Rhodophyta

Mastocarpus stellatus

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Rhodophyta

Subdivisiones: Cyanidiophytina - Proteorhodophytina - Eurhodophytina

Classes: Bangiophyceae - Compsopogonophyceae - Cyanidiophyceae - Florideophyceae - Porphyridiophyceae - Rhodellophyceae - Stylonematophyceae

Familiae (Classes, ordines incertae sedis): Pterocladiophilaceae

Genera (Classes, ordines, familiae incertae sedis): Callophycus – Chalicostroma – Enigma – Perinema – Rhododiplobia – Selkia

Name

Rhodophyta Wettstein (1901)

Synonyms

• Rhodophyceae Ruprecht, 1851; Thuret, 1855; Rabenhorst, 1863
• Rhodophycota Papenfuss, 1946
• Rhodoplantae Saunders & Hommersand, 2004
• Rhodymeniobiotina Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxiii. 2001 (pro subregum)
• Rhodymeniophyta Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxiii. 2001 (pro phylum)
• Bangiophyta Vaga, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 37: 646. 1952 (“Bangieae”) (pro phylum)
• Porphyridiophyta Shameel, Pakistan J. Mar. Biol. 7: 24. 2001 (pro phylum)

References

Primary references

• Wettstein, R. von 1901. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Vol. 1 pp. [i]–iv, [v], [1]–201. Leipzig & Wien [Vienna]: Franz Deuticke. Reference page. : 46, 182.

Additional references

• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page. 
• Saunders, G. W. & Hommersand, M.H. 2004. Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1494–1507. (online) PDF DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494 Reference page. 
• Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers. ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2. Reference page. 
• Yoon, H.S., Müller, K.M., Sheath, R.G., Ott, F.D., & Bhattacharya, D. 2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 42: 482–492. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x (PDF) Reference page. 
• Yoon, H.S., Nelson, W., Lindstrom, S.C., Boo, S.M., Pueschel, C., Qiu, H. & Bhattacharya, D. 2016. Rhodophyta. pp. 1–45. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_33-1 Reference page. 
• Muñoz-Gómez, S.A., Mejía-Franco, F.G., Durnin, K., Colp, M., Grisdale, C.J., Archibald, J.M. & Slamovits, C.H. 2017. The new red algal subphylum Proteorhodophytina comprises the largest and most divergent plastid genomes known. Current Biology 27: 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.054 Reference page. 

Links

• Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. Rhodophyta. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed 11 March 2018.
• Rhodophyta in the World Register of Marine Species
• Rhodophyta – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
• IUCN link: Rhodophyta threatened species

Vernacular names

беларуская: Чырвоныя водарасці
български: Червени водорасли
čeština: Ruduchy
dansk: Rødalger
Deutsch: Rotalgen
English: Red Algae
eesti: Punavetiktaimed
euskara: Alga gorri
suomi: Punalevät
français: Rhodophycées, algues rouges
Gàidhlig: Feamainn dearg
galego: Algas vermellas
עברית: אדומיות
magyar: Vörösmoszatok
Bahasa Indonesia: Ganggang merah
日本語: 紅藻
ქართული: ძოწეული წყალმცენარეები
한국어: 홍조류
lietuvių: Raudondumbliai
македонски: Црвени алги
Nederlands: Roodalgen
norsk: Rødalger
polski: Krasnorosty
română: Algă roşie
русский: Красные водоросли
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Crvene alge
slovenčina: Červené riasy
slovenščina: Rdeče alge
српски / srpski: Црвене алге
svenska: Rödalger
Türkçe: Kırmızı algler
українська: Червоні водорості
Tiếng Việt: Tảo đỏ
中文: 紅藻门

For more multimedia, look at Rhodophyta on Wikimedia Commons.

Alternative classifications

Dixon (1973)

Dixon, P. S. (1973). Biology of the Rhodophyta. University Reviews in Biology No. 4. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, [1], [2].

• Division Rhodophyta
  • Class Bangiophyceae
    • Order Porphyridiales
    • Order Compsopogonales
    • Order Rhodochaetales
    • Order Bangiales
  • Class Florideophyceae
    • Order Nemalionales
    • Order Gigartinales
    • Order Cryptonemiales
    • Order Rhodymeniales
    • Order Ceramiales

Pueschel & Cole (1982)

Pueschel, C.M. & Cole, K.M. 1982. Rhodophycean pit plugs: an ultrastructural survey with taxonomic implications. American Journal of Botany 69 (5): 703–720, [3].

• Division Rhodophyta
  • Class Bangiophyceae
  • Class Florideophyceae
    • Order Palmariales
    • Order Corallinales
    • Order Gelidiales
    • Order Hildenbrandiales
    • Order Nemaliales
    • Order Batrachospermales
    • Order Bonnemaisoniales
    • Order Gigartinales
    • Order Cryptonemiales
    • Order Rhodymeniales
    • Order Ceramiales

[Note: the authors did not consider taxa in which pit plugs are absent or lack both caps and cap membranes.]

Gabrielson et al., in Margulis et al. (1990)

Gabrielson, P.W., Garbary, D.J., Sommerfeld, M.R., Townsend, R.A. & Tyler, P.L., 1990. 8. Phylum Rhodophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 102-118. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [4].

• Kingdom Protoctista
  • Section II: Phyla without flagellated stages, but with complex sexual cycles
    • Phylum 8. Rhodophyta
      • Class Rhodophyceae

van den Hoek et al. (1995)

Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. & Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [5].

• "Algae"
  • Division Rhodophyta
    • Class Bangiophyceae
      • Order Porphyridiales (e.g., Porphyridium, Chroodactylon)
      • Order Rhodochaetales (e.g., Rhodochaete)
      • Order Erythropeltidales (e.g., Erythrotrichia)
      • Order Compsopogonales
      • Order Bangiales (e.g., Porphyra, Bangia)
    • Class Florideophyceae
      • Order Acrochaetiales (e.g., Audouinella)
      • Order Palmariales (e.g., Palmaria, Rhodophysema)
      • Order Nemaliales (e.g., Nemalion, Galaxaura)
      • Order Batrachospermales (e.g., Lemanea, Batrachospermum)
      • Order Corallinales (e.g., Lithophyllum, Jania)
      • Order Hildenbrandiales
      • Order Bonnemaisoniales
      • Order Gelidiales (e.g., Gelidium)
      • Order Gigartinales (e.g., Acrosymphyton, Dumontia, Chondrus, Mastocarpus)
      • Order Gracilariales
      • Order Ahnfeltiales
      • Order Rhodymeniales (e.g., Chylocladia)
      • Order Ceramiales (e.g., Polysiphonia, Callithamnion, Ceramium, Hypoglossum)

Doweld (2001)

• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page. 

Regnum Rhodymeniobiota Doweld, 2001

• Subregnum Cryptomonadobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 1: Cryptomonadophyta Pascher, 1931 ("Cryptophyta")
    • Class Goniomonadophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    • Class Cryptomonadophyceae Pascher ex Schoenichen, 1925 ("Cryptomonadinae")
• Subregnum Glaucocystobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 1: Glaucocystophyta Skuja, 1954 ("Glaucophyta")
    • Class Glaucocystophyceae Skuja, 1954 (= Glaucosphaerophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
• Subregnum Rhodymeniobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 1: Cyanidiophyta Moehn ex Doweld, 2001
    • Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola, 1982
  • Phylum 2: Rhodymeniophyta Doweld, 2001
    • Class Bangiophyceae Wettstein, 1901 ("Bangiales")
    • Class Rhodymeniophyceae Doweld, 2001

Saunders & Hommersand (2004)

G. W. Saunders & M. H. Hommersand (2004). Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1494–1507, [6].

Kingdom Plantae

• Subkingdom Rhodoplantae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subregnum nov.
  • Phylum 1: Cyanidiophyta Moehn ex Doweld 2001
    • Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola et al., 1981
      • Order Cyanidiales T. Christensen 1962
  • Phylum 2: Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901
    • Subphylum 1: Rhodellophytina Cavalier-Smith 1998
      • Class Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1998
        • Order 1 “Porphyridiales 1” (in Fig. 2; including Rhodella, on which the class and subphylum are based)
        • Order 2 Stylonematales K. Drew 1956 (Porphyridiales 2 in Fig. 2, includes Stylonemataceae K. Drew)
        • Order 3 Porphyridiales Kylin ex Skuja 1939 (Porphyridiales 3 in Fig. 2, includes Porphyridiaceae Skuja)
    • Subphylum 2: Metarhodophytina G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subphylum nov.
      • Class Compsopogonophyceae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand classis nov.
        • Order 1 Compsopogonales Skuja 1939: 34. (includes Boldiaceae Herndon and Compsopogonaceae Schmitz)
        • Order 2 Erythropeltidales Garbary et al. 1980 (includes Erythrotrichiaceae G.M. Smith [cf. Silva, 1996])
        • Order 3 Rhodochaetales Bessey 1907 (includes Rhodochaetaceae Schmitz)
    • Subphylum 3: Eurhodophytina G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subphylum nov.
      • Class 1: Bangiophyceae A. Wettstein 1901
        • Order Bangiales Nägeli 1847
      • Class 2: Florideophyceae Cronquist 1960
        • Subclass 1: Hildenbrandiophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • Order Hildenbrandiales Pueschel et K.M. Cole 1982: 718.
        • Subclass 2: Nemaliophycidae Christensen 1978
          • Order Acrochaetiales
          • Order Balbianiales
          • Order Balliales
          • Order Batrachospermales
          • Order Colaconematales
          • Order Corallinales
          • Order Nemaliales Schmitz in Engler 1892
          • Order Palmariales
          • Order Rhodogorgonales
          • Order Thoreales
        • Subclass 3: Ahnfeltiophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • Order 1 Ahnfeltiales Maggs et Pueschel 1989: 349.
          • Order 2 Pihiellales Huisman et al. 2003
        • Subclass 4: Rhodymeniophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • Order Bonnemaisoniales
          • Order Ceramiales
          • Order Gelidiales
          • Order Gigartinales
          • Order Gracilariales
          • Order Halymeniales
          • Order Nemastomatales
          • Order Plocamiales
          • Order Rhodymeniales Schmitz in Engler 1892: 19.

Yoon et al. (2006)

• Yoon, H.S., Müller, K.M., Sheath, R.G., Ott, F.D., & Bhattacharya, D. 2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 42: 482–492. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x (PDF) Reference page. 

Phylum Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901

• Subphylum 1: Cyanidiophytina H. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, R. G. Sheath, F. D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, subphylum nov.
  • Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola, Castaldo, De Luca, Gambardella, Musacchio et Taddei 1981
• Subphylum 2: Rhodophytina
  • Class 1: Bangiophyceae Wettstein 1901
  • Class 2: Compsopogonophyceae G. W. Saunders et Hommersand 2004
  • Class 3: Florideophyceae Cronquist 1960
  • Class 4: Porphyridiophyceae H. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, R. G. Sheath, F. D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, class nov.
  • Class 5: Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1998
  • Class 6: Stylonematophyceae H.S. Yoon, K.M. Müller, R.G. Sheath, F.D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, classis nov.

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [7].

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
    • Subkingdom Biliphyta
      • Phylum Glaucophyta
        • Class Glaucophyceae
          • Order Glaucocystales
      • Phylum Rhodophyta
        • Subphylum Cyanidiophytina
          • Class Cyanidiophyceae
            • Order Cyanidiales
        • Subphylum Eurhodophytina
          • Class Bangiophyceae
            • Order Bangiales
            • Order Goniotrichales
          • Class Florideophyceae
            • Subclass N.N.
              • Order Rhodachlyales
            • Subclass Ahnfeltiophycidae
              • Order Ahnfeltiales
              • Order Pihiellales
            • Subclass Corallinophycidae
              • Order Corallinales
              • Order Rhodogorgonales
              • Order Sporolithales
            • Subclass Hildenbrandiophyceae
              • Order Hildenbrandiales
            • Subclass Nemaliophycidae
              • Order Acrochaetiales
              • Order Balbianiales
              • Order Balliales
              • Order Batrachospermales
              • Order Colaconematales
              • Order Entwisleiales
              • Order Nemaliales
              • Order Palmariales
              • Order Thoreales
            • Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
              • Order Acrosymphytales
              • Order Bonnemaisoniales
              • Order Ceramiales
              • Order Gelidiales
              • Order Gigartinales
              • Order Gracilariales
              • Order Halymeniales
              • Order Nemastomatales
              • Order Peyssonneliales
              • Order Plocamiales
              • Order Rhodymeniales
              • Order Sebdeniales
        • Subphylum Metarhodophytina
          • Class Compsopogonophyceae
            • Order Compsopogonales
            • Order Erythropeltidales
            • Order Rhodochaetales
        • Subphylum Rhodellophytina
          • Class Porphyridiophyceae
            • Order Porphyridiales
          • Class Rhodellophyceae
            • Order Dixoniellales
            • Order Glaucosphaerales
            • Order Rhodellales
          • Class Stylonematophyceae
            • Order Rufusiales
            • Order Stylonematales
    • Subkingdom Viridiplantae
      • Infrakingdom Chlorophyta
      • Infrakingdom Streptophyta
        • Superphylum Charophyta
        • Superphylum Embryophyta
          • Phylum Anthocerotophyta
          • Phylum Bryophyta
          • Phylum Marchantiophyta
          • Phylum Tracheophyta