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Anti

Izvor: Wikipedija

Anti (grčki: Áνται) su bili rano-istočnoslovenski plemenski savez, iz 6. veka ne. Živeli su oko donjeg toka Dunava, u severozapadnoj crnomorskoj regiji (današnja Moldavija i centralna Ukrajina) i u regionima oko Dona (u srednjoj i južnoj Rusiji).[1] Naučnici ih često povezuju s arheološkom kulturom Penkovka.[2][3][4][5]

Istorija

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Prvi put spomenuti u istorijskim zapisima 518. godine, Anti su napali Trakijsku dijecezu negde između 533. i 545. Ubrzo nakon toga, postali su vizantijski foederati; dobili su zlatne isplate i utvrdu (nazvanu Turris – lat. "kula") negde severno od Dunava, na strateškoj lokaciji, kako bi sprečavali varvarske upade u vizantijske zemlje.[6][7] Tako su se u drugoj polovini šestog veka Anti borili u raznim vizantijskim pohodima – u 545, u Lukaniji protiv Ostrogota, a u 580-ima su napadali Sklavenske naseobine (rane Južne Slovene; v. Sklavinija). Godine 555. i 556. Dabragezas, vojskovođa Antskog porekla, predvodio je vizantijsku flotu na Krimu protiv perzijskih položaja.[8]

Uništenje plemenskog saveza

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Anti su često su bili uključeni u sukobe s Obrima (panonskim Avarima), poput rata koji je zabilježio Menandar Protektor (50, frg 5.3.17–21) 560-ih.[9] 602. godine, kao odmazdu za vizantijski napad na njihove sklavenske saveznike, Avari su poslali svog generala Apsiha da "uništi naciju Anta".[10] Usprkos brojnim prebezima Rimljanima tijekom kampanje, čini se da je avarski napad uništio organizovanu zajednicu Anta,[11] i oni se posle toga prestaju pojavljivati u izvorima, izuzev epiteta Anticus u sklopu carske titulature.

Antski vladari

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  • Boz (oko 376–80), vladar Anta i prvi poznati slovenski vladar
  • Dabragezas (oko 555–56), predvodio vizantijsku flotu na Krimu protiv Perzijanaca
  • Idariz ili Idarisius (oko 562), otac Mezamira
  • Mezamir (oko 562), moćni antski arhont
  • Kelagast (oko 562), brat Mezamira
  • Musokios ili Mužok (oko 592), antski vladar
  • Ardagast (oko 584–97), vojskovođa Musokiosa
  • Pirogast [nedostaje referenca]

Istočni Sloveni posle Anta

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Iz uništenog Antskog plemenskog saveza vremenom su se izdvojila sljedeća uglavnom istočnoslovenska plemena:

Galerija

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Reference

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  1. (en) The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5. Plantagenet Publishing. 
  2. Baran (1986)
  3. Shchukin (1986)
  4. Gimbutas (1971)
  5. Sedov (1996)
  6. Curta, 2001. Pg 80-1
  7. Kardaras (2010, p. 74)
  8. Agathias. III 6.9; 7.2; 21.6
  9. Zivkovic (2007)
  10. Teofilakt Simokata VII 15.12–14
  11. Curta, 2001. Pg 105
  12. Sedov (1995, гл. Хорваты)
  13. Sedov (1995, p. 501)
  14. Magocsi, Paul. A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press, 1996. ISBN 9780802078209. p. 46
  15. Sedov (1995, гл. Восточнославянская этноязыковая общность)

Literatura

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  • Stefka Angelova; Rumjana Koleva (2007), „Archäologische Zeugnisse frühslawischer Besiedlung in Bulgarien”, Wolfram Brandes; Alexander Demandt; Helmut Krasser i dr.., Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium Vol. 2, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183580 
  • Magosci, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine (2nd izd.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9. 
  • Valentin Sedov (1996). „Tribal Societies in Eastern Europe”. u: Sigfried J. de Laet. History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.. UNESCO. ISBN 923102812X. 
  • Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2012). Славяне в древности [Sloveni u dalekoj prošlosti (Slavs in the distant past)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. ISBN 978-86-6263-022-3. 
  • Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013). Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1. 
  • Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (1995) (ru). [Slavs in Early Middle Ages]. Moscow: Фонд археологии. ISBN 5-87059-021-3.  415 pages
  • Volodymyr Baran (1988), „The Veneti, Sclaveni and Antae in the Light of Archaeology”, Ukrainian Review 45 
  • Mark B. Shchukin (1986), „The Balto-Slavic Forest Direction in the Archaeological Study of the Ethnogenesis of the Slavs”, Wiadomosci Archeologiczne 1 
  • Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428880. 
  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390. 
  • Florin Curta (2009), „The early Slavs in Bohemia and Moravia: a response to my critics”, Archeologické Rozhledy 61 
  • Florin Curta (2004), „The Slavic lingua franca (Linguistic notes of an archaeologist turned historian)”, East Central Europe/L'Europe du Centre-Est 31 (1) 
  • Florin Curta (1999), „Hiding behind a piece of tapestry: Jordanes and the Slavic Venethi”, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 47 
  • Florin Curta (2008), „The north-western region of the Black Sea during the 6th and early 7th century AD”, Ancient West & East 7 
  • Georgios Kardaras (2010), „The Byzantine-Antic treaty (545/46 A. D.) and the defense of Scythia Minor”, Byzantinoslavica – Revue internationale des Études Byzantines 68 (1–2): 74–85 
  • B. S. Szmoniewski (2010). „The Antes: Eastern "Brothers" of the Sclavenes ?”. u: Florin Curta. Neglected Barbarians. Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-53125-0. 
  • Eugene Teodor (2005). „The Shadow of a Frontier: The Walachian Plain during the Justinianic Age”. u: Florin Curta. Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-51529-8. 
  • Bartlomiej Szmoniewski (2008), „Two worlds, one hoard: what do metal finds from the forest-steppe belt speak about ?”, Florin Curta; Roman Kovalev, The Other Europe in the Middle Ages – Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-16389-8 
  • Uwe Fiedler (2008), „Bulgars on the Lower Danube. A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research”, Florin Curta; Roman Kovalev, The Other Europe in the Middle Ages – Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-16389-8 
  • P M Barford (2001). The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801439773. 
  • Fine, John V.A. (2006). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472025600. 
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1971), The Slavs, Thames & Hudson Ltd 
  • Heather, Peter. The Goths. Blackwell, 1998.
  • Kulikowski, Michael, Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006.
  • Živković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. ISBN 9788675585732.