Pogrom
violent attack on an ethnic or religious group, either approved or conducted by the local authorities
Pogrom (from Russian:погром (pogrom); from "громить" IPA: [grʌˈmitʲ]- to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot attacking people and property.[1] In a pogrom, rioters attack a group of people, usually Jews, because of that group's ethnicity or religion.[1][2] In a pogrom, the local authorities such as the police do not arrest the rioters and do not help the victims.[3] Rioters destroy the homes, businesses, and places of worship of the target group. People of the target group are physically attacked and usually some are murdered.[1][2]
Kristallnacht was a 1938 pogrom that affected tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi Germany. It was a major event leading up to the Holocaust.[4][5][6]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2
- "Pogrom | Meaning, History, & Facts". Britannica. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Pogroms | Holocaust Encyclopedia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Pogroms". Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "What Were Pogroms?". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom". The Jerusalem Post. November 8, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1
- Klier, John D. (1993). "The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe". Racist Violence in Europe. pp. 128–138. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9. ISBN 978-0-333-60102-0. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M; Bartal, Israel (2010). Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Brass, Paul R (2016). Riots and pogroms. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-24867-4. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Bemporad, Elissa (2019). Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046645-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Becker, Sascha O.; Mukand, Sharun; Yotzov, Ivan (August 10, 2022). "Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence". Explorations in Economic History. 86 (101471). doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ↑ Klier, John (2010). "Pogroms". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.
The common usage of the term pogrom to describe any attack against Jews throughout history disguises the great variation in the scale, nature, motivation, and intent of such violence at different times.
- ↑
- "Pogrom: November 1938 – Testimonies from 'Kristallnacht'". The Wiener Holocaust Library. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "9 November 1938/"Kristallnacht" | Jewish Museum Berlin". Jüdisches Museum Berlin. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "The Kielce Pogrom: A Blood Libel Massacre of Holocaust Survivors". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- O'Neill, Brendan (2024). After the Pogrom: 7 October, Israel and the Crisis of Civilisation. Spiked. ISBN 978-1068719301. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- O'Neill, Brendan (November 8, 2024). "Pogroms have returned to Europe, and the 'anti-racist' Left are silent". The Telegraph. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ↑
- Bauer, Yehuda (1984). "The Kristallnacht as Turning Point: Jewish Reactions to Nazi Policies". Western Society After The Holocaust (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 39–67. doi:10.4324/9780429267475-3 (inactive 12 December 2024). ISBN 9780429267475. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link) - Allen, William Sheridan (1984). "The German Popular Response to Kristallnacht: Value Hierarchies vs. Propaganda". Western Society After The Holocaust (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 69–106. doi:10.4324/9780429267475-4 (inactive 12 December 2024). ISBN 9780429267475. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link) - Bodemann, Y. Michal (1996). Bodemann, Y. (ed.). Jews, Germans, Memory: Reconstructions of Jewish Life in Germany. University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.14841. ISBN 9780472105847. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- Cohen, Ethan Jared (2011). "From Castile to Kristallnacht: The Similarities in the Events Preceding the Spanish Inquisition and the Nazi Holocaust" (PDF). University of Michigan Library. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- Steinweis, Alan E. (2014). "The Historiography of the Kristallnacht". Violence, Memory, and History (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 151–162. doi:10.4324/9781315879567-9 (inactive 12 December 2024). ISBN 9781315879567. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
- Bauer, Yehuda (1984). "The Kristallnacht as Turning Point: Jewish Reactions to Nazi Policies". Western Society After The Holocaust (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 39–67. doi:10.4324/9780429267475-3 (inactive 12 December 2024). ISBN 9780429267475. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ↑
- Bodemann, Y Michal (1996). "Reconstructions of history: From Jewish memory to nationalized commemoration of Kristallnacht in Germany". Jews, Germans, Memory: Reconstructions of Jewish Life in Germany. University of Michigan Press. p. 191. ISBN 0-472-10584-1. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Deem, James (2012). Kristallnacht: The Nazi Terror that Began the Holocaust. Enslow Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0-7660-3324-5. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Meyer, Beate; Simon, Hermann; Schütz, Chana (2009). Jews in Nazi Berlin: From Kristallnacht to Liberation. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/9780226521596 (inactive 2024-11-12). Retrieved November 10, 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
