Pygostylia

Pygostylians; Vremenski raspon: ; Rana kreda–sadašnjost, 136–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Confuciusornis sanctus
	Passer domesticus
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Kladus:	Dinosauria
Kladus:	Saurischia
Kladus:	Theropoda
Kladus:	Avebrevicauda
Kladus:	Pygostylia; Chatterjee, 1997
Podgrupe
	†Confuciusornithidae; †Jinguofortisidae; Ornithothoraces Euornithes; †Enantiornithes; ;

Pygostylia je grupa avialana koja uključuje Confuciusornithidae i sve naprednije vrste, Ornithothoraces.

Definicija

Grupa Pygostylia je imala za cilj da obuhvati sve avijale sa kratkim, zdepastim repom, za razliku od dužih, nesraslih repova primitivnijih vrsta poput Archaeopteryx lithographica. Nazivao ju je Sankar Čaterdži 1997. godine.^[3] Luis Čijap je kasnije definisao Pygostylia kao čvorno zasnovanu kladu, „zajedničkog pretka Confuciusornithidae i Neornithes plus svih njihovih potomaka“.^[4]^[5] Godine 2001, Žak Gotje i Kevin de Kiroz preporučili su da se Čaterdžijev originalni koncept klade zasnovan na apomorfiji koristi umesto Čijapove čvorno zasnovane definicije,^[6] ali je ova preporuka nedosledno poštovana. Luis Čijap i koautori nastavljaju da koriste Čijapovu definiciju, često pripisujući autorstvo imena Čijapu 2001^[7] ili Čijapu 2002,^[8] a ne Čaterdžiju.

Kladogram prema rezultatima filogenetske studije Džingmej O'Konora i saradnika 2016. godine:^[2]

Pygostylia

†Confuciusornithiformes

	†Didactylornis

	†Sapeornis

	Ornithothoraces

Godine 2023, Li et al su povratili svoj novi takson, Cratonavis, kao novi jinguofortisid koji pripada Pygostylia. Rezultati njihovih filogenetskih analiza prikazani su u kladogramu ispod:^[9]

Avialae

†Archaeopteryx

†Jeholornis

Pygostylia

†Sapeornis

†Jinguofortisidae

Jinguofortis

	Cratonavis

	Chongmingia

†Confuciusornithidae

Ornithothoraces

	Ornithuromorpha

	† Enantiornithes

Reference

^ Wang, Min; Wang, Xiaoli; Wang, Yan; Zhou, Zhonghe (2016). „A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds”. Scientific Reports. 6: 19700. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619700W. PMC 4726217 . PMID 26806355. doi:10.1038/srep19700.
^ ^а ^б O’Connor, J.K., Wang X., Zheng X., Hu H., Zhang X., & Zhou Z. (2016). An Enantiornithine with a Fan-Shaped Tail, and the Evolution of the Rectricial Complex in Early Birds. Current Biology, 26(1): 114-119.
^ Chatterjee, S. 1997. The Rise of Birds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 312 pp.
^ Chiappe, Luis (2001). Chiappe, Luis; Witmer, ур. Basal bird phylogeny in Mesozoic Birds: above the heads of dinosaurs. University of California Press.
^ Chiappe, L. (1997). „The Chinese early bird Confuciusornis and the paraphyletic status of Sauriurae”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3): 37A. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011028.
^ Gauthier, J., & De Queiroz, K. (2001). Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name" Aves. New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds, 7-41.
^ Gao, C.; Chiappe, L. M.; Zhang, F.; Pomeroy, D. L.; Shen, C.; Chinsamy, A.; Walsh, M. O. (2012). „A subadult specimen of the Early Cretaceous birdSapeornis chaoyangensisand a taxonomic reassessment of sapeornithids”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 1103. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.693865.
^ O’Connor, J. K.; Zhang, Y.; Chiappe, L. M.; Meng, Q.; Quanguo, L.; Di, L. (2013). „A new enantiornithine from the Yixian Formation with the first recognized avian enamel specialization”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33: 1—12. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.719176.
^ Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhou, Zhonghe (02. 01. 2023). „Decoupling the skull and skeleton in a Cretaceous bird with unique appendicular morphologies”. Nature Ecology & Evolution (на језику: енглески). 7 (1): 20—31. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01921-w.

[wangetal2016-1] Wang, Min; Wang, Xiaoli; Wang, Yan; Zhou, Zhonghe (2016). „A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds”. Scientific Reports. 6: 19700. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619700W. PMC 4726217 . PMID 26806355. doi:10.1038/srep19700.

[chiappeavis-2] а ^б O’Connor, J.K., Wang X., Zheng X., Hu H., Zhang X., & Zhou Z. (2016). An Enantiornithine with a Fan-Shaped Tail, and the Evolution of the Rectricial Complex in Early Birds. Current Biology, 26(1): 114-119.

[chatterjee1997-3] Chatterjee, S. 1997. The Rise of Birds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 312 pp.

[Chiappe2001-4] Chiappe, Luis (2001). Chiappe, Luis; Witmer, ур. Basal bird phylogeny in Mesozoic Birds: above the heads of dinosaurs. University of California Press.

[Chiappe1997-5] Chiappe, L. (1997). „The Chinese early bird Confuciusornis and the paraphyletic status of Sauriurae”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3): 37A. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011028.

[nameaves-6] Gauthier, J., & De Queiroz, K. (2001). Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name" Aves. New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds, 7-41.

[Gaoetal2012-7] Gao, C.; Chiappe, L. M.; Zhang, F.; Pomeroy, D. L.; Shen, C.; Chinsamy, A.; Walsh, M. O. (2012). „A subadult specimen of the Early Cretaceous birdSapeornis chaoyangensisand a taxonomic reassessment of sapeornithids”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 1103. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.693865.

[oconnor2013-8] O’Connor, J. K.; Zhang, Y.; Chiappe, L. M.; Meng, Q.; Quanguo, L.; Di, L. (2013). „A new enantiornithine from the Yixian Formation with the first recognized avian enamel specialization”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33: 1—12. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.719176.

[9] Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhou, Zhonghe (02. 01. 2023). „Decoupling the skull and skeleton in a Cretaceous bird with unique appendicular morphologies”. Nature Ecology & Evolution (на језику: енглески). 7 (1): 20—31. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01921-w.

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