Marionetna država

Marionetna država, marionetni režim, marionetna vlada ali navidezna vlada^[1] je država, ki je de jure neodvisna, a de facto popolnoma odvisna od zunanje sile in je podvržena njenim ukazom.^[2] Marionetne države imajo nominalno suverenost, vendar tuja sila učinkovito izvaja nadzor v obliki finančnih interesov ter gospodarske ali vojaške podpora.^[3] S tem ko pustijo lokalno vlado, se zunanje sile izognejo vsaki odgovornosti, hkrati pa uspešno ohromijo sicer tolerirano vlado.^[1]

Marionetne države se ločijo od zavezništev, ki svoja dejanja izbirajo sama ali v skladu z mednarodnimi pogodbami, ki so jih prostovoljno podpisale države članice. Marionetne države so prisiljene zagotoviti pravno potrditev dejanj, ki jih je že izvedla tuja sila.

Značilnosti

Marionetna država ohranja zunanje znake neodvisnosti (kot so ime, zastava, himna, ustava, zakonik, moto in vlada), v resnici pa je organ druge države, ki ustvarja,^[4] sponzorira ali kako drugače nadzoruje vlado marionetne države (tako imenovano »marionetno vlado«). Mednarodno pravo okupiranih marionetnih držav ne priznava kot legitimnih.^[5]

Marionetne države lahko prenehajo biti marionete z:

vojaškim porazom »nadrejene« države (kot v Evropi in Aziji leta 1945),
absorpcijo v gospodarsko državo (kot v zgodnji Sovjetski zvezi),
revolucijo, zlasti po umiku tujih okupacijskih sil (Afganistan leta 1992), ali
dosegom neodvisnosti z državotvornimi metodami (zlasti z dekolonizacijo).

Terminologija

Izraz je metafora, ki državo ali vlado primerja z lutko, ki jo z vrvicami nadzoruje lutkar.^[6] Prva zabeležena uporaba izraza 'marionetna vlada' je iz leta 1884 in se nanaša na egiptovski Kedivat.^[7]

V srednjem veku so obstajale vazalne države, ki so temeljile na prenosu vladavine državi s kralja na plemiče nižjega ranga. Od vestfalskega miru leta 1648 se je pojavil koncept naroda, kjer je bila suverenost bolj povezana z lokalnimi prebivalci, kot z lastniki ozemlja oz. plemstvom.

Podoben koncept, ki je v glavnem povezan s politično zgodovino pred 19. stoletjem, je suzerenstvo, nadzor nad zunanjimi zadevami ene države s strani druge.

Sklici

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Morgan Shuster. »The Strangling of Persia: A Story of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue«. str. 221.
↑ Compare: Marek, Krystyna (1954). Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Library Droz. str. 178. ISBN 9782600040440. [...] an allegedly independent, but 'actually' dependent, i.e. puppet State [...].
↑ McNeely, Connie L. (1995). Constructing the Nation-state: International Organization and Prescriptive Action. Greenwood Publishing Group. str. 61. ISBN 978-0-313-29398-6. Pridobljeno 13. septembra 2017. The term 'puppet state' is used to describe nominal sovereigns under effective foreign control...
↑ Raič, David (2002). Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination. Kluwer Law International. str. 81. ISBN 90-411-1890-X. Pridobljeno 13. septembra 2017. In most cases, puppet States are created by the occupant during occupation of a State, for the purpose of circumventing the former's international responsibility regarding the violation of the rights of the occupied State.
↑ Lemkin, Raphaël (2008) [1944]. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. str. 11. ISBN 978-1-58477-901-8. Pridobljeno 30. junija 2019. The creation of puppet states or of puppet governments does not give them any special status under international law in the occupied territory. Therefore the puppet governments and puppet states have no greater rights in the occupied territory than the occupant himself. Their actions should be considered as actions of the occupant and hence subject to the limitations of the Hague Regulations.
↑ Shapiro, Stephen (2003). Ultra Hush-hush. Annick Press. str. 38. ISBN 1-55037-778-7. Puppet state: a country whose government is being controlled by the government of another country, much as a puppeteer controls the strings on a marionette
↑ Harper, Douglas. »puppet (n.)«. Online Etymology Dictionary. Pridobljeno 1. junija 2014.

[Shuster-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Morgan Shuster. »The Strangling of Persia: A Story of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue«. str. 221.

[Marek-2] Compare: Marek, Krystyna (1954). Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Library Droz. str. 178. ISBN 9782600040440. [...] an allegedly independent, but 'actually' dependent, i.e. puppet State [...].

[McNeely1995-3] McNeely, Connie L. (1995). Constructing the Nation-state: International Organization and Prescriptive Action. Greenwood Publishing Group. str. 61. ISBN 978-0-313-29398-6. Pridobljeno 13. septembra 2017. The term 'puppet state' is used to describe nominal sovereigns under effective foreign control...

[Raic2002-4] Raič, David (2002). Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination. Kluwer Law International. str. 81. ISBN 90-411-1890-X. Pridobljeno 13. septembra 2017. In most cases, puppet States are created by the occupant during occupation of a State, for the purpose of circumventing the former's international responsibility regarding the violation of the rights of the occupied State.

[Lemkin2008-5] Lemkin, Raphaël (2008) [1944]. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. str. 11. ISBN 978-1-58477-901-8. Pridobljeno 30. junija 2019. The creation of puppet states or of puppet governments does not give them any special status under international law in the occupied territory. Therefore the puppet governments and puppet states have no greater rights in the occupied territory than the occupant himself. Their actions should be considered as actions of the occupant and hence subject to the limitations of the Hague Regulations.

[6] Shapiro, Stephen (2003). Ultra Hush-hush. Annick Press. str. 38. ISBN 1-55037-778-7. Puppet state: a country whose government is being controlled by the government of another country, much as a puppeteer controls the strings on a marionette

[etymoline-7] Harper, Douglas. »puppet (n.)«. Online Etymology Dictionary. Pridobljeno 1. junija 2014.

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