GraphX Programming Guide
- Overview
- Getting Started
- The Property Graph
- Graph Operators
- Pregel API
- Graph Builders
- Vertex and Edge RDDs
- Optimized Representation
- Graph Algorithms
- Examples
Overview
GraphX is a new component in Spark for graphs and graph-parallel computation. At a high level, GraphX extends the Spark RDD by introducing a new Graph abstraction: a directed multigraph with properties attached to each vertex and edge. To support graph computation, GraphX exposes a set of fundamental operators (e.g., subgraph, joinVertices, and aggregateMessages) as well as an optimized variant of the Pregel API. In addition, GraphX includes a growing collection of graph algorithms and builders to simplify graph analytics tasks.
Getting Started
To get started you first need to import Spark and GraphX into your project, as follows:
If you are not using the Spark shell you will also need a SparkContext
. To learn more about
getting started with Spark refer to the Spark Quick Start Guide.
The Property Graph
The property graph is a directed multigraph
with user defined objects attached to each vertex and edge. A directed multigraph is a directed
graph with potentially multiple parallel edges sharing the same source and destination vertex. The
ability to support parallel edges simplifies modeling scenarios where there can be multiple
relationships (e.g., co-worker and friend) between the same vertices. Each vertex is keyed by a
unique 64-bit long identifier (VertexId
). GraphX does not impose any ordering constraints on
the vertex identifiers. Similarly, edges have corresponding source and destination vertex
identifiers.
The property graph is parameterized over the vertex (VD
) and edge (ED
) types. These
are the types of the objects associated with each vertex and edge respectively.
GraphX optimizes the representation of vertex and edge types when they are primitive data types (e.g., int, double, etc…) reducing the in memory footprint by storing them in specialized arrays.
In some cases it may be desirable to have vertices with different property types in the same graph. This can be accomplished through inheritance. For example to model users and products as a bipartite graph we might do the following:
Like RDDs, property graphs are immutable, distributed, and fault-tolerant. Changes to the values or structure of the graph are accomplished by producing a new graph with the desired changes. Note that substantial parts of the original graph (i.e., unaffected structure, attributes, and indices) are reused in the new graph reducing the cost of this inherently functional data structure. The graph is partitioned across the executors using a range of vertex partitioning heuristics. As with RDDs, each partition of the graph can be recreated on a different machine in the event of a failure.
Logically the property graph corresponds to a pair of typed collections (RDDs) encoding the properties for each vertex and edge. As a consequence, the graph class contains members to access the vertices and edges of the graph:
The classes VertexRDD[VD]
and EdgeRDD[ED]
extend and are optimized versions of RDD[(VertexId,
VD)]
and RDD[Edge[ED]]
respectively. Both VertexRDD[VD]
and EdgeRDD[ED]
provide additional
functionality built around graph computation and leverage internal optimizations. We discuss the
VertexRDD
VertexRDD and EdgeRDD
EdgeRDD API in greater detail in the section on vertex and edge
RDDs but for now they can be thought of as simply RDDs of the form:
RDD[(VertexId, VD)]
and RDD[Edge[ED]]
.
Example Property Graph
Suppose we want to construct a property graph consisting of the various collaborators on the GraphX project. The vertex property might contain the username and occupation. We could annotate edges with a string describing the relationships between collaborators:
The resulting graph would have the type signature:
There are numerous ways to construct a property graph from raw files, RDDs, and even synthetic generators and these are discussed in more detail in the section on graph builders. Probably the most general method is to use the Graph object. For example the following code constructs a graph from a collection of RDDs:
In the above example we make use of the Edge
case class. Edges have a srcId
and a
dstId
corresponding to the source and destination vertex identifiers. In addition, the Edge
class has an attr
member which stores the edge property.
We can deconstruct a graph into the respective vertex and edge views by using the graph.vertices
and graph.edges
members respectively.
Note that
graph.vertices
returns anVertexRDD[(String, String)]
which extendsRDD[(VertexId, (String, String))]
and so we use the scalacase
expression to deconstruct the tuple. On the other hand,graph.edges
returns anEdgeRDD
containingEdge[String]
objects. We could have also used the case class type constructor as in the following:
In addition to the vertex and edge views of the property graph, GraphX also exposes a triplet view.
The triplet view logically joins the vertex and edge properties yielding an
RDD[EdgeTriplet[VD, ED]]
containing instances of the EdgeTriplet
class. This
join can be expressed in the following SQL expression:
or graphically as:
The EdgeTriplet
class extends the Edge
class by adding the srcAttr
and
dstAttr
members which contain the source and destination properties respectively. We can use the
triplet view of a graph to render a collection of strings describing relationships between users.
Graph Operators
Just as RDDs have basic operations like map
, filter
, and reduceByKey
, property graphs also
have a collection of basic operators that take user defined functions and produce new graphs with
transformed properties and structure. The core operators that have optimized implementations are
defined in Graph
and convenient operators that are expressed as a compositions of the
core operators are defined in GraphOps
. However, thanks to Scala implicits the
operators in GraphOps
are automatically available as members of Graph
. For example, we can
compute the in-degree of each vertex (defined in GraphOps
) by the following:
The reason for differentiating between core graph operations and GraphOps
is to be
able to support different graph representations in the future. Each graph representation must
provide implementations of the core operations and reuse many of the useful operations defined in
GraphOps
.
Summary List of Operators
The following is a quick summary of the functionality defined in both Graph
and
GraphOps
but presented as members of Graph for simplicity. Note that some function
signatures have been simplified (e.g., default arguments and type constraints removed) and some more
advanced functionality has been removed so please consult the API docs for the official list of
operations.
Property Operators
Like the RDD map
operator, the property graph contains the following:
Each of these operators yields a new graph with the vertex or edge properties modified by the user
defined map
function.
Note that in each case the graph structure is unaffected. This is a key feature of these operators which allows the resulting graph to reuse the structural indices of the original graph. The following snippets are logically equivalent, but the first one does not preserve the structural indices and would not benefit from the GraphX system optimizations:
Instead, use
mapVertices
to preserve the indices:
These operators are often used to initialize the graph for a particular computation or project away unnecessary properties. For example, given a graph with the out degrees as the vertex properties (we describe how to construct such a graph later), we initialize it for PageRank:
Structural Operators
Currently GraphX supports only a simple set of commonly used structural operators and we expect to add more in the future. The following is a list of the basic structural operators.
The reverse
operator returns a new graph with all the edge directions reversed.
This can be useful when, for example, trying to compute the inverse PageRank. Because the reverse
operation does not modify vertex or edge properties or change the number of edges, it can be
implemented efficiently without data movement or duplication.
The subgraph
operator takes vertex and edge predicates and returns the graph
containing only the vertices that satisfy the vertex predicate (evaluate to true) and edges that
satisfy the edge predicate and connect vertices that satisfy the vertex predicate. The subgraph
operator can be used in number of situations to restrict the graph to the vertices and edges of
interest or eliminate broken links. For example in the following code we remove broken links:
Note in the above example only the vertex predicate is provided. The
subgraph
operator defaults totrue
if the vertex or edge predicates are not provided.
The mask
operator constructs a subgraph by returning a graph that contains the
vertices and edges that are also found in the input graph. This can be used in conjunction with the
subgraph
operator to restrict a graph based on the properties in another related graph. For
example, we might run connected components using the graph with missing vertices and then restrict
the answer to the valid subgraph.
The groupEdges
operator merges parallel edges (i.e., duplicate edges between
pairs of vertices) in the multigraph. In many numerical applications, parallel edges can be added
(their weights combined) into a single edge thereby reducing the size of the graph.
Join Operators
In many cases it is necessary to join data from external collections (RDDs) with graphs. For example, we might have extra user properties that we want to merge with an existing graph or we might want to pull vertex properties from one graph into another. These tasks can be accomplished using the join operators. Below we list the key join operators:
The joinVertices
operator joins the vertices with the input RDD and
returns a new graph with the vertex properties obtained by applying the user defined map
function
to the result of the joined vertices. Vertices without a matching value in the RDD retain their
original value.
Note that if the RDD contains more than one value for a given vertex only one will be used. It is therefore recommended that the input RDD be made unique using the following which will also pre-index the resulting values to substantially accelerate the subsequent join.
The more general outerJoinVertices
behaves similarly to joinVertices
except that the user defined map
function is applied to all vertices and can change the vertex
property type. Because not all vertices may have a matching value in the input RDD the map
function takes an Option
type. For example, we can set up a graph for PageRank by initializing
vertex properties with their outDegree
.
You may have noticed the multiple parameter lists (e.g.,
f(a)(b)
) curried function pattern used in the above examples. While we could have equally writtenf(a)(b)
asf(a,b)
this would mean that type inference onb
would not depend ona
. As a consequence, the user would need to provide type annotation for the user defined function:
Neighborhood Aggregation
A key step in many graph analytics tasks is aggregating information about the neighborhood of each vertex. For example, we might want to know the number of followers each user has or the average age of the followers of each user. Many iterative graph algorithms (e.g., PageRank, Shortest Path, and connected components) repeatedly aggregate properties of neighboring vertices (e.g., current PageRank Value, shortest path to the source, and smallest reachable vertex id).
To improve performance the primary aggregation operator changed from
graph.mapReduceTriplets
to the newgraph.AggregateMessages
. While the changes in the API are relatively small, we provide a transition guide below.
Aggregate Messages (aggregateMessages)
The core aggregation operation in GraphX is aggregateMessages
.
This operator applies a user defined sendMsg
function to each edge triplet in the graph
and then uses the mergeMsg
function to aggregate those messages at their destination vertex.
The user defined sendMsg
function takes an EdgeContext
, which exposes the
source and destination attributes along with the edge attribute and functions
(sendToSrc
, and sendToDst
) to send
messages to the source and destination attributes. Think of sendMsg
as the map
function in map-reduce.
The user defined mergeMsg
function takes two messages destined to the same vertex and
yields a single message. Think of mergeMsg
as the reduce function in map-reduce.
The aggregateMessages
operator returns a VertexRDD[Msg]
containing the aggregate message (of type Msg
) destined to each vertex. Vertices that did not
receive a message are not included in the returned VertexRDD
VertexRDD.
In addition, aggregateMessages
takes an optional
tripletsFields
which indicates what data is accessed in the EdgeContext
(i.e., the source vertex attribute but not the destination vertex attribute).
The possible options for the tripletsFields
are defined in TripletFields
and
the default value is TripletFields.All
which indicates that the user
defined sendMsg
function may access any of the fields in the EdgeContext
.
The tripletFields
argument can be used to notify GraphX that only part of the
EdgeContext
will be needed allowing GraphX to select an optimized join strategy.
For example if we are computing the average age of the followers of each user we would only require
the source field and so we would use TripletFields.Src
to indicate that we
only require the source field
In earlier versions of GraphX we used byte code inspection to infer the
TripletFields
however we have found that bytecode inspection to be slightly unreliable and instead opted for more explicit user control.
In the following example we use the aggregateMessages
operator to
compute the average age of the more senior followers of each user.
import org.apache.spark.graphx.{Graph, VertexRDD}
import org.apache.spark.graphx.util.GraphGenerators
// Create a graph with "age" as the vertex property.
// Here we use a random graph for simplicity.
val graph: Graph[Double, Int] =
GraphGenerators.logNormalGraph(sc, numVertices = 100).mapVertices( (id, _) => id.toDouble )
// Compute the number of older followers and their total age
val olderFollowers: VertexRDD[(Int, Double)] = graph.aggregateMessages[(Int, Double)](
triplet => { // Map Function
if (triplet.srcAttr > triplet.dstAttr) {
// Send message to destination vertex containing counter and age
triplet.sendToDst((1, triplet.srcAttr))
}
},
// Add counter and age
(a, b) => (a._1 b._1, a._2 b._2) // Reduce Function
)
// Divide total age by number of older followers to get average age of older followers
val avgAgeOfOlderFollowers: VertexRDD[Double] =
olderFollowers.mapValues( (id, value) =>
value match { case (count, totalAge) => totalAge / count } )
// Display the results
avgAgeOfOlderFollowers.collect.foreach(println(_))
The
aggregateMessages
operation performs optimally when the messages (and the sums of messages) are constant sized (e.g., floats and addition instead of lists and concatenation).
Map Reduce Triplets Transition Guide (Legacy)
In earlier versions of GraphX neighborhood aggregation was accomplished using the
mapReduceTriplets
operator:
The mapReduceTriplets
operator takes a user defined map function which
is applied to each triplet and can yield messages which are aggregated using the user defined
reduce
function.
However, we found the user of the returned iterator to be expensive and it inhibited our ability to
apply additional optimizations (e.g., local vertex renumbering).
In aggregateMessages
we introduced the EdgeContext which exposes the
triplet fields and also functions to explicitly send messages to the source and destination vertex.
Furthermore we removed bytecode inspection and instead require the user to indicate what fields
in the triplet are actually required.
The following code block using mapReduceTriplets
:
can be rewritten using aggregateMessages
as:
Computing Degree Information
A common aggregation task is computing the degree of each vertex: the number of edges adjacent to
each vertex. In the context of directed graphs it is often necessary to know the in-degree,
out-degree, and the total degree of each vertex. The GraphOps
class contains a
collection of operators to compute the degrees of each vertex. For example in the following we
compute the max in, out, and total degrees:
Collecting Neighbors
In some cases it may be easier to express computation by collecting neighboring vertices and their
attributes at each vertex. This can be easily accomplished using the
collectNeighborIds
and the
collectNeighbors
operators.
These operators can be quite costly as they duplicate information and require substantial communication. If possible try expressing the same computation using the
aggregateMessages
operator directly.
Caching and Uncaching
In Spark, RDDs are not persisted in memory by default. To avoid recomputation, they must be explicitly cached when using them multiple times (see the Spark Programming Guide). Graphs in GraphX behave the same way. When using a graph multiple times, make sure to call Graph.cache()
on it first.
In iterative computations, uncaching may also be necessary for best performance. By default, cached RDDs and graphs will remain in memory until memory pressure forces them to be evicted in LRU order. For iterative computation, intermediate results from previous iterations will fill up the cache. Though they will eventually be evicted, the unnecessary data stored in memory will slow down garbage collection. It would be more efficient to uncache intermediate results as soon as they are no longer necessary. This involves materializing (caching and forcing) a graph or RDD every iteration, uncaching all other datasets, and only using the materialized dataset in future iterations. However, because graphs are composed of multiple RDDs, it can be difficult to unpersist them correctly. For iterative computation we recommend using the Pregel API, which correctly unpersists intermediate results.
Pregel API
Graphs are inherently recursive data structures as properties of vertices depend on properties of their neighbors which in turn depend on properties of their neighbors. As a consequence many important graph algorithms iteratively recompute the properties of each vertex until a fixed-point condition is reached. A range of graph-parallel abstractions have been proposed to express these iterative algorithms. GraphX exposes a variant of the Pregel API.
At a high level the Pregel operator in GraphX is a bulk-synchronous parallel messaging abstraction constrained to the topology of the graph. The Pregel operator executes in a series of super steps in which vertices receive the sum of their inbound messages from the previous super step, compute a new value for the vertex property, and then send messages to neighboring vertices in the next super step. Unlike Pregel, messages are computed in parallel as a function of the edge triplet and the message computation has access to both the source and destination vertex attributes. Vertices that do not receive a message are skipped within a super step. The Pregel operator terminates iteration and returns the final graph when there are no messages remaining.
Note, unlike more standard Pregel implementations, vertices in GraphX can only send messages to neighboring vertices and the message construction is done in parallel using a user defined messaging function. These constraints allow additional optimization within GraphX.
The following is the type signature of the Pregel operator as well as a sketch of its implementation (note: to avoid stackOverflowError due to long lineage chains, pregel support periodically checkpoint graph and messages by setting “spark.graphx.pregel.checkpointInterval” to a positive number, say 10. And set checkpoint directory as well using SparkContext.setCheckpointDir(directory: String)):
Notice that Pregel takes two argument lists (i.e., graph.pregel(list1)(list2)
). The first
argument list contains configuration parameters including the initial message, the maximum number of
iterations, and the edge direction in which to send messages (by default along out edges). The
second argument list contains the user defined functions for receiving messages (the vertex program
vprog
), computing messages (sendMsg
), and combining messages mergeMsg
.
We can use the Pregel operator to express computation such as single source shortest path in the following example.
import org.apache.spark.graphx.{Graph, VertexId}
import org.apache.spark.graphx.util.GraphGenerators
// A graph with edge attributes containing distances
val graph: Graph[Long, Double] =
GraphGenerators.logNormalGraph(sc, numVertices = 100).mapEdges(e => e.attr.toDouble)
val sourceId: VertexId = 42 // The ultimate source
// Initialize the graph such that all vertices except the root have distance infinity.
val initialGraph = graph.mapVertices((id, _) =>
if (id == sourceId) 0.0 else Double.PositiveInfinity)
val sssp = initialGraph.pregel(Double.PositiveInfinity)(
(id, dist, newDist) => math.min(dist, newDist), // Vertex Program
triplet => { // Send Message
if (triplet.srcAttr triplet.attr < triplet.dstAttr) {
Iterator((triplet.dstId, triplet.srcAttr triplet.attr))
} else {
Iterator.empty
}
},
(a, b) => math.min(a, b) // Merge Message
)
println(sssp.vertices.collect.mkString("\n"))
Graph Builders
GraphX provides several ways of building a graph from a collection of vertices and edges in an RDD or on disk. None of the graph builders repartitions the graph’s edges by default; instead, edges are left in their default partitions (such as their original blocks in HDFS). Graph.groupEdges
requires the graph to be repartitioned because it assumes identical edges will be colocated on the same partition, so you must call Graph.partitionBy
before calling groupEdges
.
GraphLoader.edgeListFile
provides a way to load a graph from a list of edges on disk. It parses an adjacency list of (source vertex ID, destination vertex ID) pairs of the following form, skipping comment lines that begin with #
:
# This is a comment
2 1
4 1
1 2
It creates a Graph
from the specified edges, automatically creating any vertices mentioned by edges. All vertex and edge attributes default to 1. The canonicalOrientation
argument allows reorienting edges in the positive direction (srcId < dstId
), which is required by the connected components algorithm. The minEdgePartitions
argument specifies the minimum number of edge partitions to generate; there may be more edge partitions than specified if, for example, the HDFS file has more blocks.
Graph.apply
allows creating a graph from RDDs of vertices and edges. Duplicate vertices are picked arbitrarily and vertices found in the edge RDD but not the vertex RDD are assigned the default attribute.
Graph.fromEdges
allows creating a graph from only an RDD of edges, automatically creating any vertices mentioned by edges and assigning them the default value.
Graph.fromEdgeTuples
allows creating a graph from only an RDD of edge tuples, assigning the edges the value 1, and automatically creating any vertices mentioned by edges and assigning them the default value. It also supports deduplicating the edges; to deduplicate, pass Some
of a PartitionStrategy
as the uniqueEdges
parameter (for example, uniqueEdges = Some(PartitionStrategy.RandomVertexCut)
). A partition strategy is necessary to colocate identical edges on the same partition so they can be deduplicated.
Vertex and Edge RDDs
GraphX exposes RDD
views of the vertices and edges stored within the graph. However, because
GraphX maintains the vertices and edges in optimized data structures and these data structures
provide additional functionality, the vertices and edges are returned as VertexRDD
VertexRDD and EdgeRDD
EdgeRDD
respectively. In this section we review some of the additional useful functionality in these types.
Note that this is just an incomplete list, please refer to the API docs for the official list of operations.
VertexRDDs
The VertexRDD[A]
extends RDD[(VertexId, A)]
and adds the additional constraint that each
VertexId
occurs only once. Moreover, VertexRDD[A]
represents a set of vertices each with an
attribute of type A
. Internally, this is achieved by storing the vertex attributes in a reusable
hash-map data-structure. As a consequence if two VertexRDD
s are derived from the same base
VertexRDD
VertexRDD (e.g., by filter
or mapValues
) they can be joined in constant time without hash
evaluations. To leverage this indexed data structure, the VertexRDD
VertexRDD exposes the following
additional functionality:
Notice, for example, how the filter
operator returns a VertexRDD
VertexRDD. Filter is actually
implemented using a BitSet
thereby reusing the index and preserving the ability to do fast joins
with other VertexRDD
s. Likewise, the mapValues
operators do not allow the map
function to
change the VertexId
thereby enabling the same HashMap
data structures to be reused. Both the
leftJoin
and innerJoin
are able to identify when joining two VertexRDD
s derived from the same
HashMap
and implement the join by linear scan rather than costly point lookups.
The aggregateUsingIndex
operator is useful for efficient construction of a new VertexRDD
VertexRDD from an
RDD[(VertexId, A)]
. Conceptually, if I have constructed a VertexRDD[B]
over a set of vertices,
which is a super-set of the vertices in some RDD[(VertexId, A)]
then I can reuse the index to
both aggregate and then subsequently index the RDD[(VertexId, A)]
. For example:
EdgeRDDs
The EdgeRDD[ED]
, which extends RDD[Edge[ED]]
organizes the edges in blocks partitioned using one
of the various partitioning strategies defined in PartitionStrategy
. Within
each partition, edge attributes and adjacency structure, are stored separately enabling maximum
reuse when changing attribute values.
The three additional functions exposed by the EdgeRDD
EdgeRDD are:
In most applications we have found that operations on the EdgeRDD
EdgeRDD are accomplished through the
graph operators or rely on operations defined in the base RDD
class.
Optimized Representation
While a detailed description of the optimizations used in the GraphX representation of distributed graphs is beyond the scope of this guide, some high-level understanding may aid in the design of scalable algorithms as well as optimal use of the API. GraphX adopts a vertex-cut approach to distributed graph partitioning:
Rather than splitting graphs along edges, GraphX partitions the graph along vertices which can
reduce both the communication and storage overhead. Logically, this corresponds to assigning edges
to machines and allowing vertices to span multiple machines. The exact method of assigning edges
depends on the PartitionStrategy
and there are several tradeoffs to the
various heuristics. Users can choose between different strategies by repartitioning the graph with
the Graph.partitionBy
operator. The default partitioning strategy is to use
the initial partitioning of the edges as provided on graph construction. However, users can easily
switch to 2D-partitioning or other heuristics included in GraphX.
Once the edges have been partitioned the key challenge to efficient graph-parallel computation is
efficiently joining vertex attributes with the edges. Because real-world graphs typically have more
edges than vertices, we move vertex attributes to the edges. Because not all partitions will
contain edges adjacent to all vertices we internally maintain a routing table which identifies where
to broadcast vertices when implementing the join required for operations like triplets
and
aggregateMessages
.
Graph Algorithms
GraphX includes a set of graph algorithms to simplify analytics tasks. The algorithms are contained in the org.apache.spark.graphx.lib
package and can be accessed directly as methods on Graph
via GraphOps
. This section describes the algorithms and how they are used.
PageRank
PageRank measures the importance of each vertex in a graph, assuming an edge from u to v represents an endorsement of v’s importance by u. For example, if a Twitter user is followed by many others, the user will be ranked highly.
GraphX comes with static and dynamic implementations of PageRank as methods on the PageRank
object. Static PageRank runs for a fixed number of iterations, while dynamic PageRank runs until the ranks converge (i.e., stop changing by more than a specified tolerance). GraphOps
allows calling these algorithms directly as methods on Graph
.
GraphX also includes an example social network dataset that we can run PageRank on. A set of users is given in data/graphx/users.txt
, and a set of relationships between users is given in data/graphx/followers.txt
. We compute the PageRank of each user as follows:
import org.apache.spark.graphx.GraphLoader
// Load the edges as a graph
val graph = GraphLoader.edgeListFile(sc, "data/graphx/followers.txt")
// Run PageRank
val ranks = graph.pageRank(0.0001).vertices
// Join the ranks with the usernames
val users = sc.textFile("data/graphx/users.txt").map { line =>
val fields = line.split(",")
(fields(0).toLong, fields(1))
}
val ranksByUsername = users.join(ranks).map {
case (id, (username, rank)) => (username, rank)
}
// Print the result
println(ranksByUsername.collect().mkString("\n"))
Connected Components
The connected components algorithm labels each connected component of the graph with the ID of its lowest-numbered vertex. For example, in a social network, connected components can approximate clusters. GraphX contains an implementation of the algorithm in the ConnectedComponents
object, and we compute the connected components of the example social network dataset from the PageRank section as follows:
import org.apache.spark.graphx.GraphLoader
// Load the graph as in the PageRank example
val graph = GraphLoader.edgeListFile(sc, "data/graphx/followers.txt")
// Find the connected components
val cc = graph.connectedComponents().vertices
// Join the connected components with the usernames
val users = sc.textFile("data/graphx/users.txt").map { line =>
val fields = line.split(",")
(fields(0).toLong, fields(1))
}
val ccByUsername = users.join(cc).map {
case (id, (username, cc)) => (username, cc)
}
// Print the result
println(ccByUsername.collect().mkString("\n"))
Triangle Counting
A vertex is part of a triangle when it has two adjacent vertices with an edge between them. GraphX implements a triangle counting algorithm in the TriangleCount
object that determines the number of triangles passing through each vertex, providing a measure of clustering. We compute the triangle count of the social network dataset from the PageRank section. Note that TriangleCount
requires the edges to be in canonical orientation (srcId < dstId
) and the graph to be partitioned using Graph.partitionBy
.
import org.apache.spark.graphx.{GraphLoader, PartitionStrategy}
// Load the edges in canonical order and partition the graph for triangle count
val graph = GraphLoader.edgeListFile(sc, "data/graphx/followers.txt", true)
.partitionBy(PartitionStrategy.RandomVertexCut)
// Find the triangle count for each vertex
val triCounts = graph.triangleCount().vertices
// Join the triangle counts with the usernames
val users = sc.textFile("data/graphx/users.txt").map { line =>
val fields = line.split(",")
(fields(0).toLong, fields(1))
}
val triCountByUsername = users.join(triCounts).map { case (id, (username, tc)) =>
(username, tc)
}
// Print the result
println(triCountByUsername.collect().mkString("\n"))
Examples
Suppose I want to build a graph from some text files, restrict the graph to important relationships and users, run page-rank on the subgraph, and then finally return attributes associated with the top users. I can do all of this in just a few lines with GraphX:
import org.apache.spark.graphx.GraphLoader
// Load my user data and parse into tuples of user id and attribute list
val users = (sc.textFile("data/graphx/users.txt")
.map(line => line.split(",")).map( parts => (parts.head.toLong, parts.tail) ))
// Parse the edge data which is already in userId -> userId format
val followerGraph = GraphLoader.edgeListFile(sc, "data/graphx/followers.txt")
// Attach the user attributes
val graph = followerGraph.outerJoinVertices(users) {
case (uid, deg, Some(attrList)) => attrList
// Some users may not have attributes so we set them as empty
case (uid, deg, None) => Array.empty[String]
}
// Restrict the graph to users with usernames and names
val subgraph = graph.subgraph(vpred = (vid, attr) => attr.size == 2)
// Compute the PageRank
val pagerankGraph = subgraph.pageRank(0.001)
// Get the attributes of the top pagerank users
val userInfoWithPageRank = subgraph.outerJoinVertices(pagerankGraph.vertices) {
case (uid, attrList, Some(pr)) => (pr, attrList.toList)
case (uid, attrList, None) => (0.0, attrList.toList)
}
println(userInfoWithPageRank.vertices.top(5)(Ordering.by(_._2._1)).mkString("\n"))