Minyak bumi

Kompa minyak konvénsional di Sarnia, Ontario

Minyak bumi atawa pétroleum (tina basa Yunani petra – batu jeung elaion atawa basa Latin oleum – minyak), minyak atah (crude oil), ogé katelah emas hideung, hartina cairan kentel, warnana kopi atawa semu héjo, nu mangrupa campuran rupa-rupa hidrokarbon, utamana golongan alkana, sarta kandungan lianna nu aya di lapisan luhur dina jero kulit Bumi. Minyak bumi utamana dipaké pikeun bahan bakar nu penting pisan salaku sumber énergi (IEA Key World Energy Statistics). Minyak bumi ogé mangrupa bahan baku pikeun rupa-rupa produk bahan kimia, di antarana pangleyur, pupuk, péstisida, jeung plastik.

Formasi

Téori biogénik

lolobana ahli géologi menanggap minyak bumi sarupa jeung batubara sarta gas alam, mangrupa produk komprési jeung pamanasan vegetasi kuna sapanjang skala waktu géologis. Ceuk ieu téori, kabentukna minyak bumi téh tina pasésaan sasatoan laut prasajarah sarta tutuwuhan terestrial. Sapanjan jutaan taun, zat organik ieu pagalo jeung leutak, sarta kakubur dina lapisan bahan sédimén nu kandel. Panas jeung tekenan nu dihasilkeunana ngabalukarkeun ieu pasésaan téh ngalaman métamorposis, mimiti jadi bahan sarupa lilin nu katelah kerogén, lajeng jadi hidrokarbon cair jeung gas dina prosés nu disebut katagenesis. Bahan ieu lajeng ngalir ka lapisan batu luhureunana nepi ka antukna kakurung dina pori batu nu disebut reservoir minyak, nu salajengna digali ku urang salaku lapang minyak. Jerona ieu reservoir antara 150 m nepi ka 5 km.

Nagara utama produsén minyak bumi

Sumber: Statistika énergi ti Pamaréntah AS

Dumasar produksi taun 2004 (jb/p = juta barél per poé):

• Arab Saudi (OPEC) - 10.37 jb/p
• Rusia - 9.27 jb/p
• Amérika Serikat ¹ - 8.69 jb/p
• Iran (OPEC) - 4.09 jb/p
• Méksiko ¹ - 3.83 jb/p
• Cina ¹ - 3.62 jb/p
• Norwégia ¹ - 3.18 jb/p
• Kanada ¹ - 3.14 jb/p
• Vénézuéla (OPEC) ¹ - 2.86 jb/p
• Uni Émirat Arab (OPEC) - 2.76 jb/p
• Kuwait (OPEC) - 2.51 jb/p
• Nigeria (OPEC) - 2.51 jb/p
• Inggris ¹ - 2.08 jb/p
• Irak (OPEC) ² - 2.03 jb/p

¹ puncak produksi geus kaliwat

² Najan masih anggota, Irak can kungsi deui dilaporkeun catetan produksina ti 1998

Dumasar jumlah nu diékspor taun 2003:

• Saudi Arabia (OPEC)
• Russia
• Norway ¹
• Iran (OPEC)
• United Arab Emirates (OPEC)
• Venezuela (OPEC) ¹
• Kuwait (OPEC)
• Nigeria (OPEC)
• Mexico ¹
• Algeria (OPEC)
• Libya (OPEC) ¹

¹ puncak produksi geus kaliwat

Catet yén AS ampir maké sakabéh produksina sorangan, sedengkeun Inggris kiwari geus jadi net-importer.

Produksi/konsumsi sadunya (taun 2005) kira 84 juta barél unggal poéna.

Baca ogé: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Tumbu kaluar

• US Energy Information Administration - Part of the informative website of the US Government's Energy Information Administration.
• American Petroleum Institute - A site run by the American Petroleum Institute, the trade association of the US oil industry.
• Long Emergency Blog - A site with Péak Oil news and discussion, regarding how our world will never be the same.
• The Oil Drum - A Community Discussion about Péak Oil and the Oil Industry.
• Crude Oil Commodity Charts - Price charts for crude oil
• Major dates of the Polish petroleum industry Archived 2007-05-19 di Wayback Machine
• Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.
• Abiogenic Gas Debate 11:2002 (EXPLORER)
• An introduction to the modern petroleum science, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins.
• Unconventional Ideas About Unconventional Gas (Society of Petroleum Engineers)
• BP Statistical Revue of World Energy
• Oil Rocks
• Peak Oil News and Articles
• Nymex - oil trading center of the US
• Bloomberg Energy Prices - current prices on world mercantile exchanges
• Oil Marketer - oil news and market information
• Oil in troubled waters - Economist article on investor approaches to oil markets, supply, and future
• PDVSA - The site for the state-owned oil company of Venezuela
• venezuelanalysis.com - A site focusing on developments in Venezuela, with a big emphasis on the oil issue.
• Petroleum industry portal

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