Istorija Mongolije

Razna nomadska carstva, uključujući Sjungnu (3. vek pne do 1. veka), državu Sjanba (око 93. do 234. godine), Rouranski kaganat (330-555), Turkijski kaganat (552-744) i druge, vladala su oblašću današnje Mongolije. Kidanski narod, koji je koristio para-mongolski jezik, formirao je državu poznatu kao dinastija Ljao (907-1125) u Centralnoj Aziji i vladali su Mongolijom i delovima današnjeg Ruskog dalekog istoka, severne Koreje, i Severne Kine.

Godine 1206 Džingis-kan je uspeo da ujedini i pokori Mongole, udruživši ih u borbenu silu koja je uspostavila najveće neprekidno kopneno carstvo u svetskoj istoriji, Mongolsko carstvo (1206-1368). Budizam u Mongoliji počeo je sa konverzijom Juanskih careva u tibetanski budizam.

Nakon propasti dinastije Juan bazirane u Kini 1368. godine, Mongoli su se vratili svojim ranijim obrascima unutrašnjih previranja. Mongoli su se takođe vratili svojim starim šamanskim putevima nakon propasti svoje imperije i tek u 16. i 17. veku budizam se ponovo pojavio.

Krajem 17. veka današnja Mongolija postala je deo oblasti kojom je upravljala manžurska dinastija Ćing. Za vreme pada Ćinga 1911. godine, Mongolija je proglasila nezavisnost, ali morala se boriti do 1921. godine za čvrsto uspostavljanje de fakto nezavisnosti i do 1945. da stekne međunarodno priznanje. Kao posledica toga, Mongolija je bila pod snažnim sovjetskim uticajem: 1924. godine proglašena je Narodna Republika Mongolija, a mongolska politika počela je da sledi iste obrasce kao tadašnja sovjetska politika. Nakon Revolucije iz 1989. godine, Mongolska revolucija iz 1990. godine dovela je do višestranačkog sistema, novog ustava iz 1992. godine i prelaska na tržišnu ekonomiju.

Praistorija

Glavni članci: Praistorijska Mongolija i Proto-Mongoli

Klima Centralne Azije je postala veoma suva nakon velike tektonske kolizije između Indijske ploče i Evrazijske ploče. Ovaj sudar je uzrokovao formiranje ogromnog lanca planina poznatog kao Himalaji. Planine Himalaji, Veliki Hingan i Manji Hingan deluju poput visokog zida, sprečavajući toplu i vlažnu klimu da prodre u centralnu Aziju. Mnoge planine Mongolije su formirane tokom perioda kasnog neogena i ranog kvartara. Mongolska klima je bila vlažnija pre nekoliko stotina hiljada godina. Poznato je da je Mongolija izvor paleontoloških otkrića neprocenjive vrednosti. Prva naučno potvrđena jaja dinosaurusa pronađena su u Mongoliji tokom ekspedicije američkog Muzeja prirodne istorije 1923. godine, koju je vodio Roj Čepmen Endruz.

Tokom srednje do kasne eocenske epohe, Mongolija je bila dom mnogih paleogenih sisara, a najistaknutiji od njih su Sarkastodon i Andrewsarchus.

Homo erectus je verovatno naseljavao Mongoliju pre više od 800.000 godina, ali fosili Homo erektusa još uvek nisu pronađeni u Mongoliji. Kameno oruđe je pronađeno u južnom delu Gobija, verovatno od pre 800.000 godina. Važna praistorijska nalazišta su paleolitički pećinski crteži iz Hokd tenherin akva (Severne plave pećine) u provinciji Hovd, i Cagaan akva (Bele pećine) u provinciji Bajanhongor. Neolitsko poljoprivredno naselje je pronađeno u provinciji Dornod. Savremeni nalazi iz zapadne Mongolije uključuju samo privremene logore lovaca i ribolovaca. Stanovništvo tokom bakarnog doba opisano je kao paleomongolidno na istoku onoga što je sada Mongolija, i kao evropidno na zapadu.

Literatura

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• Bawden, Charles (фебруар 1959). „Mongolia: Ancient and Modern”. History Today. 9 (2): 103—112. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
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The English Historical Review. 106 (421): 1016—1017. JSTOR 574453. doi:10.1093/ehr/CVI.CCCCXXI.1016. Приступљено 2021-03-14.  * Bodger, Alan; Rywkin, Michael (1989). „Review of Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917”. The International History Review. 11 (2): 356—358. JSTOR 40106018. Приступљено 2021-03-14.  * Rywkin, Michael; Jones, S. F. (1989). „Review of Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917”. The Slavonic and East European Review. 67 (4): 635—637. JSTOR 4210126. Приступљено 2021-03-14.  * Chaqueri, C (1995). The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-1921: Birth of the Trauma. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.  * Khalid, A (1996). „Tashkent 1917: Muslim Politics in Revolutionary Turkestan”. Slavic Review. 55 (2): 270—296. JSTOR 2501913. doi:10.2307/2501913.  * ———. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2000.  * Norris, H. T. (2000). „Reviewed Work: The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Cambridge University Press. 63 (3): 441—443. JSTOR 1559512. S2CID 154146552. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00008648.  * Akiner, S. (2001). „Reviewed Work: The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid”. The American Historical Review. 106 (2): 552. JSTOR 2651645. doi:10.2307/2651645.  * Yapp, M. E. (1999). „Reviewed Work: The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid”. The Slavonic and East European Review. 77 (4): 770—771. JSTOR 4212987.  * Becker, S. (2000). „Reviewed Work: The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid”. Slavic Review. 59 (1): 210—211. JSTOR 2696933. S2CID 158037828. doi:10.2307/2696933.  * ———. (2001). Nationalizing the Revolution in Central Asia: The Transformation of Jadidism, 1917–1920. In Suny, R. G. and Martin, T. (Eds.).Morrison, A., Drieu, C., & Chokobaeva, A. (Eds.). (2020). The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A Collapsing Empire in the Age of War and Revolution. Manchester: Manchester University Press. CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора (веза)Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора * „Book Reviews”. The Russian Review. 80 (2): 312—350. 2021. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235409133 235409133]. doi:[//doi.org/10.1111%2Fruss.12315 10.1111/russ.12315]. * Morrison, A (2021). The Russian Conquest of Central Asia: A Study in Imperial Expansion, 1814–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Reeves, M. (2022). „[https://doi.org/10.1353/kri.2022.0028 Infrastructures of Empire in Central Asia].”. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 23 (2): 364—370. Категорија:CS1 грешке: спољашње везе. * Rywkin, M. (ed.). (1988). Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917. London: Mansell Publishing. * Bartlett, R. P.; Hunczak, T.; Geyer, D.; Rywkin, Michael (1991). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/574453 „Review of Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917”]. The English Historical Review. 106 (421): 1016—1017. JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/574453 574453]. doi:[//doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCVI.CCCCXXI.1016 10.1093/ehr/CVI.CCCCXXI.1016]. Приступљено 2021-03-14. * Bodger, Alan; Rywkin, Michael (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40106018 „Review of Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917”]. The International History Review. 11 (2): 356—358. JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/40106018 40106018]. Приступљено 2021-03-14. * Rywkin, Michael; Jones, S. F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4210126 „Review of Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917”]. The Slavonic and East European Review. 67 (4): 635—637. JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/4210126 4210126]. Приступљено 2021-03-14. * Chaqueri, C (1995). The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-1921: Birth of the Trauma. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. * Khalid, A (1996). „Tashkent 1917: Muslim Politics in Revolutionary Turkestan”. Slavic Review. 55 (2): 270—296. JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/2501913 2501913]. doi:[//doi.org/10.2307%2F2501913 10.2307/2501913]. * ———. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2000. * Norris, H. T. (2000). „Reviewed Work: The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Cambridge University Press. 63 (3): 441—443. JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/1559512 1559512]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154146552 154146552]. doi:[//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00008648 10.1017/S0041977X00008648]. * Akiner, S. (2001). [https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_2001-04_106_2/page/552 „Reviewed Work: The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid”]. The American Historical Review. 106 (2): 552. JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/2651645 2651645]. doi:[//doi.org/10.2307%2F2651645 10.2307/2651645]. * Yapp, M. E. (1999). „Reviewed Work: The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid”. The Slavonic and East European Review. 77 (4): 770—771. JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/4212987 4212987]. * Becker, S. (2000). [https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-review_spring-2000_59_1/page/210 „Reviewed Work: The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid”]. Slavic Review. 59 (1): 210—211. JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/2696933 2696933]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158037828 158037828]. doi:[//doi.org/10.2307%2F2696933 10.2307/2696933]. * ———. (2001). Nationalizing the Revolution in Central Asia: The Transformation of Jadidism, 1917–1920. In Suny, R. G. and Martin, T. (Eds.).&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book" class="Z3988">  A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin. (pp. 145–164). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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