Inženjerska etika

Inženjerska etika je polje sistema moralnih principa koji se primenjuju na inženjersku praksu. Ovo polje ispituje i postavlja obaveze inženjera prema društvu, klijentima i profesiji. Kao naučna disciplina, usko je povezana sa predmetima kao što su filozofija nauke, filozofija inženjerstva i etika tehnologije.

Pozadina i poreklo

18. vek i rastuća zabrinutost

Prvi Tajaki most je kolapsirao 1879. godine. Bilo je najmanje šezdeset smrtnih slučajeva.

Kako se inženjerstvo tokom 19. veka razvijalo kao posebna profesija, inženjeri su sebe doživljavali kao nezavisne profesionalne stručnjake, ili kao tehničke zaposlene osobe velikih preduzeća. Između dve strane postojala je znatna napetost, jer su se veliki industrijski poslodavci borili da zadrže kontrolu nad svojim osobljem.

U Sjedinjenim Državama rastući profesionalizam je podstakao razvoj četiri inženjerska društva: Američko društvo građevinskih inženjera (engl. American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE) (1851), Američki institut elektrotehničkih inženjera (engl. American Institute of Electrical Engineers, AIEE) (1884), Američko društvo mašinskih inženjera (engl. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME) (1880) i Američki institut rudarskih inženjera (engl. American Institute of Mining Engineersm, AIME) (1871). ASCE i AIEE su bliže identifikovani sa inženjerom kao učenim profesionalcem, dok se ASME u izvesnoj meri, i AIME gotovo u potpunosti identifikuje sa stavom da je inženjer tehnička zaposlena osoba.

Uprkos tome, u to doba etika se više smatrala ličnom nego širokom profesionalnom brigom.

Početak 20. veka i prekretna tačka

Velika poplava melase u Bostonu pružila je snažan podsticaj za uspostavljanje profesionalnog licenciranja i etičkih kodeksa u Sjedinjenim Državama.

Dok se 19. vek približavao kraju i početkom 20. veka, došlo je do niza značajnih strukturnih kvarova, uključujući neke spektakularne kolapse mostova, kao što su katastrofa železničkog prelaza reke Aštabule (1876), katastrofa Taj mosta (1879) i kolaps Kvebek mosta (1907). To je imalo dubok uticaj na inženjere i primoralo je profesiju da se suoči sa nedostacima u tehničkoj i građevinskoj praksi, kao i etičkim standardima.

Jedan od responsa bio je razvoj formalnih etičkih kodeksa od strane tri od četiri osnivačka inženjerska društva. AIEE ih je usvojilo ta plavila 1912. godien. ASCE i ASME su to učinili 1914. AIME nije usvojila etički kodeks u svojoj dosadašnjoj istoriji.

Zabrinutost za profesionalnu praksu i zaštitu javnosti podstaknuta tim kolapsima mostova, kao i Bostonskom katastrofom melase (1919), pružila je podstrek još jednom pokretu koji je trajao već neko vreme: insistiranju na formalnim akreditacijama (licenca za profesionalno inženjerstvo u SAD-u) kao uslovu za obavljanje posla. To uključuje ispunjavanje izvesne kombinacije obrazovnih zahteva, iskustava i zahteva za testiranjem.

Godine 1950, Udruženje nemačkih inženjera je za sve svoje članove razvilo zakletvu pod nazivom „Ispovest inženjera”, direktno napominjući ulogu inženjera u zverstvima počinjenim tokom Drugog svetskog rata.

Nedavni događaji

Vilijam Lemesurijerov respons na nedostatke u dizajnu otkrivene nakon izgradnje Centra Citigrupe često se navode kao primer etičkog ponašanja.

Napori za promociju etičke prakse se nastavljaju. Pored napora profesionalnih društava i čarterskih organizacija sa svojim članovima, kanadski Gvozdeni prsten i američki Red inženjera vode svoje korene do kolapsa Kvebečkog mosta 1907. godine. Obe zahtevaju od članova da polože zakletvu da će podržavati etičku praksu i da nose simboličan prsten kao podsetnik.

U Sjedinjenim Državama, Nacionalno društvo profesionalnih inženjera objavilo je 1946. godine svoje Etičke kanone za inženjere i Pravila profesionalnog ponašanja, koji su evoluirali do trenutnog Etičkog kodeksa, usvojenog 1964. Ovi zahtevi su na kraju doveli do stvaranja Odbora etička revizija 1954. Slučajevi etike retko imaju jednostavne odgovore, ali skoro 500 savetodavnih mišljenja BER-a pomoglo je da se razjasne etička pitanja s kojima se inženjeri svakodnevno susreću.

Trenutno se mitom i političkom korupcijom vrlo direktno bavi nekoliko profesionalnih društava i poslovnih grupa širom sveta. Međutim, pojavila su se nova pitanja, poput ofšoringa, održivog razvoja i zaštite životne sredine, koja struka mora da razmotri i reši.

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

Australija

• Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers, Australia

Ethical Decision Making

• Engineers Australia

Code of Ethics Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (26. мај 2012)

Kanada

• Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia (APEGBC)

Act, Bylaws and Code of Ethics

• Association of Professional Engineers, and Geoscientists of Alberta (APEGA)

EGGP Code of Ethics

• Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Manitoba (APEGM)

Code of Ethics

• Professional Engineers Ontario (PEO)

Code of Ethics (See link on front page.)

• L'Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec (OIQ)

Code of Ethics of Engineers

• Iron Ring

The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer

• University of Western Ontario

Software Ethics - A Guide to the Ethical and Legal Use of Software for Members of the University Community of the University of Western Ontario

Nemačka

• Verein Deutscher Ingenieure

Ethical principles of engineering profession Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (4. март 2016)

Irska

• Engineers Ireland

Code of Ethics Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (13. децембар 2019)

Šri Lanka

• Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka

Code of Ethics Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (12. мај 2019)

Turska

• Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects

Professional Behavior Principles

Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo

• Association for Consultancy and Engineering (ACE)

Anti-Corruption Action Statement

• Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)

Royal Charter, By-laws, Regulations and Rules

• Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)

Professional ethics and the IET

• Engineering Council (EC)

Statement of Ethical Principles Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (5. фебруар 2015)

Sjedinjene Države

• National Academy of Engineering

Online Ethics Center of the National Academy of Engineering Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (1. фебруар 2018)

• Spisak linkova raznih etičkih kodeksa profesionalnih i naučnih društava codes of ethics

Onlineethics.org Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (29. јул 2020)

• National Institute for Engineering Ethics (NIEE)
• National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)

Code of Ethics

Board of Ethical Review and BER Cases

Ethics Resources and References

• American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

Code of Ethics

• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Code of Ethics

Standards of Professional Conduct for Civil Engineers

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Code of Ethics
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Code of Ethics

• Order of the Engineer

The Obligation of an Engineer

• Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)

Code of Ethics