Võro leid
Võro | |
---|---|
Spoken in: |
|
Tot spaekers: | 70,000 |
Genetic classification: |
Uralic
Finno-Ugric |
Leid codes | |
ISO 639-1 | Nane |
ISO 639-2 | fiu |
ISO 639-3 | vro |
The Võro leid (Võro: võro kiil, Estonie: võru keel)[1][2] is a leid[3] belangin tae the Baltic-Finnic branch o the Finno-Ugric leids.[4] Tradeetionally it haes been considered a dialect o Sooth Estonian dialect group o the Estonian leid, but nouadays it haes its awn literary leid[5] an is in sairch o offeecial recognition as an autochthonous regional leid o Estonie. Võro haes aboot 70,000 speakers (Võros) maistly in sooth-eastren Estonie, in the aicht parishes o historical Võru Coonty: Karula, Harglõ, Urvastõ, Rõugõ, Kanepi, Põlva, Räpinä, an Vahtsõliina. Thir parishes are currently centered (due tae redestrictin) in Võru an Põlva Coonties wi pairts extendin intae Valga an Tartu coonties. Speakers can an aa be foond in the touns o Tallinn, Tartu an the rest o Estonie.[6][7][8]
History
[eedit | eedit soorce]Võro is a descendant o the auld Sooth Estonian tribal leid an is the least influenced bi Staundart Estonian (which is based on Northren Estonian dialects). Võro wis ance spoken further sooth an east o historical Võromaa in Sooth Estonian-speakin enclaves Lutsi, Leivu an Kraasna in wha is nou Latvie an Roushie. In addition tae Võro, ither contemporary variants o Sooth Estonian include the Mulgi, Tartu an Seto leid or dialect.
Ane o the earliest written evidences o Sooth Estonian is a translation o the New Testament (Wastne Testament) published in 1686. Awtho the status o Sooth Estonian began tae diminish efter the 1880s, the leid began tae unnergo a revival in the late 1980s.
Present situation
[eedit | eedit soorce]The day, Võro is uised in the wirks o some o Estonie's maist well kent playwrights, poets, an authors (Madis Kõiv, Ülle Kauksi, Jaan Kaplinski, Ain Kaalep etc.). Ane newspaper is printit in Võro: the fortnichtly Uma Leht (literally Oor Awn Newspaper). 26 public schools affer weekly special (maistly extracurricular) classes in modren Võro. Estonie's contreibution tae the Eurovision Sang Contest 2004 wis the sang "Tii", which wis performed bi Neiokõsõ in Võro. The leid is definitely endangered[9] bi staundart Estonian due tae the lack o the govrenment's legal commitment tae pertect the leid.
Writin seestem
[eedit | eedit soorce]Võro employs the Laitin alphabet, lik Estonian an Finnish.
А /ɑ/ |
B /p/ |
C /t͡s/ |
D /t/ |
E /e/ |
F /f/ |
G /k/ |
H /h/ |
I /i/ |
J /j/ |
K /kk/ |
L /l/ |
M /m/ |
N /n/ |
O /o/ |
P /pp/ |
Q /ʔ/ |
R /r/ |
S /ss/ |
Š /ʃʃ/ |
T /tt/ |
U /u/ |
V /v/ |
W /v/ |
Õ /ɤ/ |
Ä /æ/ |
Ö /ø/ |
Ü /y/ |
X /ks/ |
Y /ɨ/ |
Z /s/ |
Ž /ʃ/ |
' /◌ʲ/ |
Maist letters (includin ä, ö, ü, an õ) denote the same soonds as in Estonian, wi a few exceptions. The letter q staunds for the glottal stop /ʔ/ an y denotes /ɨ/, a vouel vera close tae Roushie ы or Pols y (frae 2005 written õ). The acute accent marks palatalization of consonants (lik in Pols): ś, ń, ľ, ť, ḱ, h́, ḿ, an sae on.
Phonology
[eedit | eedit soorce]Vouels
[eedit | eedit soorce]Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unroondit | Roondit | Unroondit | Roondit | |
Close | i | y | ɨ | u |
Mid | e | ø | ɤ | o |
Open | æ | ɑ |
In Võro thare is vouel harmony, teepical o mony Finno-Ugric leids but lackin in modren staundart Estonian.
Consonants
[eedit | eedit soorce]Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p pʲ | t tʲ | k kʲ | ʔ | ||
Affricate | ts tsʲ | |||||
Nasal | m mʲ | n nʲ | ŋ ŋʲ | |||
Fricative | v vʲ | s sʲ | h hʲ | |||
Approximant | l lʲ | j | ||||
Trill | r rʲ |
Aw Võro consonants (except /j/ an /ʔ/) can be palatalized. The glottal stop (q, IPA [ʔ]) is a vera common soond in Võro.
Differences amang Võro, Estonian an Finnish
[eedit | eedit soorce]- A significant difference atween staundart Estonian an the Võro leid is vouel harmony. Thare is nae vouel harmony in the majority o North Estonian dialects an staundart Estonian, but it exists in the Võro an Finnish leids; compare:
Estonian | Võro | Finnish | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
küla | külä | kylä | veelage |
küsinud | küsünüq | kysynyt | (haes) asked |
hõbedane | hõbõhõnõ | hopeinen | (made of) siller |
- Some morphological features o the Võro leid are considered toae be vera auld. For instance the 3rd body singular o the indicative muid can be aither athoot an endin or, alternatively, wi a s-endin:
Estonian | Võro | Finnish | Meanin |
---|---|---|---|
kirjutab | kirotas | kirjoittaa | he writes |
annab | an | antaa | he gies |
Amang the Finnic leids, sic dooble verb conjugation can be foond anerlie in the Sooth Estonian an Karelian leids.
- Võro haes a negative particle that is appended tae the end of the verb, whauras standard Estonian an Finnish hae a negative verb, which precedes the verb. In Estonian an Finnish, the negative verb ei (Finnish en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät) is uised in baith present an past negation, whauras in Võro the same is expressed bi different particles endin wi -i(q) or -s:
Estonian | Võro | Finnish | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
sa ei anna | saq anna-aiq | sinä et anna | You don't give |
ma ei tule | maq tulõ-õiq | minä en tule | I don't come |
sa ei andnud | saq anna-as | sinä et antanut | You didn't give |
ma ei tulnud | maq tulõ-õs | minä en tullut | I didn't come |
- Differences in vocabulary atween Estonian an the Võro leid can be clearly seen in iveryday speech (yet a common Estonian is able tae unnerstaund maist iveryday Võro wirds, syne mony o them exist in Staundart Estonian as dialectal synonyms for the wirds gien or in literary leid); mony Võro wirds are closer tae Finnish than tae Estonian:
Estonian | Võro | Dialectal/literary Estonian | Finnish | Meanin |
---|---|---|---|---|
punane | verrev | verev | (punainen) | red |
soe | lämmi | lämmi, lämbe | lämmin | warm |
jahe | oigõ | - | (haalea) | cool, chilly |
õde | sõsar | sõsar | sisar | sister |
uus | vahtsõnõ | vastne | (uusi) | new |
koer | pini | peni | (koira) | dog |
pöial | päss | - | (peukalo) | thumb |
pesema | mõskma | mõskma | (pestä) | tae wash |
tänavu | timahavva | - | (tänä vuonna) | this year |
hunt | susi | susi | susi | wolf |
mäger | kähr | - | (mäyrä) | badger |
laupäev | puulpäiv | - | (lauantai) | Saturday |
surema | kuulma | koolma | kuolla | tae die |
sõstar | hõrak | - | herukka | currant |
kask | kõiv | kõiv | koivu | birch |
nutma | ikma | itkema | itkeä | tae weep |
märkama | rõbahtama | - | (huomata) | tae notice |
Leid example
[eedit | eedit soorce]Airticle 1 o the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Võro:
- [Kõik inemiseq sünnüseq avvo ja õiguisi poolõst ütesugumaidsis. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetunnistus ja nä piät ütstõõsõga vele muudu läbi käümä.] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
As comparison the same sentence in Staundart Estonian:
- [Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
In Finnish:
- [Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Basic greetins
[eedit | eedit soorce]- Tereq! - Hello! Guid day!
- (Tere) hummogust - Good fornuin
- (Tere) õdagust - Guid forenicht
- Hääd üüd / hüvvä üüd - Guid nicht
- Näemiq - See you later
- Hüvvä / hääd nägemist - Guidbye
- Rõõm nätäq - Nice tae meet you
- Aiteh / Aitjumma - Thank you
- Kuis lätt - Hou are you / Hou you doin?
- Häste - A'm fine
- Olõq terveq tulõmast! - Walcome!
Important wirds an phrases
[eedit | eedit soorce]- jah / jaa - yes
- ei - no
- ma olõ - I am
- maq, saq, tä - I, you, he/she
- miiq, tiiq, nääq - we, you, thay
- seo - this, it
- taa / tuu - that, it
- muidoki - o course
- Mul om - A hae
- Sul om - You hae
- Kas sul om? - dae you hae?
- Mul olõ-õiq - I hae no
- üts, kats, kolm, neli, viis - ane, twa, three, fower, five
- kuus, säidse, katõsa, ütesä, kümme - sax, seiven, aicht, nine, ten
- sada, tuhat, mill'on - hunder, thoosan, million
- vabandust / pallõ andis - sorry or excuse me
- vesi - watter
- Eesti - Estonie
- Võromaa - Võro aurie
- võro kiil - Võro leid
- võrokõnõ - Võro (body)
- eestläne - Estonian (body)
- saa-i arvo - I daena unnerstaund
- saa arvo - (A) unnerstaund
- Kas võro kiilt mõistat? - Dae you unnerstaund Võro?
- Kas inglüse kiilt kõnõlõt? - Dae you speak Inglis?
- Ma olõ ingläne / ameeriklanõ / kanadalanõ / austraallanõ / vahtsõmeremaalanõ / iirläne / sotlanõ - A am Inglis / American / Canadian / Australian / New Zealander / Erse / Scots
- Kon sa elät / kon ti elät? - Whaur dae you live?
See an aa
[eedit | eedit soorce]- Sooth Estonian leid
- Baltic-Finnic leids
- Võro Institute
- Uma Leht, newspaper in the Võro leid
Notes
[eedit | eedit soorce]- ↑ Võro language by Kara D. Brown, Phd at Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine Indiana University
- ↑ Database Linguae: Maailma keeled, kirjad ja rahvad at Institute of the Estonian Language
- ↑ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: vro at Archived 2009-07-10 at the Wayback Machine ISO 639-3
- ↑ Endangered languages in Europe and North Asia by Tapani Salminen. Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
- ↑ Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language) by Sulev Iva, Phd at Tartu University, (English summary pp 144-146)
- ↑ About the Võro language at Archived 2010-01-30 at the Wayback Machine Võro Institute
- ↑ Võro language by Evar Saar, Phd at Võro Institute
- ↑ Võro language at Omniglot linguistic database
- ↑ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger UNESCO
Further readin
[eedit | eedit soorce]- Ehala, Martin & Niglas, Katrin (2007): Empirical evaluation o a mathematical model of ethnolinguistic vitality: the case of Võro. Jurnal of Multilingual an Multicultural Development.
- Eller, Kalle (1999): Võro-Seto leid. Võro Instituut'. Võro.
- Iva, Sulev; Pajusalu, Karl (2004): The Võro Language: Historical Development an Present Situation. In: Language Policy an Sociolinguistics I: "Regional Languages in the New Europe" International Scienteefic Conference; Rēzeknes Augstskola, Latvija; 20–23 Mey 2004. Rezekne: Rezekne Augstskolas Izdevnieceba, 2004, 58 - 63.
- Iva, Sulev (2007): Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language). Dissertationes Philologiae Estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 20, Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus (online: http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/4860/1/iva_sulev.pdf, Inglis summary pp 144–146).
- Jüvä, Sullõv(2002): Võro-eesti synaraamat (Võro-Estonian dictionary). Publications of Võro Institute 12. Tarto-Võro.
- Keem, Hella (1997): Võru keel (Võro leid). Võro Instituut ja Eesti teaduste akadeemia Emakeele selts. Tallinn.
- Koreinik, Kadri (2007): The Võro leid in eddication in Estonie. Regional dossiers series. Mercator. European Research Centre on Multilingualism an Language Learnin (online: http://www1.fa.knaw.nl/mercator/regionale_dossiers/PDFs/võro_in_estonia.pdf).
- Koreinik, Kadri; Pajusalu, Karl (2007): Language naming practices an linguistic identity in South-Eastern Estonie. – Language an Identity in the Finno-Ugric Warld. Proceedings of the Fowert International Symposium at the University of Groningen, Mey 17–19, 2006. R. Blokland an C. Hasselblatt (eds). (Studia Fenno-Ugrica Groningana 4). Maastricht: Shaker.
Freemit airtins
[eedit | eedit soorce]Võro edeetion o Wikipaedia, the free encyclopaedia |
- Võro leid an alphabet at Omniglot
- (in error: {{Airtin leid}}: unrecognised leid tag: fiu-vro) Võro-Estonian dictionary (Võro Institute)
- (in error: {{Airtin leid}}: unrecognised leid tag: fiu-vro) Võro Institute
- (in error: {{Airtin leid}}: unrecognised leid tag: fiu-vro) Võro leid newspaper "Uma Leht"
- Audio example o Võro leid
- "Estonian dialects an layers" on http://www.estonica.org Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: vro Archived 2009-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
- Swadesh leet for Baltic-Finnic leids
- (in error: {{Airtin leid}}: unrecognised leid tag: fiu-vro) Hamepage o computer programs in Võro Archived 2009-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
- (in error: {{Airtin leid}}: unrecognised leid tag: fiu-vro) Inglis-Võro dictionary o computer terms Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Eurominority Archived 2009-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Uralic languages (Salminen 2003)
- (in error: {{Airtin leid}}: unrecognised leid tag: fiu-vro) Online games in Võro leid
- (in error: {{Airtin leid}}: unrecognised leid tag: fiu-vro) Collection o cartoons in Võro Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
Wikimedia Commons haes media relatit tae Võro. |