Poetika

Prevod Aristotelove Poetike Leonarda Brunija.

Poetika je teorija strukture, forme i diskursa unutar književnosti, i, posebno, unutar poezije.

Istorija

Termin poetika potiče od starogrčkog ποιητικός poietikos' „koji se odnosi na poeziju“; takođe „kreativni“ i „produktivni“. U zapadnom svetu, razvoj i evolucija poetike karakteriše tri umetnička pokreta koja se bave poetskom kompozicijom: (i) formalistički, (2) objektivistički i (iii) aristotelovski. (pogledajte Poetiku). Aristotelova Poetika je prva sačuvana filozofska rasprava koja se fokusira na teoriju književnosti. Arapski prevod Aristotelove poetike od Abu Bišra Mata ibn Junusa

Arapski prevod Aristotelove Poetike Abu Bišra Mata ibn Junusa.

Delo je dugo bilo izgubljeno za zapadni svet. Bilo je dostupno u srednjem veku i ranoj renesansi samo preko latinskog prevoda arapskog komentara koji je napisao Averoes i preveo Hermanus Aleman 1256. Tačan grčko-latinski prevod koji je napravio Vilijam od Moerbeka 1278. je praktično ignorisan. Arapski prevod je uveliko odstupio u rečniku od originalne Poetike i pokrenuo je pogrešno tumačenje aristotelovske misli koje se nastavilo kroz srednji vek. Moderna poetika se razvila u renesansnoj Italiji. Potreba da se antički književni tekstovi tumače u svetlu hrišćanstva, da se procene i ocene narativi Dantea, Petrarke i Bokača, doprineli su razvoju složenih diskursa o teoriji književnosti. Zahvaljujući pre svega delu Genealogia Deorum Gentilium (1360) Đovanija Bokača, književna elita je stekla bogato razumevanje metaforičkih i figurativnih tropa. Latinski prevod Aristotelovog teksta Đorđa Vala iz 1498. (prvi koji je objavljen) uključen je u aldinsko izdanje grčkog originala iz 1508. kao deo antologije Rhetores graeci. Usledio je sve širi korpus tekstova o poetici u kasnijem petnaestom veku i tokom celog šesnaestog, fenomen koji je započeo u Italiji i proširio se na Španiju, Englesku i Francusku. Među najznačajnijim renesansnim delima o poetici su De arte poetica Marka Đirolama Vide (1527) i La Poetica Đana Đorđa Trisina (1529, prošireno izdanje 1563). U ranim decenijama šesnaestog veka pojavile su se vernakularne verzije Aristotelove Poetike, koje su kulminirale italijanskim izdanjima Lodovika Kastelvetra iz 1570. i 1576.

Luis de Gongora (1561–1627) i Baltasar Grasijan (1601–58) doneli su poetici drugačiju formu sofizma. Emanuel Tesauro je opširno pisao u svom Il Cannocchiale Aristotelico (Aristotelovska špijunski dvogled, 1654), o figure ingeniose i figure metaforiche. Tokom romantičarske ere, poetika je težila ekspresionizmu i naglašavala subjekt koji opaža. Poetika dvadesetog veka se vratila aristotelovskoj paradigmi, praćena trendovima ka metakritičnosti, i uspostavljanjem savremene teorije poetike. Istočna poetika je razvila lirsku poeziju, a ne reprezentativnu mimetičku poeziju zapadnog sveta.

Književna kritika

Poetika se od hermeneutike razlikuje po tome što se fokusira ne na značenje teksta, već radije na razumevanju kako se različiti elementi teksta spajaju i proizvode određene efekte na čitaoca. Većina književnih kritika kombinuje poetiku i hermeneutiku u jednoj analizi; međutim, jedno ili drugo može preovladavati s obzirom na tekst i ciljeve onoga koji čita.

Vidi još

• Spisak osnovnih pesničkih tema
• Kognitivna poetika
• Deskriptivna poetika
• Istorijska poetika
• Stilska figura
• Analiza poezije
• Stilsko sredstvo
• Retoričko sredstvo
• Metrika (poezija)
• Alegorija
• Aluzija
• Slike
• Muzička forma
• Simbolistička poezija
• Zvučna poezija
• Refren
• Teorija književnosti
• Istorija poezije
• Udruženje za poetiku i lingvistiku
• Teopoetika

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

• librivox.org audio recording
• Project Gutenberg – Poetics (Aristotle)
• Aristotle's Poetics: Perseus Digital Library edition
• Greek text from Hodoi elektronikai
• Critical edition (Oxford Classical Texts) by Ingram Bywater
• Seven parallel translations of Poetics: Russian, English, French
• Aristotle: Poetics entry by Joe Sachs in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Notes of Friedrich Sylburg (1536-1596) in a critical edition (parallel Greek and Latin) available at Google Books
• Analysis and discussion in the BBC's In Our Time series on Radio 4.