Ecuador

Republic of Ecuador República del Ecuador
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Dios, patria y libertad"  (in Spanish) "Pro Deo, Patria et Libertate"  (in Latin) "God, homeland and liberty"
Anthem:  Salve, Oh Patria  (in Spanish) Hail, Oh Homeland
Capital	Quito 00°9′S 78°21′W
Largest city	Guayaquil
Official languages	Spanish
Recognised regional languages	Quechua Shuar others
Other languages	German English Chinese French Arabic
Demonym(s)	Ecuadorian Ecuadorean
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Daniel Noboa
• Vice President	Verónica Abad Rojas
Independence
• declared	August 10, 1809
• from Spain	May 24, 1822
• from Gran Colombia	May 13, 1830
• Recognized by Spain	February 16, 1830
Area
• Total	275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi) (75th)
• Water (%)	5
Population
• 2011 estimate	15,007,343 (65th)
• 2010 census	14,306,876
• Density	53.8/km2 (139.3/sq mi) (151st)
GDP (PPP)	2011 estimate
• Total	$125.283 billion (61st)
• Per capita	$9,127 (90th)
GDP (nominal)	2011 estimate
• Total	$65,831 billion (63rd)
• Per capita	$5,057 (98th)
Gini (2009)	49 high
HDI (2011)	0.720 high · 83rd
Currency	U.S. dollar2 (USD)
Time zone	UTC−5, −6 (ECT, GALT)
Driving side	right
Calling code	593
ISO 3166 code	EC
Internet TLD	.ec
Quechua and other Amerindian languages spoken by indigenous communities. Sucre until 2000, followed by the U.S. dollar and Ecuadorian centavo coins

Ecuador is a small country in South America. It used to be part of the Spanish Empire and Gran Colombia. Spain was interested in finding gold in Ecuador. Before Spain, Ecuador was part of the Inca Empire.

The President of Ecuador is Daniel Noboa since 2023.

Ecuador produces bananas and cocoa.

Geography

Ecuador is along the equator. There are jungles and mountains such as the Andes mountains. Ecuador has many active volcanoes and also one of the highest densities of volcanoes in the world. Ecuador's coast is on the Pacific Ocean.

The capital of the country is Quito. This city is high up in the Andes, which makes it hard for some new visitors to breathe. The biggest city is Guayaquil on the coast. Cuenca and Loja is famous for its old buildings and colonial architecture.

Peru borders Ecuador to the south, and Colombia borders it to the north. The Galápagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean are also part of Ecuador and are famous for lots of animals. Charles Darwin travelled to the Galápagos Islands.

Population

In 2011, 14,440,000 people lived in Ecuador. These people are 65% Mestizo, 25% Amerindian, 7% white, and 3% black. About 27% of the people live below the national poverty line.

The official language is Spanish. Many other indigenous languages are spoken. Most of the people in Ecuador are Roman Catholics, although Ecuador has religious freedom and people can follow any religion they choose.

Provinces

See also: List of cities in Ecuador

Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces. Each has its own administrative capital.

Map of Ecuador

Tumaco-La Tolita mythological figure in feathered costume. Between 100 BC and 100 AD. Found in Esmeraldas

Administrative divisions of Ecuador

	Province	Surface (km²)	Population (2010)	Capital
1	Azuay	8,639	702,893	Cuenca
2	Bolivar	3,254	182,744	Guaranda
3	Cañar	3,908	223,463	Azogues
4	Carchi	3,699	165,659	Tulcán
5	Chimborazo	5,287	452,352	Riobamba
6	Cotopaxi	6,569	406,798	Latacunga
7	El Oro	5,988	588,546	Machala
8	Esmeraldas	15,216	520,711	Esmeraldas
9	Galápagos	8,010	22,770	Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
10	Guayas	17,139	3,573,003	Guayaquil
11	Imbabura	4,599	400,359	Ibarra
12	Loja	11,027	446,743	Loja
13	Los Rios	6,254	765,274	Babahoyo
14	Manabi	18,400	1,345,779	Portoviejo
15	Morona Santiago	25,690	147,886	Macas
16	Napo	13,271	104,047	Tena
17	Orellana	20,773	137,848	Puerto Francisco de Orellana
18	Pastaza	29,520	84,329	Puyo
19	Pichincha	9,494	2,570,201	Quito
20	Santa Elena	3,763	301,168	Santa Elena
21	Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas	3,857	365,965	Santo Domingo
22	Sucumbios	18,612	174,522	Nueva Loja
23	Tungurahua	3,334	500,775	Ambato
24	Zamora Chinchipe	10,556	91,219	Zamora

The provinces are divided into cantons. The cantons are divided into parishes.

Historic Center of Quito

The Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas. This center was, together with the historic centre of Kraków in Poland, the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978. The Historic Centre of Quito is in the center south of the capital on an area of 320 hectares (790 acres), and is considered one of the most important historic areas in Latin America.There are about 130 monumental buildings (which hosts a variety of pictorial art and sculpture, mostly of religious inspired in a multi-faceted range of schools and styles) and 5,000 properties registered in the municipal inventory of heritage properties.

Presidential Palace

Presidential Palace in Quito, Ecuador

Carondelet Palace (Spanish: Palacio de Carondelet) is the seat of government of the Republic of Ecuador in the historical center of Quito. Axis is the nerve of the public space known as Independence Square or Plaza Grande (colonial name), around which were built in addition the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace, the Hotel Plaza Grande and the Metropolitan Cathedral. The history of this emblematic building dating back to colonial times, around 1570, with the acquisition of the former royal houses in the city of Quito

During the Republican era, almost all the presidents (constitutional, internees and dictators) have dispatched from this building, which is the seat of Government of the Republic of Ecuador. In addition to the administrative units in the third level of the Palace is the presidential residence, a luxurious colonial-style apartment in which they live the President and his family. Rafael Correa, president since 2007, considering that Carondelet Palace and its agencies are Ecuadoran heritages, converted the presidential compound into a museum accessible to all who wish to visit it. To this end, areas were organized to locate objects within their cultural contexts to make them accessible to the world. Several rooms and spaces within the palace are used for this purpose.

Church of La Compañía de Jesús

Gold leaf interior of the Church of the Society of Jesus

Construction began in 1605, with Mastrilli laying the first stone. The building was not completed until 1765. La Compañía is among the best-known churches in Quito because of its large central nave, which is profusely decorated with gold leaf, gilded plaster and wood carvings. Inspired by two Roman Jesuit churches—the Chiesa del Gesù and the Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola—La Compañía is one of the most significant works of Spanish Baroque architecture in South America.

Independence Square

Independence Square, Historic Center of Quito

Also known as Big Square (Spanish: Plaza de la Independencia, Plaza Grande). Historic public square of Quito (Ecuador), in the heart of the old city. This is the central square of the city and one of the symbols of the executive power of the nation. Its main feature is the monument to the independence heroes of August 10, 1809, date remembered as the First Cry of Independence of the Royal Audience of Quito from Spanish monarchy. The environment of the square is flanked by the Carondelet Palace, the Metropolitan Cathedral, the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace and the Plaza Grande Hotel.

Church of San Fransisco

The Iglesia y Monasterio de San Francisco (English: Church and Monastery of St. Francis), colloquially known as El San Francisco, is a colonial-styled church and monastery in Quito, Ecuador. Construction of the building began a few weeks after the founding of the city in 1534 and ended in 1604. The founder of the church was Franciscan missionary Jodoco Ricke.

The building's construction began around 1550, sixteen years after Quito was founded by Spanish conquistadors, and was finished in approximately 1680. The building was officially inaugurated in 1605. It is not known who designed the original plans for the complex, though the most-accepted theory is that they were sent from Spain, based on the topographical study of Ricke and Gosseal. It is also possible that architects came from Spain for the construction of the monastery, or that Ricke and Gosseal managed the entire construction.

Plaza San Francisco ( Church and Convent of St. Francis ) in the Historic Center of Quito.

Courtyard of the Church of San Francisco.

Church of El Sagrario

In colonial times, the Church of El Sagrario was one of the largest architectural marvels of Quito. The construction is of the Italian Renaissance style and was built in the late 17th century. It has a screen that supports its sculptures and decorations. This structure was built by Bernardo de Legarda. Its central arch leads to a dome decorated with frescoes of biblical scenes featuring archangels, work by Francisco Albán. The altarpiece was gilded by Legarda. It is on Calle García Moreno, near the cathedral.

Church of Santo Domingo

View of the Church of Santo Domingo

Although they arrived in Quito in 1541, in 1580 the Dominicans started to build their temple, using the plans and direction of Francisco Becerra. The work was completed in the first half of the 17th century. Inside the church are valuable structures, such as the neo-Gothic main altar. This was placed in the late 19th century by Italian Dominicans. The roof of the Mudéjar style church features paintings of martyrs of the Order of Saint Dominic. The roof of the nave is composed of a pair and knuckle frame, coated inside by pieces of tracery. In the museum on the north side of the lower cloister are wonderful pieces of great Quito sculptors such as the Saint Dominic de Guzmán by Father Carlos, the Saint John of God by Caspicara, and the Saint Thomas Aquinas by Legarda. Another Baroque piece that stands is the Chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which is a recognizable feature of the architecture of Quito. This chapel was built beside the church, in the gospel side. In this was founded the largest fraternity in the city of Quito.

El Panecillo

El Panecillo is a hill in the middle west of the city at an altitude of about 3,016 metres (9,895 ft) above sea level. A monument to the Virgin Mary is on top of El Panecillo and is visible from most of the city of Quito. In 1976, the Spanish artist Agustín de la Herrán Matorras was commissioned by the religious order of the Oblates to build a 41 metres (135 ft)–tall aluminum monument of a madonna, which was assembled on a high pedestal on the top of Panecillo.

The Quito School

The Quito School originated in the school of Artes y Oficios, founded in 1552 by the Franciscan priest Jodoco Ricke, who together with Friar Pedro Gocial transformed the San Andrés seminary, where the first indigenous artists were trained. As a cultural expression, it is the result of a long process of acculturation between indigenous peoples and Europeans, and it is one of the richest expressions of miscegenation (mestizaje) and of syncretism, in which the participation of the vanquished Indian is seemingly of minor importance as compared to the dominant European contribution.

Portrait of Quito leading lady with his black slave. Vicente Albán, 18th century.

The Quito School (Escuela Quiteña) is an artistic tradition that developed in the territory of the Royal Audience of Quito, from Pasto and Popayán in the north to Piura and Cajamarca in the south, during the colonial period (1542-1824). This artistic production was one of the most important activities in the economy of the Royal Audience of Quito.

The major artists of the Quito School are the sculptors Bernardo de Legarda , Manuel Chili (Caspicara) and Miguel Angel Tejada Zambrado and the painters Fray Pedro Gosseal, Fray Pedro Bedón, Nicolás Javier Goríbar, Hernando de la Cruz, Miguel de Santiago, Manuel de Samaniego

Basilica del Voto Nacional

Basilica del Voto Nacional

The Basilica of the National Vow is a Roman Catholic church in the historic center of Quito, Ecuador. It is sometimes also called the Catedral Consagración de Jesús or the Basílica de San Juan. It is the largest neo-Gothic basilica in the Americas.

The basilica arose from the idea, proposed by father Julio Matovelle in 1883, of building a monument as a perpetual reminder of the consecration of Ecuador to the Sacred Heart, President Luis Cordero issued the decree on July 23, 1883, and it was carried out by president José María Plácido Caamaño on March 5, 1884. The congress, in accordance with the year's budget, designated 12,000 pesos for the construction - 1,000 pesos per month, beginning in 1884. By the decree of July 3, 1885, the fourth Quitense Provincial Council turned the construction of the basilica into a religious commitment in the name of the country. The basilica remains technically "unfinished." & local legend says that when the Basílica is completed, the end of the world will come.

Metropolitan Cathedral

Construction began in 1562, seventeen years after the diocese of Quito was created (1545) and in the heart of the historic city and its status as the main church of the city, is one of the largest religious symbols of spiritual value for the Catholic community in the city.

Church of San Agustín

It is one of the seven monumental churches of the 16th and 17th centuries whose main portico was built on stone in the Spanish Baroque-architecture style.

The church includes a small atrium (decorated by a large stone cross), an inside yard with a large garden and a large session hall where the frayers held dissertations or "capitulations" of faith. The cloister and convent have a separate entrance which leads to the garden. The bell tower reaches a high of twenty-two meters (seventy feet) and houses two bronze bells of the period.

Climate

Ecuador is a country of variety. Its climate and landscape varies from one end of the country to the other. However, it is more hot and humid along the coast and in the Amazon jungle lowlands than it is in the mountains.

Fernandina Island, viewed from the International Space Station, July 2002

View from Bartolomé Island, Galápagos Islands

Darwin's Arch at Darwin Island in the Galapagos.

Plants and animals

Galápagos Penguin, (Spheniscus mendiculus)

Galápagos tortoise

Puerto Ayora at night on the Island of Santa Cruz in the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador.

Fresh Water Swimming in Puerto Ayora, Galapagos on the Island of Santa Cruz.

Ecuador is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world. In addition to the mainland, Ecuador owns the Galápagos Islands. This is what the country is best known for.

Ecuador has 1,600 bird species and 38 more endemic in the Galápagos. In addition to over 16,000 species of plants, the country has 106 endemic reptiles, 138 endemic amphibians, and 6,000 species of butterfly. The Galápagos Islands are famous as the place of birth of Darwin's Theory of Evolution. They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Many different kinds of potatoes and corn are grown in Ecuador. There are also large banana farms. On the coast, many people eat seafood and fish. Cuy is a famous indigenous food that means guinea pig.

Economy

Besides gold, oil is one of Ecuador's natural resources.

Ecuador used to have its own currency called the sucre, which was in use from 1884 until 2000. Since then, the country uses the United States dollar for money, but its coins (not the banknotes) are different from those in the US.

Rights of Nature

Ecuador is the first country in the world to have the Rights of Nature guaranteed in its Constitution, a landmark achievement that was formalized in 2008. This groundbreaking legal framework recognizes nature as a subject of rights, granting it the legal standing to exist, persist, and regenerate its vital cycles. The inclusion of these rights reflects Ecuador's commitment to sustainable development and environmental protection, positioning the country at the forefront of global environmental policy.

The recognition of the Rights of Nature in Ecuador’s Constitution is particularly significant given the country’s vast biodiversity and the presence of one of the highest concentrations of rivers per square kilometer in the world. These legal provisions are designed to protect Ecuador’s natural resources and ensure that development activities do not compromise the ecological balance.

As a recent energy powerhouse focusing on sustainable energy sources, Ecuador has integrated these environmental rights into its broader national strategy. This legal innovation aligns with the country's efforts to safeguard its diverse ecosystems, from the Amazon rainforest to the volcanic highlands and the unique Galápagos Islands. By embedding the Rights of Nature in its legal system, Ecuador not only protects its natural heritage but also sets an example for other nations in recognizing and preserving the intrinsic value of the environment.

Gallery of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

• 
  Prickly pear cactus and Swallow-tailed Gulls on Santa Fe Island
• 
  Floreana (Charles or Santa María) Island in the Galapagos
• 
  Tourists with sea lions at the beach at San Cristóbal Island
• 
  Rábida Island
• 
  Isabela Island, Blue-footed Boobies and a Galápagos Penguin at Elizabeth Bay
• 
  Blue-footed booby
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  A Galapagos Land Iguana on the North Seymour Island in the Galapagos
• 
  (Sula nebouxii) Blue footed Booby on North Seymour Island Galapagos
• 
  North Seymour Island
• 
  (Fregata magnificens) The Magnificent Frigatebird on North Seymour Island
• 
  Seal with baby on North Seymour Island.
• 
  North Seymour Island
• 
  School of scalloped hammerheads, Wolf Island, Galapagos Islands
• 
  Another school of scalloped hammerheads at Wolf Island, Galapagos
• 
  Gigantic galapagos turtle, Chelonoidis nigra on the island of Santa Cruz
• 
  Iguana on the beach at the Charles Darwin Research Station.
• 
  (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), Marine Iguana on Tortuga Bay - Island of Santa Cruz.
• 
  (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), Marine Iguana on Tortuga Bay - Island of Santa Cruz.
• 
  (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), Marine Iguana swimming in Puerto Ayora - Island of Santa Cruz.
• 
  (Grapsus grapsus) Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands

Related pages

• Ecuador at the Olympics
• Ecuador national football team
• List of rivers of Ecuador

Other websites

Media related to Ecuador at Wikimedia Commons

Ecuador travel guide from Wikivoyage