Umoja wa Mataifa
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Umoja wa Mataifa (UM) (Kiingereza: United Nations, UN) ni shirika la kiserikali ambalo malengo yake ni kudumisha amani na usalama wa kimataifa, kuendeleza uhusiano wa kirafiki kati ya mataifa, kufikia ushirikiano wa kimataifa, na kuwa kituo cha kuoanisha matendo ya mataifa. Ni umoja wa nchi zote duniani isipokuwa zile zisizotambuliwa kuwa dola huru.
Umoja huo ulianzishwa na nchi washindi wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia kuchukua nafasi ya Shirikisho la Mataifa (1919 - 1946). Makubaliano yalifikiwa tarehe 24 Oktoba 1945 huko San Francisco, California.
Mwanzoni nchi zilikuwa 51 lakini kufikia mwaka 2017 kulikuwa na nchi wanachama 193, mbali ya Ukulu mtakatifu (Vatikani) na Palestina ambazo zinashiriki kama watazamaji wa kudumu, zikiwa na haki karibu zote isipokuwa kupiga kura.
Dhumuni la umoja huu ni kuratibu mahusiano ya kimataifa kupitia sheria na mikataba ya kimataifa kwenye maeneo kama usalama, amani, maendeleo ya jamii na ya uchumi, haki za binadamu, uhuru, demokrasia n.k.
Toka mwanzo makao makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa yako Manhattan, New York City, New York nchini Marekani na hayako chini ya mamlaka ya nchi hiyo. Ofisi nyingine ziko Geneva (Uswisi), Nairobi (Kenya) na Vienna (Austria).
Lugha rasmi za UM ni sita: Kiarabu, Kichina, Kifaransa, Kihispania, Kiingereza na Kirusi.
Katibu Mkuu wa UM anachaguliwa kwa miaka mitano; kwa sasa ni António Guterres kutoka Ureno, aliyechaguliwa kuwa Katibu Mkuu mwaka 2016 akichukua nafasi ya Ban Ki-moon.
Muundo wa UM
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UM una vyombo vitano:
- Mkutano Mkuu wa UM (United Nations General Assembly)
- Baraza la Usalama la UM (United Nations Security Council)
- Ofisi Kuu ya UM (United Nations Secretariat)
- Mahakama Kuu ya Kimataifa (International Court of Justice)
- Baraza la Uchumi na Ustawi wa Jamii la UM (ECOSOC = Economic and Social Council)
Cha sita kilikuwa Baraza la Wafadhili la UM (Trusteeship Council), ambacho kimesimama mwaka 1994.
Baraza la Usalama linaamua kutuma walinzi wa amani wa UM penye maeneo ya ugomvi.
Mashirika ya pekee ya UM
- UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) - Mfuko wa Watoto wa Umoja wa Mataifa
- WHO (World Health Organization) Taasisi ya Afya ya Ulimwengu
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) - Taasisi ya Chakula na Kilimo
- UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) - Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Elimu, Sayansi, na Utamaduni
- ILO (International Labour Organization) Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Kazi
- IMF (International Monetary Fund) - Mfuko wa Fedha wa Kimataifa
- UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) - Mkutano wa Kimataifa kuhusu Biashara na Maendeleo
- ITC (International Trade Centre (UNCTAD/WTO) -
- UNDCP (United Nations Drug Control Programme) - Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Mpango wa Kusimamia Madawa
- UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) - Mpango wa Kimataifa wa Maendeleo
- UNIFEM (United Nations Development Fund for Women) Mfuko wa Kimataifa wa Maendeleo ya Wanawake
- UNV (United Nations Volunteers)
- UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) Mpango wa Kimataifa wa Mazingira
- UNFPA (United Nations Fund for Population Activities)
- UNHCR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)
- UN-HABITAT (United Nations Human Settlements Programme)
- UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East)
- IAEA (Shirika la Kimataifa la Nishati ya Nyuklia) inashirikiana na UM na kutoa taarifa kwa Baraza la Usalama hata kama si chini ya katiba ya UM
- UNDIO ( United Nations Data and Information Organization)
Viungo vya nje
Tovuti rasmi
- United Nations
- UN Works
- UN Chronicle Magazine
- About the United Nations
- United Nations Charter
- United Nations Security Council Resolutions
- United Nations Webcasts
- United Nations Volunteers
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- UN Organisation Chart
- Global Issues on the UN Agenda
- World Map of UN websites and locations
- Journal of the United Nations: Programme of meetings and agenda.
- High-level Panel on United Nations Systemwide Coherence
- The United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC)
Tanbihi
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