Freikorps
The word Freikorps (German for "Free Corps") was first used for voluntary armies in Germany. After World War I the term was used for paramilitary units. The Freikorps got famous at the time of the Weimar Republic to fight in some towns against Communism.
First Freikorps
[change | change source]The first freikorps were started by Frederick II of Prussia in the eighteenth century during the Seven Years' War. Other freikorps were started during the Napoleonic Wars and were commanded by people such as Ferdinand von Schill and later Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow. The freikorps were thought to be not reliable by regular armies and were mostly used as guards and for minor duties.
Post-World War I
[change | change source]The meaning of the word changed over time. After 1918, the word was used for the paramilitary organizations that were started in Germany by soldiers who came home after losing World War I. They were the main paramilitary groups during that time. Many of these returning soldiers were not able to return to a normal life, and joined a Freikorps to again be a part of a military structure. Others were angry at losing the war and joined to fight against Communists or get revenge. They were liked and supported by Minister of Defence Gustav Noske, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, who used them to stop the German Revolution and the Marxist Spartacist League, and also to murder Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg on 15 January 1919. They were also used to defeat the Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919.[1]
In 1920, Adolf Hitler had started his political work as the leader of the very small and unknown German Workers Party (that was soon called the National Socialist German Workers Party, NSDAP (or Nazi Party)) in Munich. Many people who would join this party had been in the Freikorps, including Ernst Röhm, future leader of the Sturmabteilung, or SA, and Rudolf Höß, the future Commander of the Auschwitz concentration camp.
Hermann Ehrhardt, who started the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt, and his deputy Commander, Eberhard Kautter, did not want to help Hitler and Erich von Ludendorff in the Beer Hall Putsch.
Hitler Légalité
[change | change source]Freikorps leaders gave their old battle flags to Hitler's SA and SS on Nov 9, 1933 in a very big ceremony.[2] Historian Robert Waite said that Hitler had many problems with the Freikorps. Many of the Friekorps had joined the SA, so when the Night of the Long Knives happened, they were targets for being murdered or arrested and this was also done to Ehrhardt and to Röhm. Waite also says that in Hitler's 'Rohm Purge' speech to the Reichstag on July 13, 1934, that Hitler said that the Freikorps were enemies of Germany.[3]
In 1939, in the Polish September Campaign, Freikorps Ebbinghaus, was started to work behind the frontlines. It was not very good at this work and was sent to fight as an army unit but was not good at this either and was ended in less than one year.[4]
Famous Freikorps members
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Famous Freikorps units
[change | change source]- Volunteer Division of Horse Guards (Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision)
- - murdered Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, 19 January 1919 [7]
- - commanded by Captain Pabst [7]
- Freikorps Maercker (Maercker's Volunteer Rifles, or Freiwillingen Landesjagerkorps) [9]
- - had Reinhard Heydrich as a member [10][11]
- - started by Ludwig Maercker
- Freikorps Roßbach (Rossbach)
- - started by Gerhard Roßbach
- Marinebrigade Ehrhardt (The Second Naval Brigade)
- - took part in the Kapp Putsch of 1920 [13]
- - disbanded members started the Organisation Consul, which did hundreds of political murders [14]
- Iron Division (Eiserne Division, related to Eiserne Brigade)
- - Fought in the Baltic.
- - was trapped in Thorensberg by the Latvian Army. Was rescued by the Rossbach Freikorps.[12]
- Freikorps Ebbinghaus
- Freikorps Oberland
- Eiserne Brigade (Iron Brigade, later Iron Division)
- Freikorps Epp
- Hamburg Free Corps [15]
- Lowenfeld Brigade (First Naval Brigade)
- Potsdam Free Corps[8]
- Freikorps Lützow
Related pages
[change | change source]Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Jurado, Carlos Caballero (2001). The German Freikorps 1918-23: 1918-23. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-184-8.
- ↑ Waite, p 197
- ↑ Waite, pg 280 - 281. See also the full text of the speech at http://members Archived 2013-07-26 at the Wayback Machine dot tripod dot com/~Comicism/340713.html
- ↑ Blanke, Richard. Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939. University Press of Kentucky. p. 229. ISBN 0-8131-3041-7.
- ↑ Read, pg 46
- ↑ Hoess et al., pg 201
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Waite, pg 62
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Waite, pg 145
- ↑ Waite, pg 33-37
- ↑ "Axis History Factbook".
- ↑ Mueller, p 61
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Waite, pg 131, 132
- ↑ Waite, pg 140-142
- ↑ Waite, pg 203, 216
- ↑ Waite, pg 111
Other websites
[change | change source]- Axis History Factbook; Freikorps section – By Marcus Wendel and contributors; site also contains an apolitical forum
- Freikorps Master list on Axis History Forum {reference only}
Bibliography
[change | change source]- Blanke, Richard. Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-3041-7.
- Hoess, Rudolf; Levi, Primo (2000). Commandant Of Auschwitz. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-84212-024-8.
- Morris, Douglas G. (2005). Justice Imperiled: The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11476-X.
- Mueller, Michael (2007). Canaris: The Life and Death of Hitler's Spymaster. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-101-3.
- Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04800-1.
- Waite, Robert G L. Vanguard of Nazism, 1969, W W Norton & Co