States was one of the "Four Powers"[137] who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data' not found. Although the nation lost around 400,000 military personnel,[138] it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence.[139]

The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an Allied victory was won in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war.[140] The United States and Japan then fought each other in the largest naval battle in history, the Battle of Leyte Gulf.[33][141] The United States eventually developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945; the Japanese surrendered on September 2, ending World War II.[142][143]

Cold War and civil rights era

[edit]
Main articles: History of the United States (1945–1964), History of the United States (1964–1980), and History of the United States (1980–1991)
Further information: Cold War, Civil Rights Movement, War on Poverty, Space Race, and Reaganomics
Martin Luther King Jr. gives his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington, 1963

After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for power, influence, and prestige during what became known as the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism.[37] They dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other. The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence. While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950–53.[38] The Soviet Union's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first crewed spaceflight initiated a "Space Race" in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the Moon in 1969.[38] A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into the Vietnam War (1955–1975), with full American participation.[144]

At home, the U.S. had experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class following World War II. After a surge in female labor participation, especially in the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.[145] Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments.[146][42] In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country.[43] The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968, sought to end racial discrimination.[147][148][149] Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew, which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war, the Black Power movement, and the sexual revolution.

U.S. president Ronald Reagan (left) and Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in Geneva, 1985

The launch of a "War on Poverty" expanded entitlements and welfare spending, including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor, respectively, and t

Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and at the state level in 28 states, though three states have moratoriums on carrying out the penalty imposed by their governors.[150][151][49] In 2019, the country had the sixth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Egypt.[152] No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down the practice. Since the decision, however, there have been more than 1,500 executions.[153] In recent years the number of executions and presence of capital punishment statute on whole has trended down nationally, with several states recently abolishing the penalty.[49]

See also: Capital punishment in the United States

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of the United States
See also: Economic history of the United States, List of companies of the United States by state, List of largest companies in the United States by revenue, and Lists of companies
Economic indicators
Nominal GDP $20.66 trillion (Q3 2018) [52]
Real GDP growth 3.5% (Q3 2018)</small> [52]
2.1% (2017) [52]
CPI inflation 2.2% (November 2018) [154]
Employment-to-population ratio 60.6% (November 2018) [155]
Unemployment 3.7% (November 2018) [156]
Labor force participation rate 62.9% (November 2018) [157]
Total public debt $21.85 trillion (November 2018) [158]
Household net worth $109.0 trillion (Q3 2018) [159]

According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity.[160][60] The United States is the largest importer of goods and second-largest exporter,[161] though exports per capita are relatively low. In 2010, the total [[Foreign trade of the United States|U.S. trade deficit]] was $635 billion.[62] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.[162]

From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.[64] The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita[163] and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[60] The U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.[164][[File:Photos NewYork1 032.jpg|thumb|left|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] on Wall Street is the world's largest stock exchange (per market capitalization of its listed companies)[165] at $23.1 trillion as of April 2018.[68] |alt=A large flag is stretched over Roman style columns on the front of a large building.]]

In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy.[166] While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

| national_anthem =

"The Star-Spangled Banner"[167]
{{center|[[File:"The Star-Spangled Banner" performed by the Uid=ka6LxulZaEwC&q=territorial expansion United States "manifest destiny"|title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America|last2=Golson|first2=J. Geoffrey|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-833-0|series=Turning Points in History Series|page=238}}</ref> prompting a long series of American Indian Wars.[72] The 1803 Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the nation's area,[168] Spain ceded Florida and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819,[74] the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 during a period of expansionism,[75] and the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest.[76] Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present-day American Southwest, making the U.S. span the continent.[77][78]

The California Gold Rush of 1848–49 spurred migration to the Pacific coast, which led to the California Genocide[169] In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people (50%). With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most European nations.[170]

The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation[171] and is one of a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right.[172] 74% of full-time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of part-time workers get the same benefits.[83] In 2009, the United States had the third-highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway.[173][174]

Science and technology

[edit]
Main articles: Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States

[[File:Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg|thumb|Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, 1969]]

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century. This technology, along with the establishment of a machine tool industry, enabled the U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing. Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production.[175] In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.[176] The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.[177][178]

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's research laboratory, one of the first of its kind, developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera.[90] The latter led to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothers, in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight.[179]

The rise of fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States.[92] During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age, while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and aeronautics.[180][181]

The invention of the transistor in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern electronics, led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry.[182] This, in turn, led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California. Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Intel, along with both computer software and hardware companies such as Adobe Systems, Apple Inc., IBM, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems, created and popularized the personal computer. The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet.[96]

Income, poverty and wealth

[edit]
Further information: Income in the United States, Poverty in the United States, Affluence in the United States, United States counties by per capita income, and Income inequality in the United States

Accounting for 4.24% of the global population, Americans collectively possess 29.4% of the world's total wealth, the largest percentage of any country.[97][183] Americans also make up roughly half of the world's population of millionaires.[184] The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013.[185] Americans on average have more than twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as EU residents.[101] For 2017 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 13th among 189 countries in its Human Development Index (HDI) and 25th among 151 countries in its inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI).[186]

Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half possess only 2%.[187] According to the Federal Reserve, the top 1% controlled 38.6% of the country's wealth in 2016.[188] In 2017, Forbes found that just three individuals (Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates) held more money than the bottom half of the population.[105] According to a 2018 study by the OECD, the United States has a larger percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.[189] The top one percent of income-earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015, where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers.[190]

Wealth inequality in the U.S. increased between 1989 and 2013.[191]

After years of stagnation, median household income reached a record high in 2016 following two consecutive years of record growth. Income inequality remains at record highs however, with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income.[192] The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top one percent, which has more than doubled from nine percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has significantly affected income inequality,[110] leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations.[111] The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data' not found.[193][194]

There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[195] In 2017, the U.S. states or territories with the lowest and highest poverty rates were New Hampshire (7.6%) and American Samoa (65%), respectively.<ref>A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County. University of Utah Press (2008).

Maps
Photos

Template:United States political divisions Template:Countries of North America Template:Biodiversity Worldwide

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