Virome
A virome is a collection of viruses found in a biological community, such as an ecosystem or an organism.[1] Scientists studying viruses use gene sequencing methods to study the viruses in these communities and classify them. This is known as the study of metagenomics.[2] Viruses are found in all kinds of environments. One example of a virome is the human virome, which is the community of viruses living in various human organs.[3] Bacteriophages, a type of virus, are the most common type of virus in the biosphere and in humans, and are found in feces, saliva, blood, and more.[4]
In the 2000s, virologist Forest Rohwer performed gene sequencing on samples of seawater, soil, and human tissue.[5] The studies revealed that the gene diversity of viruses globally is massive and mostly unrecorded.[6] More research in the 2010s showed that the gut virome of humans is of special interest in human medicine.[7] Scientists sort nucleic acids from the other components of viruses, and then analyze them.[8] The large number of different viruses on Earth makes completing the Earth’s virome difficult.[9] As of November 2018, a large virus database held information on 760,000 individual viruses and virus parts.[10]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Zárate, Selene; Taboada, Blanca; Yocupicio-Monroy, Martha; Arias, Carlos F. (2017-11-01). "Human Virome". Archives of Medical Research. Microbiota in Health and Disease. 48 (4): 701–716. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.01.005. ISSN 0188-4409 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ↑ Streit, Wolfgang R.; Daniel, Rolf, eds. (2010). Metagenomics: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 668. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. v. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-823-2. ISBN 978-1-60761-822-5.
- ↑ Pyöriä, Lari; Pratas, Diogo; Toppinen, Mari; Hedman, Klaus; Sajantila, Antti; Perdomo, Maria F. (23 March 2023). "Unmasking the tissue-resident eukaryotic DNA virome in humans". Nucleic Acids Research: 199. doi:10.1093/nar/gkad199. ISSN 0305-1048 – via Oxford Academic.
- ↑ Paez-Espino, David; Eloe-Fadrosh, Emiley A.; Pavlopoulos, Georgios A.; Thomas, Alex D.; Huntemann, Marcel; Mikhailova, Natalia; Rubin, Edward; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Kyrpides, Nikos C. (17 August 2016). "Uncovering Earth's virome". Nature. 536 (7617): 425–430. doi:10.1038/nature19094. ISSN 0028-0836 – via Springer Nature.
- ↑ Angly, Florent E; Felts, Ben; Breitbart, Mya; Salamon, Peter; Edwards, Robert A; Carlson, Craig; Chan, Amy M; Haynes, Matthew; Kelley, Scott; Liu, Hong; Mahaffy, Joseph M; Mueller, Jennifer E; Nulton, Jim; Olson, Robert; Parsons, Rachel (2006-11-07). Moran, Nancy A (ed.). "The Marine Viromes of Four Oceanic Regions". PLoS Biology. 4 (11): e368. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040368. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1634881. PMID 17090214 – via PLOS.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ↑ Edwards, Robert A.; Rohwer, Forest (10 May 2005). "Viral metagenomics". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (6): 504–510. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. ISSN 1740-1526 – via Springer Nature.
- ↑ Garmaeva, Sanzhima; Sinha, Trishla; Kurilshikov, Alexander; Fu, Jingyuan; Wijmenga, Cisca; Zhernakova, Alexandra (28 October 2019). "Studying the gut virome in the metagenomic era: challenges and perspectives". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 84. doi:10.1186/s12915-019-0704-y. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 6819614. PMID 31660953 – via BioMed Central.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ↑ Thurber, Rebecca V; Haynes, Matthew; Breitbart, Mya; Wegley, Linda; Rohwer, Forest (19 March 2009). "Laboratory procedures to generate viral metagenomes". Nature Protocols. 4 (4): 470–483. doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.10. ISSN 1754-2189 – via Springer Nature.
- ↑ Paez-Espino, David; Eloe-Fadrosh, Emiley A.; Pavlopoulos, Georgios A.; Thomas, Alex D.; Huntemann, Marcel; Mikhailova, Natalia; Rubin, Edward; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Kyrpides, Nikos C. (2016-08-25). "Uncovering Earth's virome". Nature. 536 (7617): 425–430. doi:10.1038/nature19094. ISSN 0028-0836 – via Springer Nature.
- ↑ Paez-Espino, David; Roux, Simon; Chen, I-Min A.; Palaniappan, Krishna; Ratner, Anna; Chu, Ken; Huntemann, Marcel; Reddy, T. B. K.; Pons, Joan Carles; Llabrés, Mercè; Eloe-Fadrosh, Emiley A.; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Kyrpides, Nikos C. (8 November 2018). "IMG/VR v.2.0: an integrated data management and analysis system for cultivated and environmental viral genomes". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (D1): 678–686 – via Oxford Academic.