Олово
Општа својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Име, симбол | олово, Pb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Изглед | металично сив | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
У периодноме систему | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Атомски број (Z) | 82 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Група, периода | група 14 (угљеникова група), периода 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Блок | p-блок | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Категорија | постпрелазни метал | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Рел. ат. маса (Ar) | 207,2(1)[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ел. конфигурација | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
по љускама | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Физичка својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Тачка топљења | 600,61 K (327,46 °C, 621,43 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Тачка кључања | 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Густина при с.т. | 11,34 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
течно ст., на т.т. | 10,66 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топлота фузије | 4,77 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топлота испаравања | 179,5 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Мол. топл. капацитет | 26,650 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Напон паре
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Атомска својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Електронегативност | 1,87 ( 2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Енергије јонизације | 1: 715,6 kJ/mol 2: 1450,5 kJ/mol 3: 3081,5 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Атомски радијус | 175 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ковалентни радијус | 146±5 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Валсов радијус | 202 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Спектралне линије | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Остало | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Кристална структура | постраничноцентр. кубична (FCC) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Брзина звука танак штап | 1190 m/s (на с.т.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топл. ширење | 28,9 µm/(m·K) (на 25 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топл. водљивост | 35.3 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Електроотпорност | 208 nΩ·m (на 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Магнетни распоред | дијамагнетик | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Магнетна сусцептибилност (χmol) | −23,0×10−6 cm3/mol (на 298 K)[2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Јангов модул | 16 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Модул смицања | 5,6 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Модул стишљивости | 46 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Поасонов коефицијент | 0,44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Мосова тврдоћа | 1,5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Бринелова тврдоћа | 38–50 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS број | 7439-92-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Историја | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Откриће | на Блиском истоку (7000. п. н. е.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Главни изотопи | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Изотопска заступљеност увелико се разликује зависно о узорку | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
У природи, олово се најчешће јавља у виду сулфида, PbS, као руда галенит.
Пржењем се руда преводи у оксид чијом редукцијом настаје сирово олово.[3] Сирово олово садржи: бакар, антимон, арсен, бизмут, цинк, сумпор, калај, сребро и злато. Пречишћавањем сировог олова (најчешће електролитичким путем) добија се чисто олово плавичастобеле боје, само на свежем пресеку је металног сјаја, но брзо потамни од створеног слоја оксида и базног олово(II) карбоната Pb(OH)2*2PbCO3, који га штите од даље оксидације. То је мек метал, велике густине и ниске температуре топљења.[4]
Олово се у дестилованој води не раствара, док се раствара у киселинама са оксидационим дејством (нпр. азотна киселина). При дејству разблажене сумпорне киселине ствара се заштитни слој олово- сулфата PbSO4 те растварање престаје. Алкалије не делују на олово. На ваздуху се фино спрашено олово тзв. пирофорно олово пали само од себе.
Олово (II) оксид се користи за глазирање керамичких производа, за израду минијума, као жута боја у сликарству. Олово се користи за израду лимова, канализационих и водоводних цеви уколико воде нису киселе; њиме се облажу електрични каблови и превлачи посуђе. Олово се користи и у војној индустрији, индустрији боја, за израду оловних акумулатора, за заштиту од рендгенског и радиоактивног зрачења.
Прве мине за оловке правиле су се од оловних руда, али их је у савременом добу заменио неотровни графит, који се комбинује са другим примесама.
Види још
[уреди | уреди извор]Референце
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Meija et al. 2016.
- ^ Weast, Astle & Beyer 1983, стр. E110.
- ^ Parkes, G.D. & Phil, D. (1973). Melorova moderna neorganska hemija. Beograd: Naučna knjiga.
- ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3. изд.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
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