Bizantsko Carstvo

Serija članaka o historiji Grčke ;
Heladski period	oko. 3200–1050. pne.
Egejska civilizacija	prije 1600. pne.
Mikenska Grčka	oko. 1600–1200. pne.
Mračno doba	oko. 1200–800. pne.
Antička Grčka	776–323. pne.
Helenistička Grčka	323. pne.–146. pne.
Rimska Grčka	146. pne.–330 n.e.
Bizantska Grčka	330. n.e.–1453.
Osmanska Grčka	1453–1832
Moderna Grčka	poslije 1832.
Teme
Grčki jezik	Grčka književnost
Vojna historija	Imena Grka

Bizant (Vizantija) ili Bizantsko Carstvo (Vizantijsko Carstvo), je historijski naziv za istočno Rimsko Carstvo koje je nastalo 285 godine kad je car Dioklecijan administrativno podjelio tadašnje Rimsko Carstvo na Istočno i Zapadno. No obično se uzima 395 godina za godinu početka, kada je car Teodosije I Veliki dao svojim sinovima carstvo: Arkadiju Istok, a Honoriju Zapad. Godina pada se smatra 1453, kada su Osmanlije zauzeli Carigrad.

Naziv Bizant se nije koristio u vrijeme postojanja države nego ga je tek u 18. vijeku uveo francuski povjesničar Montesquieu. Kao i drugi povjesničari tog vremena on je smatrao da Bizantsko carstvo nakon 5. vijeka nije vrijedno imena Rimsko iako su vizantinci sebe smatrali rimljanima, a vizantijski car je sebe smatrao jedinim pravim vladarom Rima "rođenim u purpuru". Zato je Montesquieu uzeo latinizirano ime glavnog grada Byzantium (od grčkog Byzántion, današnji Istanbul), za cijelo carstvo. Prvi naziv ovog grada je bio Constantinopolis po caru Konstantinu koji ga gradi i koji iz Rima prenosi ovde prestonicu. Ovo čini zbog tadašnje velike ekonomske krize i neuspeha ranijih reformi vojske i državne uprave. Konstantin najzad priznaje hrišćanstvo kao zvaničnu religiju carstva i vrši ostale potrebne reforme, te Rim polako počinje sa oporavkom.

Građani Bizantskog carstva su sebe smatrali Rimljanima, a službeni jezik je bio isprva latinski, kao i u zapadnom dijelu Carstva, a od 7. vijeka, odlukom cara Iraklija (vladao od 610. - 641.), grčki.

Vizantijski car je do 800. godine i krunisanja Karla Velikog bio jedini car u hrišćanskom svetu. Posle 800. godine institucija vizantijskog cara biva poljuljana, ali on i dalje sebe naziva "vasilevs - car Rimski" što ni jedan drugi vladar tog vremena nije mogao reći za sebe.

Vizantija je bila država jako vezana za hrišćanstvo koje je bilo jedina zvanična religija carstva vekovima. Viševekovno rivalstvo dva hrišćanska poglavara i pokušaj prevlasti nad carevinom kulminira 1054. godine kada rimski Papa odbijajući da prizna samoizabranog arhiepiskopa Carigradskoig Fotija, demonstrativno baca anatemu na istočnu hrišćansku crkvu u velelepnoj crkvi Sveta Marija (današnja Aja Sofija). Od tog doba dve hrišćanske crkve se samostalno razvijaju i grade sve veće razlike među sobom, pokušavajući da se nametnu u hrišćanskom svetu. Česti su, u prošlosti, bili pokušaji falsifikovanja istorijskih činjenica, pa čak sukoba i otvorenih ratova prouzrokovanih ovim neslaganjima.

Poreklo imena „Vizantijsko Carstvo“

Termin „Vizantijsko Carstvo“ je moderan naziv i bio bi stran njegovim savremenicima. Domaći, vizantijski, naziv je bio Ῥωμανία — Romania ili Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων — Basileia Romaion, što predstavlja direktan prevod latinskog naziva za Rimsko Carstvo, Imperium Romanorum, a svi postojeći zapisi govore o tzv. Vizantijcima kao "Romejima", dakle zemlji koja je naslednik Rimskog Carstva i njenim podanicima.

Sam naziv prvi put se koristi 1557. od strane nemačkog istoričara Heronima Volfa u njegovom delu „Corpus Historiae Bizantinae“. Potiče od starog grčkog naziva Vizantion, grčke kolonije na Bosforu, na čijem je mestu kasnije podignuta prestonica Istočnog Carstva, Konstantinopolj. Prema predanju, grad su osnovali grčki kolonisti, koje je predvodio neki Viza (Biza) ili Vizas (Bizas) i po njenu je i naselje dobilo ime Vizantion (Bizantion). Zbog povoljnog geografskog položaja Vizantion je brzo postao važan primorski i trgovački grad, ali pak u antičkom periodu nije zauzeo neku značajniju ulogu.

Grčka kultura

Bizantsko Carstvo 555 godine je prikazano crvenom i zelenom bojom

Osnovni današnji problem Bizanta je da se niti danas svi povjesničari ne mogu složiti kada je ovo Carstvo nastalo i nestalo. Godine njegovog nastanka se pomiču zavisno od izvora između 283. godine kada umire car Kar i kada se carstvo prvi put dijeli ( što će potvrditi Dioklecijan ) i 640. godine kada Mediteran prestaje biti Rimsko jezero. Iako je 323. godine samo 10 - 15 posto stanovnika Carstva bilo kršćanske vjere to će se tijekom sljedećih 100 godina promjeniti u potpuno obratnu situaciju. Tijekom V. stoljeća dok Zapadne prefekture ( Zapadno Rimsko Carstvo ) propadaju pod navalom barbara Istok se osjetio pozvanim sudjelovati u pokušaju spasa. Sve od 410. godine ti pokušaji bez uspješnih rezultata će dovesti praktički Bizant do bankrota nakon čega on financijski iscrpljen pušta ostatak Carstva svojoj sudbini. Koristeći gotovo potpuni mir koji traje 40 godina tijekom vladavina Anastazija i Justina Carstvo je bilo financijski spremno za povratak izgubljenih provincija. Tijekom vladavine Justinijana I. doći će do oslobađanja Afrike, Italije, Dalmacije, južne obale Hispanije i svih sredozemnih otoka. Da li je njegov san o obnovi cjelokupnog Carstva bio moguć ili ne nikada nećemo doznati pošto je Carstvo (i Perzija ) bilo potreseno velikom epidemijom po broju žrtava prilično sličnom kugi. Ostatak ovog razdoblja nalazi državu u defanzivi pod napadima Avara i Slavena na Balkanu, Langobarda u Italiji, Perzije na Bliskom Istoku i Vizigota koji početkom VII. stoljeća uspjevaju osloboditi Hispaniju. Veliki, četvrt stoljeća dugi, rat s Perzijom će napokon završiti 627. godine pobjedom car Heraklija koja je trebala donesti pobjedu. Ta pobjeda na kraju postaje pirova kada Arapi ujedinjeni muslimanskom vjerom čiji nastanak je Carstvo potpomoglo (točnije Muhameda) pobjeđuju Rimsku vojsku, osvajaju Bliski Istok, a ubrzo potom 640. godine i Egipat. Gubitkom žitnih polja ove provincije kao i Sirije koja se specijalizirala za proizvodnju ulja dolazimo do granice koja označava zbog općih životnih promjena stanovništva kraj Antike.

Borba za život

Bizant u doba stupanja na vlast Leona III. Izurijanca 717. godine

Gubitak više od pola Carstva u samo jednom desetljeću je rezultiralo borbom na život i smrt protiv fanatično nastrojenih Arapa u njihovom širenju vjere. Tijekom tih bitaka bivše multietnička Carstvo će padom Kartage 695. godine postati gotovo jednonacionalna, grčka država. U bitkama tijekom kojih će doći čak i do dvije opsade Carigrada Bizant će preživjeti samo zbog otkrića Grčke vatre koja će spaliti protivničku flotu. Do stabiliziranja ostataka države koja je spala s carstva gradova na carstvo tvrđava dolazi stupanjem na vlast Leona III. Izurijanca u VIII. stoljeću. To vrijeme mira neće zadovoljiti stanovništvo koje sada bez vanjskih neprijatelja počinje njih tražiti među sobom putem unutrašnjih nemira kojima se odlučuje da li će biti dopušteno ili ne pravljenje ikona. Ova polemika će trajati gotovo do polovice IX. stoljeća kada će regent Teodora donesti odluku u korist ikona.

Makedonci

Bizant u doba smrti Bazilija II. 1025. godine

Kraj tih nemira daruje državi sada vjersko kao što je prije imalo i nacionalno jedinstvo. Takav razvoj situacije će dati snagu Carstvu za ponovno vođenje aktivne vanjske politike čemu će malo poslužiti i sreća. Politika pobjeda i poraza u ratu sa susjedima cara Bazilija I. će biti nastavljena sve do 961. godine kada vlast preuzimaju najprije vojni zapovjednici, a potom sposobni Bazilije II. Bugaroubojica. Tijekom njegove vladavine biti će anektirano Bugarsko Carstvo, a nakon toga careva riječ će se slušati od rijeke Kupe pa sve do Kaspijskog mora. Njegova smrt dovodi do povratka vlasti iz glavnog zapovjedništva vojske ponovno u dekadentnu palaču čijim vladarima je sve teško raditi ( čak i imati djecu ) osim pojavljivama na svakodnevnim zabavama. To je dovelo do smanjivanja stajaće vojske kako bi car više novca mogao trošiti na svoje "gluposti". Rezultat te politike će biti poraz cara Romana IV. od Turaka 1071. godine i gubitak u ratu 50 posto stanovništva.

Komneni

Koristeći praktički raspad države na prijestolje će se popeti plemić Aleksije I. Komnen koji ne vidjevši druge mogućnosti traži od pape pomoć za oslobađanje kršćanskih zemalja što će dovesti do Križarskih ratova. Carstvo će tijekom njegove vladavine povratiti dio izgubljenog teritorija ali unutrašnjo-politički gledano to više neće biti država kao prije. Sada se ona pretvara u feudalno društvo što je točno ono protiv čega se veliki Bazilije II. borio. Pored toga nova negativnost ovog uređenja postaje ukidanje stalne vojske i sve veća ovisnost o plaćenicima ili feudalnim gospodarima koji trebaju dati vojsku za potrebu države. Sljedeći Komneni će nastaviti ovu politiku koja će rezultirati klasičnom feudalnom borbom za vlast i padom Carigrada u ruke križara 1204. godine.

Restauracija i kraj

Stanje na Balkanu i u Maloj aziji 1265. godine.Narančasta boja prikazuje Bizant, žuta Turke pod vrhovnom vlašću Mongola, crvena Veneciju koja vlada Dubrovnikom, a sivkasta na sjeveru Srbiju dok je Bugarska zelene boje

Pad Carigrada će rezultirati stvaranjem kvislinškog Latinskog carstva, dok će lojalna grčka područja proglasiti svoje nezavisne države. One će biti Trapezuntsko Carstvo stvoreno od Komnena još u ožujku 1204., Nikejsko Carstvo osnovano u travnju 1204. ( u trenutku pada Carigrada ), ali službeno proglašeno tek 1206. i posljednje osnovano Solunsko Carstvo koje će veći dio postojanja provesti pod imenom Epirska despotovina. U bitkama za obnovu Carstva koje će trajati sve do 1261. godine pobjednik će postati Nicejsko Carstvo sa svojim carem uzurpatorom Mihajlom Paleologom koji će osnovati posljednju vladajuću dinastiju. Nakon njegove smrti 1282. godine državom će vladati s kratkim prekidima nesposobni, neaktivni carevi koji ništa ne poduzimaju protiv Tursko-Srpskih osvajanja. Bizantsko-osmanski ratovi pokazali su se kao smrtni udarac carstvu. Rezultat toga postaje pad Carigrada 1453. godine, a ubrzo potom i Moreje 1460/61 godine. Posljednje Carstvo koje preuzima direktno nasljedstvo od starog Rimskog Carstva će umrijeti kada David, car Trapezunta potpisuje bezuvjetnu kapitulaciju svoje države 1461. godine Osmanskom sultanu Mehmedu II.

Povezano

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Vanjske veze

Byzantium: Studija o Vizantijiskom carstvu Arhivirano 2014-10-08 na Wayback Machine-u (na engleskom)
O Vizantiji (na engleskom)
De Imperatoribus Romanis. Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors.
12 Byzantine Rulers Arhivirano 2016-07-18 na Wayback Machine-u by Lars Brownworth of The Stony Brook School; audio lectures. NYTimes review.
18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman (Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime).
Byzantine & Christian Museum

Vizntijske studije, resursi i bibliografija

Fox, Clinton R. What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors)
Byzantine studies homepage at Dumbarton Oaks. Includes links to numerous electronic texts.
Byzantium: Byzantine studies on the Internet Arhivirano 2014-10-08 na Wayback Machine-u. Links to various online resources.
Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204 Arhivirano 2001-04-13 na Wayback Machine-u. Online sourcebook.
De Re Militari. Resources for medieval history, including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars.
Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium Arhivirano 2014-08-14 na Wayback Machine-u. Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history.
Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life. Hosted by the University of Vienna; in English.
Constantinople Home Page. Links to texts, images and videos on Byzantium.
Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture.
Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire)