Richter scale

The Richter scale is a scale of numbers used to tell the power (or magnitude) of earthquakes. Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale in 1935. His scale worked like a seismogram, measured by a particular type of seismometer at a distance of 100 kilometers (62 mi) from the earthquake.

Earthquakes 4.5 or higher on the Richter scale can be measured all over the world. An earthquake a size that scores 3.0 is ten times the amplitude of one that scores 2.0. The energy that is released increases by a factor of about 32.

Every increase of 1 on the Richter scale corresponds to an increase in amplitude by a factor of 10 so therefore, it is a logarithmic scale.

Richter Scale Magnitude
Descriptor	Richter Magnitude number	Damage caused by the earthquake	Frequency of occurrence
Micro	Less than 2.0	Micro (very small) earthquakes, people cannot feel these.	About 8,000 each day
Very minor	2.0-2.9	People do not feel these, but seismographs are able to detect them.	About 1,000 per day
Minor	3.0-3.9	People often feel these, but they almost never cause damage.	About 49,000 each year (About 134 per day)
Light	4.0-4.9	Objects inside houses are disturbed, causing noise. Things are rarely damaged.	About 6,200 each year (About 17 per day)
Moderate	5.0-5.9	Buildings that are not built well may be damaged. Light objects inside a house may be moved.	About 800 per year (About 2 per day)
Strong	6.0-6.9	Moderately powerful. May cause a lot of damage in a larger area.	About 120 per year
Major	7.0-7.9	Can damage things seriously over larger areas.	About 18 per year
Great	8.0-9.9	Massive damage is caused. Heavy objects are thrown into the air and cracks appear on the ground, as well as visible shockwaves. Overhead highways may be destroyed, and buildings are toppled.	About 1 per 20 years
Meteoric	10.0	There are no records of anything of this size. The vibration is about the same as that of a 24 km (15 mi) meteor.	Unknown

(Adapted from U.S. Geological Survey documents)

The earthquake with the biggest recorded magnitude was the Great Chilean Earthquake. It had a magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter scale and occurred in 1960. Around 6,000 people died because of the earthquake. No earthquake has ever hit 10 on the Richter Scale.

More examples

Approximate Richter Magnitude number	Seismic energy equivalent: Amount of TNT	Example event
0.5	5.6kg	Large hand grenade
1.5	178kg	Bomb used in WWII
2	1 metric ton	Large Bomb used in WWII
2.5	5.6 metric tons	Blockbuster bomb (dropped from airplanes) in WWII
3.5	178 metric tons	Chernobyl accident, 1986
4	1 kiloton	Small atomic bomb
5	32 kilotons	Nagasaki atomic bomb Lincolnshire earthquake (UK), 2008
5.4	150 kilotons	[2008 Chino Hills earthquake] (Los Angeles, United States)
5.5	178 kilotons	Little Skull Mtn. earthquake (NV, USA), 1992 Alum Rock earthquake (CA, USA), 2007
6.0	1 megaton	Double Spring Flat earthquake (NV, USA), 1994
6.5	5.6 megatons	Caracas (Venezuela), 1967 Rhodes (Greece), 2008 Eureka Earthquake (Humboldt County CA, USA), 2010
6.7	16.2 megatons	Northridge earthquake (CA, USA), 1994
6.9	26.8 megatons	San Francisco Bay Area earthquake (CA, USA), 1989
7.0	32 megatons	Java earthquake (Indonesia), 2009, 2010 Haiti Earthquake
7.1	50 megatons	Energy released is equivalent to that of Tsar Bomba, the largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested 1944 San Juan earthquake 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquake
7.5	178 megatons	Kashmir earthquake (Pakistan), 2005 Antofagasta earthquake (Chile), 2007
7.8	600 megatons	Tangshan earthquake (China), 1976 North Canterbury (New Zealand) 2016
8.0	1 gigaton	San Francisco earthquake (CA, USA), 1906 Queen Charlotte earthquake (BC, Canada), 1949 México City earthquake (Mexico), 1985 Gujrat earthquake (India), 2001 Chincha Alta earthquake (Peru), 2007 Sichuan earthquake (China), 2008 (initial estimate: 7.8) 1894 San Juan earthquake
8.5	5.6 gigatons	Toba eruption 75,000 years ago; the largest known volcanic event.^[1] Sumatra earthquake (Indonesia), 2007
9.0	32 gigatons	2011 Sendai, Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, Lisbon Earthquake (Lisbon, Portugal), All Saints Day, 1755
9.1	67 gigatons	Indian Ocean earthquake, 2004 (40 ZJ in this case)
9.2	90.7 gigatons	Anchorage earthquake (AK, USA), 1964
9.5	178 gigatons	Valdivia earthquake (Chile), 1960
13.0	10⁸ megatons = 100 teratons	Yucatán Peninsula impact (causing Chicxulub crater) 65 MYA ago.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Related pages

References

↑ Petraglia, M.; R. Korisettar, N. Boivin, C. Clarkson,4 P. Ditchfield,5 S. Jones,6 J. Koshy,7 M.M. Lahr,8 C. Oppenheimer,9 D. Pyle,10 R. Roberts,11 J.-C. Schwenninger,12 L. Arnold,13 K. White. (6 July 2007). "Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-eruption" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Science 317 (5834): 114–116. doi:10.1126/science.1141564. PMID 17615356.
↑ Bralower, Timothy J.; Charles K. Paull and R. Mark Leckie (1998). "The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary cocktail: Chicxulub impact triggers margin collapse and extensive sediment gravity flows" (PDF). Geology. 26 (4): 331–334. Bibcode:1998Geo....26..331B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0331:TCTBCC>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
↑ Klaus, Adam (2000). "Impact-induced mass wasting at the K-T boundary: Blake Nose, western North Atlantic". Geology. 28 (4). Richard D. Norris; Dick Kroon; Jan Smit: 319–322. Bibcode:2000Geo....28..319K. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<319:IMWATK>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
↑ Busby, Cathy J. (2002). "Coastal landsliding and catastrophic sedimentation triggered by Cretaceous-Tertiary bolide impact: A Pacific margin example?". Geology. 30 (8). Grant Yip; Lars Blikra; Paul Renne: 687–690. Bibcode:2002Geo....30..687B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0687:CLACST>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
↑ Simms, Michael J. (2003). "Uniquely extensive seismite from the latest Triassic of the United Kingdom: Evidence for bolide impact?". Geology. 31 (6): 557–560. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..557S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0557:UESFTL>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
↑ Simkin, Tom (2006). "This dynamic planet. World map of volcanoes, earthquakes, impact craters, and plate tectonics. Inset VI. Impacting extraterrestrials scar planetary surfaces" (PDF). Robert I. Tilling; Peter R. Vogt; Stephen H. Kirby; Paul Kimberly; David B. Stewart. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-09-03.

Other websites

Simplified description of the Richter scale

[1] Petraglia, M.; R. Korisettar, N. Boivin, C. Clarkson,4 P. Ditchfield,5 S. Jones,6 J. Koshy,7 M.M. Lahr,8 C. Oppenheimer,9 D. Pyle,10 R. Roberts,11 J.-C. Schwenninger,12 L. Arnold,13 K. White. (6 July 2007). "Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-eruption" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Science 317 (5834): 114–116. doi:10.1126/science.1141564. PMID 17615356.

[2] Bralower, Timothy J.; Charles K. Paull and R. Mark Leckie (1998). "The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary cocktail: Chicxulub impact triggers margin collapse and extensive sediment gravity flows" (PDF). Geology. 26 (4): 331–334. Bibcode:1998Geo....26..331B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0331:TCTBCC>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2009-09-03.

[3] Klaus, Adam (2000). "Impact-induced mass wasting at the K-T boundary: Blake Nose, western North Atlantic". Geology. 28 (4). Richard D. Norris; Dick Kroon; Jan Smit: 319–322. Bibcode:2000Geo....28..319K. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<319:IMWATK>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Retrieved 2009-09-03.

[4] Busby, Cathy J. (2002). "Coastal landsliding and catastrophic sedimentation triggered by Cretaceous-Tertiary bolide impact: A Pacific margin example?". Geology. 30 (8). Grant Yip; Lars Blikra; Paul Renne: 687–690. Bibcode:2002Geo....30..687B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0687:CLACST>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Retrieved 2009-09-03.

[5] Simms, Michael J. (2003). "Uniquely extensive seismite from the latest Triassic of the United Kingdom: Evidence for bolide impact?". Geology. 31 (6): 557–560. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..557S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0557:UESFTL>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.

[6] Simkin, Tom (2006). "This dynamic planet. World map of volcanoes, earthquakes, impact craters, and plate tectonics. Inset VI. Impacting extraterrestrials scar planetary surfaces" (PDF). Robert I. Tilling; Peter R. Vogt; Stephen H. Kirby; Paul Kimberly; David B. Stewart. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-09-03.

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