Bela kuća
Bela kuća (engl. White House) je službena rezidencija i glavno radno mesto predsednika SAD u Vašingtonu.[1]
Rezidencija je belo obojena neoklasicistička vila. Nalazi se u Pensilvanijskoj aveniji na broju 1600 (1600 Pennsylvania Avenue) u Vašingtonu.
Isti naziv se koristi i za najuži krug državnih službenika oko predsednika Sjedinjenih Američkih Država. Imanje je u vlasništvu Službe nacionalnih parkova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (engl. National Park Service), i deo je Predsedničkog parka (engl. President's Park).
Rezidenciju je dizajnirao arhitekta irskog porekla Džejms Hoban[2] u neoklasičnom stilu. Hoban je napravio zgradu po uzoru na Lajnster kuću u Dablinu, zgradu u kojoj se danas nalazi Iraktas, irsko zakonodavno telo. Izgradnja se odvijala između 1792. i 1800. godine, koristeći peščar Akva Krika obojen u belo. Kada se Tomas Džeferson uselio u kuću 1801. godine, on je (sa arhitektom Bendžaminom Henrijem Latroubom) dodao niske kolonade na svakom krilu koje su skrivale štale i skladište.[3]
Godine 1814, tokom Rata 1812, Britanska vojska je zapalila vilu[1] u spaljivanju Vašingtona, uništivši unutrašnjost i spalivši veći deo spoljašnjosti. Rekonstrukcija je počela skoro odmah, a predsednik Džejms Monro uselio se u delimično rekonstruisanu Izvršnu rezidenciju u oktobru 1817. Izgradnja eksterijera je nastavljena dodavanjem polukružnog južnog portika 1824. i severnog portika 1829. godine.
Istorija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Gradnja rezidencije započeta je 1792. po nalogu Džordža Vašingtona, a arhitekta je bio Džejms Hoben iz Irske. Prva rezidencija završena je 1800. godine, ali su je spalile britanske trupe u Britansko-američkom ratu (1812—1814). Obnova rezidencije, ponovo pod rukovodstvom Džejmsa Hobena, započeta je 1819. godine. Svoj današnji izgled bela kuća dobila je konačno 1934, kada je Frenklin Ruzvelt preneo takozvanu Ovalnu kancelariju, radnu sobu predsednika SAD, na zapadnu stranu. Svoj naziv „Bela kuća“ rezidencija je dobila 1902, po ideji Teodora Ruzvelta, zbog njene bele fasade.[1]
Bela kuća ima 132 sobe, 35 kupatila, 412 vrata, 147 prozora, 8 stepenica, 3 lifta, 1 bazen za plivanje, igralište za tenis i bioskop.
1789–1800
[uredi | uredi izvor]Nakon svoje inauguracije u aprilu 1789. godine, predsednik Džordž Vašington je koristio dve privatne kuće u Njujorku, koje su služile kao izvršna vila. Do kraja februara 1790. godine živeo je u prvoj, Franklin Hause, u vlasništvu komesara trezora Semjuela Osguda, u ulici Čeri br. 3. do aprila 1790.[4][5] Izvršna vila se preselila u veće odaje u kući Aleksandra Mekomba na Brodveju 39–41,[5] gde je ostao sa suprugom Martom i manjim delom osoblja do avgusta 1790. U maju 1790. počela je izgradnja nove službene rezidencije na Menhetnu pod nazivom Vladina kuća.
Vašington nikada nije živeo u zgradi vlade jer je nacionalna prestonica premeštena u Filadelfiju, a zatim u Vašington, pre njenog završetka.[6][7] Zakon o prebivalištu iz jula 1790. odredio je da glavni grad bude trajno lociran u novom Federalnom okrugu, a privremeno u Filadelfiji na deset godina dok je trajna prestonica izgrađena.[8] Filadelfija je iznajmila vilu Roberta Morisa, trgovca, s adresom 190 Haj strit, sada 524–30 Market strit, kao Predsedničku kuću, u kojoj je Vašington obitavao od novembra 1790. do marta 1797. godine.[9] Pošto je kuća bila premala da primi 30 ljudi koji su tada činili predsedničku porodicu, osoblje i slugu, Vašington ju je povećao.[9]
Predsednik Džon Adams je takođe koristio vilu u Haj stritu u Filadelfiji od marta 1797. do maja 1800. U subotu, 1. novembra 1800. Adams je postao prvi predsednik koji se uselio u Belu kuću.[10] Predsednička kuća u Filadelfiji je pretvorena u hotel Junion i kasnije korišćena za prodavnice pre nego što je srušena 1832. godine.[9]
Filadelfija je 1792. započela izgradnju mnogo veće Predsedničke vile nekoliko blokova dalje. Bila je skoro završena do Adamsove inauguracije 1797. godine. Međutim, Adams je odlučio da je ne koristi, rekavši da nema ovlašćenje Kongresa da zakupi zgradu. Ona je ostala prazna do 1800. godine kada je prodata Univerzitetu Pensilvanije.[11]
-
Prva predsednička vila, Samuel Osgudova kuća na Menhetnu, koju je Vašington koristio od aprila 1789. do februara 1790.
-
Druga predsednička vila, kuća Aleksandra Mekomba, na Menhetnu, koju je Vašington koristio od februara do avgusta 1790.
-
Treća predsednička vila, Predsednička kuća u Filadelfiji, u kojoj je Vašington obitavao od novembra 1790. do marta 1797. Adams je u njoj boravio od marta 1797. do maja 1800.
-
Zgrada vlade na Menhetnu, izgrađena 1790–1791, bila je dizajnirana da bude stalna predsednička vila, ali je Kongres premestio nacionalnu prestonicu u Filadelfiju pre njenog završetka.
-
[[|President's House (Ninth Street)Председничку кућу]] у Филаделфији (изграђену током 1790-их) није користио ниједан председник након што је председничка вила, позната као Бела кућа, премештена из Филаделфије у нову националну престоницу Vašington
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ a b v Mišić, Milan, ur. (2005). Enciklopedija Britanika. A-B. Beograd: Narodna knjiga : Politika. str. 122. ISBN 86-331-2075-5.
- ^ „Inside the White House: History”. WhiteHouse.gov. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 8. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 21. 1. 2017.
- ^ Fazio, Michael W.; Patrick A. Snadon (2006). The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The Johns Hopkins University Press. str. 364—366.
- ^ Baker, William Spohn (1897). Washington After the Revolution: 1784–1799. str. 118. Pristupljeno 15. 1. 2020.
- ^ a b „Presidential Residency in New York”. mountvernon.org. The Fred W. Smith Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon. Pristupljeno 16. 1. 2020.
- ^ The Government House, New York, Currier & Ives, Met Collection, Catalog Entry, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Accessed 21 May 2022. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/388214
- ^ Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915—1928). The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909. Robert H. Dodd.
- ^ Miller, John (2003). Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation. Transaction Publishers. str. 251. ISBN 0-7658-0551-0.
- ^ a b v Edward Lawler Jr. (maj 2010). „A Brief History of the President's House in Philadelphia”. ushistory.org. Arhivirano iz originala 20. 2. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 22. 1. 2020.
- ^ „John Adams”. WhiteHouse.gov. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 12. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 22. 1. 2015.
- ^ Westcott, Thompson (1894). The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants. W. H. Barr. str. 270–272. Pristupljeno 26. 1. 2020.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Fazio, Michael W.; Patrick A. Snadon (2006). The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The Johns Hopkins University Press. str. 364—366.
- Mišić, Milan, ur. (2005). Enciklopedija Britanika. A-B. Beograd: Narodna knjiga : Politika. str. 122. ISBN 86-331-2075-5.
- Abbott, James A. (1995). A Frenchman in Camelot: The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin. Boscobel Restoration Inc. ISBN 978-0-9646659-0-3..
- Abbott, James A. (2006). Jansen. Acanthus Press. ISBN 978-0-926494-33-6..
- Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2000). An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-85799-2..
- Garrett, Wendell. (1995). Our Changing White House. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-222-2..
- Guidas, John. The White House: Resources for Research at the Library of Congress. Library of Congress, 1992.
- Huchet de Quénetain, Christophe. "De quelques bronzes dorés français conservés à la Maison-Blanche à Washington D.C." in La Revue, Pierre Bergé & associés, n°6, mars 2005 pp. 54–55. OCLC 62701407.
- Kenny, Peter M., Frances F. Bretter and Ulrich Leben (1998). Honoré Lannuier Cabinetmaker from Paris: The Life and Work of French Ébiniste in Federal New York. ISBN 978-0-87099-836-2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and Harry Abrams. .
- Klara, Robert (2013). The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America's Most Famous Residence. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-2500-0027-9..
- Kloss, William (1992). Art in the White House: A Nation's Pride. ISBN 978-0-8109-3965-3. White House Historical Association in cooperation with the National Geographic Society. .
- Leish, Kenneth (1972). The White House. ISBN 978-0-88225-020-5. Newsweek Book Division. .
- McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office: 1952.
- Monkman, Betty C. (2000). The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families. Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-7892-0624-4..
- New York Life Insurance Company. The Presidents from 1789 to 1908 and the History of the White House. New York Life Insurance Company: 1908.
- Penaud, Guy (1996). Dictionnaire des châteaux du Périgord. ISBN 978-2-87901-221-6. Editions Sud-Ouest. .
- Phillips-Schrock, Patrick (2013). The White House: An Illustrated Architectural History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 9780786471522. 196 pp.
- Seale, William (1986). The President's House. ISBN 978-0-912308-28-9. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society. .
- Seale, William (2001). The White House: The History of an American Idea. ISBN 978-0-912308-85-2. White House Historical Association: 1992. .
- West, J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz (1973). Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. ISBN 978-0-698-10546-1. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. .
- Wolff, Perry. A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Doubleday & Company.
- Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996. Sothebys, Inc.: 1996.
- White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society (2001). The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-912308-79-1..
- ed. by Frank Freidel/William Pencak. The White House. The First Two Hundred Years. Boston.
- Alden, John R. (1993). George Washington, a Biography. Norwalk: Easton Press. ISBN 9780807141083.
- Allen, Gardner Weld (1909). Our Naval War With France. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. OCLC 1202325. „naval war with france.”
- Allen, Gardner Weld (2010) [1905]. Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. ISBN 9781371980283. OCLC 911176707.
- Allen, William C. (2001). History of the United States Capitol – A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-050830-4. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 12. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 30. 7. 2017.
- Bailey, David M.; Kennedy, Lizabeth; Cohen, Thomas A. (2006). The American pageant: a history of the Republic (13th izd.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-47927-9.
- Baker, William Spohn (1897). Washington After the Revolution: 1784–1799 (na jeziku: engleski). str. 118. OCLC 34797089. „george washington Samuel Osgood House april 23-february 23.”
- Barnes, Celia (2003). Native American Power in the United States, 1783–1795. Teaneck, Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3958-5.
- Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014). For Fear of an Elective King: George Washington and the Presidential Title Controversy of 1789. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5298-7.
- Beer, Samuel H. (1987). „Chapter 6: The Idea of the Nation”. Ur.: Goldwin, Robert A.; Schambra, William A. How Federal is the Constitution?. Volume five in the AEI series "A Decade of Study of the Constitution". Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. str. 109–121. ISBN 0-8447-3619-8.
- Bellfy, Philip C. (2011). Three Fires Unity: The Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1348-7.
- Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016). The First Congress. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-45169193-1.
- Boyd, Steven R. (1994). „Chapter 5: The Whiskey Rebellion, Popular Rights, and the Meaning of the First Amendment”. Ur.: Mainwaring, W. Thomas. The Whiskey Rebellion and the Trans-Appalachian Frontier. Washington, Pennsylvania: Washington and Jefferson College. str. 73—84. OCLC 32005769.
- Chardavoyne, David Gardner (2012). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan: People, Law, and Politics. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3720-2.
- Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton. City of Westminster, London, England: Penguin Books. ISBN 1-86320-009-2.
- Chernow, Ron (2010). Washington: A Life. London: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-86320-266-7.
- Combs, Jerald A. (1970). The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01573-8. LCCN 70-84044.
- Craughwell, Thomas J.; Phelps, M. William (2008). Failures of the Presidents: From the Whiskey Rebellion and War of 1812 to the Bay of Pigs and War in Iraq. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press. ISBN 9780785830542.
- Crew, Harvey W.; Webb, William Bensing; Wooldridge, John, ur. (2015) [1892]. Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C.: With Full Outline of the Natural Advantages, Accounts of the Indian Tribes, Selection of the Site, Founding of the City ... to the Present Time. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethern Publishing House. ISBN 978-1343986381. OCLC 612798983. Pristupljeno 29. 12. 2011.
- Daughan, George C. (2008). If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy – From the American Revolution to the War of 1812. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01607-5. OCLC 190876973.
- Elkins, Stanley; McKitrick, Eric (1995). The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509381-0.
- Ellis, Joseph (2016). „George Washington”. Ur.: Gormley, Ken. The Presidents and the Constitution: A Living History. New York: New York University Press Press. str. 17–33. ISBN 9781479839902.
- Ellis, Joseph J. (2000). Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40544-5.
- Ferling, John (2003). A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515924-1.
- Ferling, John (2009). The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon. New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-465-0.
- Fowler, William M. (1984). Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy, 1783–1815. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35314-9. OCLC 10277756.
- Harrison, Lowell H. (1992). Kentucky's Road to Statehood. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1782-8.
- Herring, George (2008). From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507822-0.
- Hoadley, John F. (1986). Origins of American Political Parties: 1789--1803. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-5320-9.
- Hogeland, William (2006). The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5490-2.
- Howarth, Steven (1999). To Shining Sea: A History of the United States Navy, 1775–1998. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806130261.
- Hunt, Alfred N. (1988). Haiti's Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ Press. ISBN 0-8071-1370-0.
- Ifft, Richard A. (1985). „Treason in the Early Republic: The Federal Courts, Popular Protest, and Federalism During the Whiskey Insurrection”. Ur.: Boyd, Steven R. The Whiskey Rebellion: Past and Present Perspectives. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. str. 165—182. ISBN 0-313-24534-7. OCLC 11291120.
- Kent, Charles A. (1918) [Reprinted from the Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, v. 10, no. 4]. The Treaty of Greenville August 3, 1795. Springfield, Illinois: Schnepp and Barnes. LCCN 19013726. 13608—50.
- Maier, Pauline (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86854-7.
- McDonald, Forrest (1974). The Presidency of George Washington. American Presidency. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0359-6.
- Meacham, Jon (2012). Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power. New York City: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6766-4.
- Miller, John C. (1960). The Federalist Era, 1789–1801. New York: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 60-15321 — preko Universal Digital Library (2004-04-24).
- Miller, Nathan (1997). The U.S. Navy: A History (3rd izd.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-595-0. OCLC 37211290.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). The Oxford History of the American People. New York: Oxford University Press. LCCN 65-12468.
- Schecter, Barnet (2010). George Washington's America. A Biography Through His Maps. New York: Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1748-1.
- Sharp, James Roger (1993). American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06519-1.
- Slaughter, Thomas P. (1986). The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505191-2.
- Smith, Page (1962). John Adams. II 1784–1826. New York City: Doubleday. LCCN 63-7188. OCLC 36883390.
- Spaulding, Matthew (2001). „Chapter 2: The Command of its own Fortunes: Reconsidering Washington's Farewell address”. Ur.: Fishman, Ethan M.; Pederson, William D.; Rozell, Mark J. George Washington: Foundation of Presidential Leadership and Character. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. str. 19—32. ISBN 0-275-96868-5. LCCN 00-069857.
- Unger, Harlow (2015). "Mr. President": George Washington and the Making of the Nation's Highest Office (paperback izd.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82353-4.
- Vile, John R. (2005). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-669-8.
- Wood, Gordon S. (2006). Revolutionary Characters. London: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-86320-093-9.
- Wood, Gordon S. (2009). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford History of the United States. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503914-6.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Službena stranica Bele kuće
- Službena stranica Službe nacionalnih parkova za Predsednički park
- Muzej Bele kuće, detaljna ekskurzija preko Interneta
- Detailed 3D computer model of White House and grounds
- Američka skulptura dvadesetog veka u Beloj kući
- Izveštaj časopisa „Tajm“ o kineskoj replici Bele kuće
- The White House Historical Association, with historical photos, online tours and exhibits, timelines, and facts
- „White House Holiday Tour with Laura Bush”. C-SPAN. 3. 12. 2008.
- „White House Tour”. C-SPAN. 7. 7. 1998.
- „Popular video tours”. C-SPAN. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2015.
- Bela kuća na sajtu Twitter