Astronomiska symboler

Astronomiska symboler är symboler som används för att representera olika objekt på himlen, teoretiska konstruktioner och observerbara händelser inom astronomin. Symbolerna som listas här används av både professionella astronomer och amatörastronomer. Många av symbolerna används även inom astrologin.

Solen

Huvudartikel: Solsymbol

Namn		Unicode
Solen	^[1]^[2]^[3]	☉	—	U 2609
	^[4]	🜚	—	U 1F71A
	^[5]^[6]	🌞︎	🌞	U 1F31E

Månen

Namn		Unicode
Månen	^[7]^[8]^[9]	☽	—	U 263D
Månen	^[8]^[9]	☾	—	U 263E
Nymåne	^[8]^[9]	🌑︎	🌑	U 1F311
Växande skära		🌒︎	🌒	U 1F312
Växande halvmåne		🌓︎	🌓	U 1F313
Växande måne		🌔︎	🌔	U 1F314
Fullmåne	^[8]^[9]	🌕︎	🌕	U 1F315
Avtagande måne		🌖︎	🌖	U 1F316
Avtagande halvmåne		🌗︎	🌗	U 1F317
Avtagande skära		🌘︎	🌘	U 1F318
Månskära utan specifikation		🌙︎	🌙	U 1F319
Nymåne med ansikte	^[5]^[10]^[11]	🌚︎	🌚	U 1F31A
Växande skära med ansikte	^[5]^[10]^[11]	🌛︎	🌛	U 1F31B
Avtagande skära med ansikte	^[5]^[10]^[11]	🌜︎	🌜	U 1F31C
Fullmåne med ansikte	^[5]^[10]^[11]	🌝︎	🌝	U 1F31D

Planeter

Namn		Unicode
Merkurius	^[1]^[2]^[12]	☿	U 263F
Venus	^[1]^[2]^[12]	♀	U 2640
Jorden	^[2]^[8]	♁	U 2641
Jorden	^[1]^[2]^[12]	🜨	U 1F728
Mars	^[1]^[2]^[12]	♂	U 2642
Jupiter	^[1]^[2]^[12]	♃	U 2643
Saturnus	^[1]^[2]^[12]	♄	U 2644
Uranus	^[13]^[14]	⛢	U 26E2
Uranus	^[8]^[9]^[12]	♅	U 2645
Neptunus	^[1]^[2]^[9]	♆	U 2646
Neptunus	^[15]^[12]	⯉	U 2BC9

Dvärgplaneter

Namn		Unicode
Ceres	^[3]^[8]^[12]	⚳	U 26B3
Quaoar	^[16]	🝾	U 1F77E
Sedna	^[16]	⯲	U 2BF2
Orcus	^[16]	🝿	U 1F77F
Pluto	^[1]^[2]	♇	U 2647
	^[17]	⯓	U 2BD3
		⯖	U 2BD6
		⯔	U 2BD4
Haumea	^[17]	🝻	U 1F77B
Eris	^[17]	⯰	U 2BF0
Eris		⯱	U 2BF1
Makemake	^[17]	🝼	U 1F77C
Gonggong	^[16]	🝽	U 1F77D

Centaurer

Namn		Unicode
2060 Chiron	^[18]	⚷	U 26B7
5145 Pholus	^[19]	⯛	U 2BDB
7066 Nessus	^[19]	⯛	U 2BDC

Asteroider

Namn		Unicode
2 Pallas	^[20]	⚴	U 26B4
3 Juno	^[21]^[22]	⚵	U 26B5
3 Juno	^[12]^[23]	—
4 Vesta	^[18]	⚶	U 26B6
	^[3]^[24]^[23]	—
	^[25]	—
5 Astraea	^[26]^[24]	—
	^[27]	⚖	U 2696
	^[27]	⚖	U 2696
	^[19]	⯙	U 2BD9
6 Hebe	^[3]^[12]^[24]	🍷︎	U 1F377
6 Hebe	^[28]^[29]^[30]	🍷︎	U 1F377
7 Iris	^[31]^[32]	—
7 Iris	^[3]^[12]	—
8 Flora	^[3]^[24]	⚘	U 2698
9 Metis	^[3]^[12]^[24]	—
10 Hygiea	^[3]^[24]	⚕	U 2695
	^[33]^[32]	⚕	U 2695
	^[19]	⯚	U 2BDA
11 Parthenope	^[3]^[33]	—
11 Parthenope	^[27]	—
12 Victoria	^[3]^[24]	—
13 Egeria	^[32]	—
14 Irene	^[27]	—
15 Eunomia	^[3]^[24]	—
16 Psyche	^[32]	—
17 Thetis	^[34]	—
18 Melpomene	^[32]	—
19 Fortuna	^[32]	—
26 Proserpina	^[35]	—
28 Bellona	^[36]	—
29 Amphitrite	^[37]	—
35 Leukothea	^[38]	—
37 Fides	^[39]	—

Stjärnbilder

Namn		Unicode
Väduren	^[40]^[41]	♈︎	♈	U 2648
Oxen	^[40]^[41]	♉︎	♉	U 2649
Tvillingarna	^[40]^[41]	♊︎	♊	U 264A
Kräftan	^[40]^[41]	♋︎	♋	U 264B
Lejonet	^[40]^[41]	♌︎	♌	U 264C
Jungfrun	^[40]^[41]	♍︎	♍	U 264D
Vågen	^[40]^[41]	♎︎	♎	U 264E
Skorpionen	^[40]^[41]	♏︎	♏	U 264F
(Ormbäraren)	^[41]	⛎︎	⛎	U 26CE
Skytten	^[40]^[41]	♐︎	♐	U 2650
Stenbocken	^[40]^[41]	♑︎	♑	U 2651
Vattumannen	^[40]^[41]	♒︎	♒	U 2652
Fiskarna	^[40]^[41]	♓︎	♓	U 2653

Övriga symboler

Namn		Unicode
Uppstigande nod	^[2]^[8]	☊	U 260A
Nedstigande nod	^[2]^[8]	☋	U 260B
Konjunktion	^[8]^[9]	☌	U 260C
Opposition	^[8]^[9]	☍	U 260D
Ockultation		🝵	U 1F775
Månförmörkelse		🝶	U 1F776
Kvadratur	^[8]^[9]	□	U 25A1
Komet	^[8]^[37]^[42]	☄	U 2604
Stjärna	^[8]^[37]^[42]	★	U 2605
Planetarisk ring	^[43]	🪐︎	U 1FA90

Se även

Alkemiska symboler

Källor

^ [a b c d e f g h i] ”Planet Symbols”. NASA. Arkiverad från originalet den 17 mars 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100317223147/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=167. Läst 4 mars 2010.
^ [a b c d e f g h i j k l] Cox, Arthur (2001). Allen's astrophysical quantities. Springer. Sid. 2. ISBN 978-0-387-95189-8.
^ [a b c d e f g h i j k] Hilton, James L. (14 juni 2011). ”When Did the asteroids Become Minor Planets?”. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 augusti 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180810175312/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php. Läst 24 april 2013.
^ Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H. B. (1987). Greek Horoscopes. Sid. 1, 159, 163. ISBN 978-0-8357-0314-7.
^ [a b c d e] Frey, A. (1857). Nouveau manuel complet de typographie contenant les principes théoriques et pratiques de cet art. Sid. 379. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq_DT8yrnn4C&pg=PA379.
^ Éphémérides des mouvemens célestes. 1774. Sid. xxxiv. https://books.google.com/books?id=gJAAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR34.
^ The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. "22". C. Knight. 1842. Sid. 197. https://books.google.com/books?id=rJhOFg1yiqUC&pg=PA197.
^ [a b c d e f g h i j k l m n] The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge. "26". Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1920. Sid. 162–163. https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaame01unkngoog#page/n202/mode/2up. Läst 24 mars 2011.
^ [a b c d e f g h i] Putnam, Edmund Whitman (1914). The essence of astronomy: things every one should know about the sun, moon, and stars. G.P. Putnam's sons. Sid. 197. https://books.google.com/books?id=xlE6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA197.
^ [a b c d] Almanach de Gotha. "158". 1852. Sid. ii. https://books.google.com/books?id=P4nluPY9-P8C&pg=RA1-PR2.
^ [a b c d] (Firm), Hachette (1908). Almanach Hachette. Sid. 8. https://books.google.com/books?id=wi4bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8.
^ [a b c d e f g h i j k l m] Mattison, Hiram (1872). High-School Astronomy. Sheldon & Co. Sid. 32–36. https://books.google.com/books?id=XksAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32.
^ Bode, J. E. (1784). Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten. Sid. 95–96. Bibcode: 1784vdne.book.....B. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqA5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95.
^ Gould, B. A. (1850). Report on the history of the discovery of Neptune. Smithsonian Institution. Sid. 5. https://books.google.com/books?id=uyANAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5.
^ Schumacher, H. C. (1846). ”Name des Neuen Planeten”. Astronomische Nachrichten 25 (6): sid. 81–82. doi:10.1002/asna.18470250603. Bibcode: 1846AN.....25...81L. https://books.google.com/books?id=wlc_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81.
^ [a b c d] ”Symbols for large trans-Neptunian objects”. Symbols for large trans-Neptunian objects. Suberic.net. 2013-07-03. http://www.suberic.net/~dmm/astro/tno.html.
^ [a b c d] JPL/NASA (2015-04-22). ”What is a Dwarf Planet?”. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet.
^ [a b] Faulks, David (2006-05-09). ”Proposal to add some Western Astrology Symbols to the UCS”. Proposal to add some Western Astrology Symbols to the UCS. 4. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06171-astroprop.pdf. ”In general, only the signs for Vesta have enough variance to be regarded as different designs. However, all of these Vesta symbols ... are differing designs for 'the hearth and flame of the temple of the Goddess Vesta' in Rome, and can thus be regarded as extreme variants of a single symbol.”
^ [a b c d] Faulks, David (2016-05-28). ”L2/16-080: Additional Symbols for Astrology”. L2/16-080: Additional Symbols for Astrology. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16080r-add-astrology.pdf.
^ von Zach, Franz Xaver (1802). Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde, Volume 6. Sid. 95–96.
^ von Zach, Franz Xaver (1804). Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde. "10". Sid. 471. https://books.google.com/books?id=vnIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA471.
^ Chambers, George Frederick (1877). A handbook of descriptive astronomy. Clarendon Press. Sid. 920–921. ISBN 978-1-108-01475-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=n8sJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA920.
^ [a b] Olmsted, Dennis (1855). Letters on astronomy. Harper. Sid. 288. https://books.google.com/books?id=BYoXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288.
^ [a b c d e f g h] Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Springer. Sid. 15–18. ISBN 978-0-354-06174-2.
^ von Zach, Franz Xaver (1807). Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde. "15". Sid. 507. https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rw4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA507.
^ Berlin, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu; Berlin, KöNiglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu (1845). Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Sid. 406. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM8DAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA406. ”Der Planet hat mit Einwilligung des Entdeckers den Namen Astraea erhalten, und sein Zeichen wird nach dem Wunsche des Hr. Hencke ein umgekehrter Anker sein.”
^ [a b c] Wilson, John (1899). A treatise on English punctuation. Sid. 302. ISBN 978-1-4255-3642-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=oIICAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302.
^ Wöchentliche Unterhaltungen für Dilettanten und Freunde der Astronomie, Geographie und Witterungskunde. 1847. Sid. 315. https://books.google.com/books?id=9AcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA315.
^ Hencke, Karl Ludwig (1847). ”Schreiben des Herrn Hencke an den Herausgeber”. Astronomische Nachrichten 26 (610): sid. 155–156. doi:10.1002/asna.18480261007. Bibcode: 1847AN.....26..155H. https://books.google.com/books?id=-qAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA4-PA155.
^ Austria: Oesterreichischer Universal-Kalender für das gemeine Jahr 1849. 1849. Sid. xxxix. https://books.google.com/books?id=6H0AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR39.
^ ”Report of the Council to the Twenty-eighth Annual General Meeting”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8 (4): sid. 82. 1848. doi:10.1093/mnras/8.4.57. Bibcode: 1848MNRAS...8...82.. https://books.google.com/books?id=GOA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82. ”The symbol adopted for [Iris] is a semicircle to represent the rainbow, with an interior star and a base line for the horizon....The symbol adopted for [Flora's] designation is the figure of a flower.”.
^ [a b c d e f] Hind, J. R. (1852). An astronomical vocabulary. Sid. v. https://books.google.com/books?id=_DgDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR5.
^ [a b] de Gasparis, Annibale (1850). ”Letter to Mr. Hind, from Professor Annibale de Gasparis”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11: sid. 1. doi:10.1093/mnras/11.1.1a. Bibcode: 1850MNRAS..11....1D. https://books.google.com/books?id=_uw3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1. ”The symbol of Hygeia is a serpent (like a Greek ζ) crowned with a star. That of Parthenope is a fish crowned with a star.”.
^ Luther, R. (1852). ”Beobachtungen der Thetis auf der Bilker Sternwarte”. Astronomische Nachrichten 34 (16): sid. 243–244. doi:10.1002/asna.18520341606. https://books.google.com/books?id=fWM_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA243. ”Herr Director Argelander in Bonn, welcher der hiesigen Sternwarte schon seit längerer Zeit seinen Schutz und Beistand zu Theil werden lässt, hat die Entdeckung des April-Planeten zuerst constatirt und mir bei dieser Gelegenheit dafür den Namen Thetis und das Zeichen [symbol pictured] vorgeschlagen, wodurch der der silberfüssigen Göttinn geheiligte Delphin angedeutet wird. Indem ich mich hiermit einverstanden erkläre, ersuche ich die sämmtlichen Herren Astronomen, diesen Namen und dieses Zeichen annehmen und beibehalten zu wollen.”.
^ Luther, R. (1853). ”Beobachtungen des neuesten Planeten auf der Bilker Sternwarte”. Astronomische Nachrichten 36 (24): sid. 349–350. doi:10.1002/asna.18530362403. Bibcode: 1853AN.....36Q.349.. https://books.google.com/books?id=o2M_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA349.
^ Encke, J. F. (1854). ”Beobachtung der Bellona, nebst Nachrichten über die Bilker Sternwarte”. Astronomische Nachrichten 38 (9): sid. 143–144. doi:10.1002/asna.18540380907. Bibcode: 1854AN.....38..143.. https://books.google.com/books?id=1mM_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA143.
^ [a b c] Webster, Noah; Goodrich, Chauncey Allen (1884). Webster's Complete Dictionary of the English Language. Sid. 1780. https://books.google.com/books?id=ql4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1780.
^ Rümker, G. (1855). ”Name und Zeichen des von Herrn R. Luther zu Bilk am 19. April entdeckten Planeten”. Astronomische Nachrichten 40 (24): sid. 373–374. doi:10.1002/asna.18550402405. Bibcode: 1855AN.....40Q.373L. https://books.google.com/books?id=_GM_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA59.
^ Luther, R. (1856). ”Schreiben des Herrn Dr. R. Luther, Directors der Sternwarte zu Bilk, an den Herausgeber”. Astronomische Nachrichten 42 (7): sid. 107–108. doi:10.1002/asna.18550420705. Bibcode: 1855AN.....42..107L. https://books.google.com/books?id=1KEEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA107.
^ [a b c d e f g h i j k l] Joyce, Jeremiah (1866). Scientific dialogues for the instruction and entertainment of young people. Sid. 109. ISBN 978-1-145-49244-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=h8AAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA109.
^ [a b c d e f g h i j k l m] ”Miscellaneous Symbols”. unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. 2018. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf.
^ [a b] Tupman, G. L. (1877). ”Observations of Comet I 1877”. Astronomische Nachrichten 89 (11): sid. 169–170. doi:10.1002/asna.18770891103. Bibcode: 1877AN.....89..169T. https://books.google.com/books?id=46MEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA169. Läst 24 mars 2011.
^ Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar

Externa länkar

Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Astronomiska symboler.
Bilder & media

[nasa-1] [a b c d e f g h i] ”Planet Symbols”. NASA. Arkiverad från originalet den 17 mars 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100317223147/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=167. Läst 4 mars 2010.

[cox-2] [a b c d e f g h i j k l] Cox, Arthur (2001). Allen's astrophysical quantities. Springer. Sid. 2. ISBN 978-0-387-95189-8.

[hilton-3] [a b c d e f g h i j k] Hilton, James L. (14 juni 2011). ”When Did the asteroids Become Minor Planets?”. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 augusti 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180810175312/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php. Läst 24 april 2013.

[neugebauer-1987-4] Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H. B. (1987). Greek Horoscopes. Sid. 1, 159, 163. ISBN 978-0-8357-0314-7.

[frey-5] [a b c d e] Frey, A. (1857). Nouveau manuel complet de typographie contenant les principes théoriques et pratiques de cet art. Sid. 379. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq_DT8yrnn4C&pg=PA379.

[ephemerides-1774-6] Éphémérides des mouvemens célestes. 1774. Sid. xxxiv. https://books.google.com/books?id=gJAAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR34.

[penny-cyclopaedia-7] The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. "22". C. Knight. 1842. Sid. 197. https://books.google.com/books?id=rJhOFg1yiqUC&pg=PA197.

[encyclopedia-americana-8] [a b c d e f g h i j k l m n] The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge. "26". Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1920. Sid. 162–163. https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaame01unkngoog#page/n202/mode/2up. Läst 24 mars 2011.

[putnam-9] [a b c d e f g h i] Putnam, Edmund Whitman (1914). The essence of astronomy: things every one should know about the sun, moon, and stars. G.P. Putnam's sons. Sid. 197. https://books.google.com/books?id=xlE6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA197.

[gotha-158-10] [a b c d] Almanach de Gotha. "158". 1852. Sid. ii. https://books.google.com/books?id=P4nluPY9-P8C&pg=RA1-PR2.

[hachette-1908-11] [a b c d] (Firm), Hachette (1908). Almanach Hachette. Sid. 8. https://books.google.com/books?id=wi4bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8.

[high-school-astronomy-12] [a b c d e f g h i j k l m] Mattison, Hiram (1872). High-School Astronomy. Sheldon & Co. Sid. 32–36. https://books.google.com/books?id=XksAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32.

[bode-uranus-13] Bode, J. E. (1784). Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten. Sid. 95–96. Bibcode: 1784vdne.book.....B. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqA5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95.

[gould-uranus-14] Gould, B. A. (1850). Report on the history of the discovery of Neptune. Smithsonian Institution. Sid. 5. https://books.google.com/books?id=uyANAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5.

[an-25-15] Schumacher, H. C. (1846). ”Name des Neuen Planeten”. Astronomische Nachrichten 25 (6): sid. 81–82. doi:10.1002/asna.18470250603. Bibcode: 1846AN.....25...81L. https://books.google.com/books?id=wlc_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81.

[Moskowitz-16] [a b c d] ”Symbols for large trans-Neptunian objects”. Symbols for large trans-Neptunian objects. Suberic.net. 2013-07-03. http://www.suberic.net/~dmm/astro/tno.html.

[DP-17] [a b c d] JPL/NASA (2015-04-22). ”What is a Dwarf Planet?”. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet.

[faulks-18] [a b] Faulks, David (2006-05-09). ”Proposal to add some Western Astrology Symbols to the UCS”. Proposal to add some Western Astrology Symbols to the UCS. 4. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06171-astroprop.pdf. ”In general, only the signs for Vesta have enough variance to be regarded as different designs. However, all of these Vesta symbols ... are differing designs for 'the hearth and flame of the temple of the Goddess Vesta' in Rome, and can thus be regarded as extreme variants of a single symbol.”

[L216080-19] [a b c d] Faulks, David (2016-05-28). ”L2/16-080: Additional Symbols for Astrology”. L2/16-080: Additional Symbols for Astrology. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16080r-add-astrology.pdf.

[mcbeh-v6-20] von Zach, Franz Xaver (1802). Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde, Volume 6. Sid. 95–96.

[mcbeh-v10-21] von Zach, Franz Xaver (1804). Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde. "10". Sid. 471. https://books.google.com/books?id=vnIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA471.

[chambers-22] Chambers, George Frederick (1877). A handbook of descriptive astronomy. Clarendon Press. Sid. 920–921. ISBN 978-1-108-01475-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=n8sJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA920.

[olmstead-23] [a b] Olmsted, Dennis (1855). Letters on astronomy. Harper. Sid. 288. https://books.google.com/books?id=BYoXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288.

[schmadel-24] [a b c d e f g h] Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Springer. Sid. 15–18. ISBN 978-0-354-06174-2.

[mcbeh-v15-25] von Zach, Franz Xaver (1807). Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde. "15". Sid. 507. https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rw4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA507.

[berlin-1845-26] Berlin, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu; Berlin, KöNiglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu (1845). Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Sid. 406. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM8DAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA406. ”Der Planet hat mit Einwilligung des Entdeckers den Namen Astraea erhalten, und sein Zeichen wird nach dem Wunsche des Hr. Hencke ein umgekehrter Anker sein.”

[wilson-27] [a b c] Wilson, John (1899). A treatise on English punctuation. Sid. 302. ISBN 978-1-4255-3642-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=oIICAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302.

[wudfagw-1947-28] Wöchentliche Unterhaltungen für Dilettanten und Freunde der Astronomie, Geographie und Witterungskunde. 1847. Sid. 315. https://books.google.com/books?id=9AcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA315.

[an610-29] Hencke, Karl Ludwig (1847). ”Schreiben des Herrn Hencke an den Herausgeber”. Astronomische Nachrichten 26 (610): sid. 155–156. doi:10.1002/asna.18480261007. Bibcode: 1847AN.....26..155H. https://books.google.com/books?id=-qAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA4-PA155.

[austria-1849-30] Austria: Oesterreichischer Universal-Kalender für das gemeine Jahr 1849. 1849. Sid. xxxix. https://books.google.com/books?id=6H0AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR39.

[ras-v8-31] ”Report of the Council to the Twenty-eighth Annual General Meeting”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8 (4): sid. 82. 1848. doi:10.1093/mnras/8.4.57. Bibcode: 1848MNRAS...8...82.. https://books.google.com/books?id=GOA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82. ”The symbol adopted for [Iris] is a semicircle to represent the rainbow, with an interior star and a base line for the horizon....The symbol adopted for [Flora's] designation is the figure of a flower.”.

[hind-32] [a b c d e f] Hind, J. R. (1852). An astronomical vocabulary. Sid. v. https://books.google.com/books?id=_DgDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR5.

[ras-v11-33] [a b] de Gasparis, Annibale (1850). ”Letter to Mr. Hind, from Professor Annibale de Gasparis”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11: sid. 1. doi:10.1093/mnras/11.1.1a. Bibcode: 1850MNRAS..11....1D. https://books.google.com/books?id=_uw3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1. ”The symbol of Hygeia is a serpent (like a Greek ζ) crowned with a star. That of Parthenope is a fish crowned with a star.”.

[an-34-thetis-34] Luther, R. (1852). ”Beobachtungen der Thetis auf der Bilker Sternwarte”. Astronomische Nachrichten 34 (16): sid. 243–244. doi:10.1002/asna.18520341606. https://books.google.com/books?id=fWM_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA243. ”Herr Director Argelander in Bonn, welcher der hiesigen Sternwarte schon seit längerer Zeit seinen Schutz und Beistand zu Theil werden lässt, hat die Entdeckung des April-Planeten zuerst constatirt und mir bei dieser Gelegenheit dafür den Namen Thetis und das Zeichen [symbol pictured] vorgeschlagen, wodurch der der silberfüssigen Göttinn geheiligte Delphin angedeutet wird. Indem ich mich hiermit einverstanden erkläre, ersuche ich die sämmtlichen Herren Astronomen, diesen Namen und dieses Zeichen annehmen und beibehalten zu wollen.”.

[an-proserpina-35] Luther, R. (1853). ”Beobachtungen des neuesten Planeten auf der Bilker Sternwarte”. Astronomische Nachrichten 36 (24): sid. 349–350. doi:10.1002/asna.18530362403. Bibcode: 1853AN.....36Q.349.. https://books.google.com/books?id=o2M_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA349.

[an-bellona-36] Encke, J. F. (1854). ”Beobachtung der Bellona, nebst Nachrichten über die Bilker Sternwarte”. Astronomische Nachrichten 38 (9): sid. 143–144. doi:10.1002/asna.18540380907. Bibcode: 1854AN.....38..143.. https://books.google.com/books?id=1mM_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA143.

[webster-37] [a b c] Webster, Noah; Goodrich, Chauncey Allen (1884). Webster's Complete Dictionary of the English Language. Sid. 1780. https://books.google.com/books?id=ql4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1780.

[an-leukothea-38] Rümker, G. (1855). ”Name und Zeichen des von Herrn R. Luther zu Bilk am 19. April entdeckten Planeten”. Astronomische Nachrichten 40 (24): sid. 373–374. doi:10.1002/asna.18550402405. Bibcode: 1855AN.....40Q.373L. https://books.google.com/books?id=_GM_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA59.

[an-fides-39] Luther, R. (1856). ”Schreiben des Herrn Dr. R. Luther, Directors der Sternwarte zu Bilk, an den Herausgeber”. Astronomische Nachrichten 42 (7): sid. 107–108. doi:10.1002/asna.18550420705. Bibcode: 1855AN.....42..107L. https://books.google.com/books?id=1KEEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA107.

[joyce-40] [a b c d e f g h i j k l] Joyce, Jeremiah (1866). Scientific dialogues for the instruction and entertainment of young people. Sid. 109. ISBN 978-1-145-49244-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=h8AAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA109.

[Unicode-2600-41] [a b c d e f g h i j k l m] ”Miscellaneous Symbols”. unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. 2018. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf.

[an-comet-star-42] [a b] Tupman, G. L. (1877). ”Observations of Comet I 1877”. Astronomische Nachrichten 89 (11): sid. 169–170. doi:10.1002/asna.18770891103. Bibcode: 1877AN.....89..169T. https://books.google.com/books?id=46MEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA169. Läst 24 mars 2011.

[43] Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar

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