Sensor

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into the expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. Video cameras and a digital cameras have an image sensor.

A CCD (charge-coupled device) has a grid of sensors that react to light.

A television tube or other CRT (cathode ray tube) detects electrons on its screen.

This photometer measured brightness by comparing shadows

There are many different types of sensors. Some are used in everyday objects, and some are separate.

Thermal sensors

A sensor that detects temperature. Thermal sensors are in many laptops and computers in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.

• temperature sensors: thermometers, thermostats
• heat sensors: bolometer, calorimeter

Electromagnetic sensors

An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as pressure or loudness and convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g. a voltage).

• electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter
• electrical voltage sensors: voltmeter
• electrical power sensors: watt-hour meter
• magnetism sensors: magnetic compass
• metal detectors
• Radar

An electromagnetic sensor is anything that can detect things like photons, electrons, magnetic fields etc. It can be as simple as a white wall, a sheet of white paper, etc., or as new as a charge-coupled device. When a laser is aimed at a detection screen, a bright spot can be seen on the screen, or when an electron hits the phosphors on another kind of screen, it makes that screen glow.

Mechanical sensors

• Pressure sensors: barometer
• Vibration and shock sensors

Motion sensors

A motion sensor detects physical movement in a given area.

• Radar gun, tachometer
• Speedometer

Car sensors

• reversing sensor
• curb feeler