Introduction

rustup installs The Rust Programming Language from the official release channels, enabling you to easily switch between stable, beta, and nightly compilers and keep them updated. It makes cross-compiling simpler with binary builds of the standard library for common platforms. And it runs on all platforms Rust supports.

Check out the Concepts chapter for an overview of how rustup works and some of the terminology it uses. The Installation chapter covers installing rustup and getting started.

The source code of rustup and this manual may be found at https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup. If you find a problem, check out the issue tracker.

Release notes for rustup may be found in the CHANGELOG.

Installation

Follow the instructions at https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install. If that doesn’t work for you there are other installation methods.

rustup installs rustc, cargo, rustup and other standard tools to Cargo’s bin directory. On Unix it is located at $HOME/.cargo/bin and on Windows at %USERPROFILE%\.cargo\bin. This is the same directory that cargo install will install Rust programs and Cargo plugins.

This directory will be in your $PATH environment variable, which means you can run them from the shell without further configuration. Open a new shell and type the following:

rustc --version

If you see something like rustc 1.19.0 (0ade33941 2017-07-17) then you are ready to Rust. If you decide Rust isn’t your thing, you can completely remove it from your system by running rustup self uninstall.

Choosing where to install

rustup allows you to customise your installation by setting the environment variables CARGO_HOME and RUSTUP_HOME before running the rustup-init executable. As mentioned in the Environment Variables section, RUSTUP_HOME sets the root rustup folder, which is used for storing installed toolchains and configuration options. CARGO_HOME contains cache files used by cargo.

Note that you will need to ensure these environment variables are always set and that CARGO_HOME/bin is in the $PATH environment variable when using the toolchain.

Installing nightly

If you specify the nightly channel when installing rustup, the rustup-init script will do a “forced” installation by default. A “forced” installation means it will install the nightly channel regardless of whether it might be missing components that you want. If you want to install rustup with the nightly channel, and ensure it has the components that you want, you will need to do this in two phases. For example, if you want to make a fresh installation of rustup and then install nightly along with clippy or miri, first install rustup without a toolchain:

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --default-toolchain none -y

Next you can install nightly allowing rustup to downgrade until it finds the components you need:

rustup toolchain install nightly --allow-downgrade --profile minimal --component clippy

This can be used to great effect in CI, to get you a toolchain rapidly which meets your criteria.

Enable tab completion for Bash, Fish, Zsh, or PowerShell

rustup now supports generating completion scripts for Bash, Fish, Zsh, and PowerShell. See rustup help completions for full details, but the gist is as simple as using one of the following:

# Bash
$ rustup completions bash > ~/.local/share/bash-completion/completions/rustup

# Bash (macOS/Homebrew)
$ rustup completions bash > $(brew --prefix)/etc/bash_completion.d/rustup.bash-completion

# Fish
$ mkdir -p ~/.config/fish/completions
$ rustup completions fish > ~/.config/fish/completions/rustup.fish

# Zsh
$ rustup completions zsh > ~/.zfunc/_rustup

# PowerShell v5.0 
$ rustup completions powershell >> $PROFILE.CurrentUserCurrentHost
# or
$ rustup completions powershell | Out-String | Invoke-Expression

Note: you may need to restart your shell in order for the changes to take effect.

For zsh, you must then add the following line in your ~/.zshrc before compinit:

fpath =~/.zfunc

Windows

rustup works the same on Windows as it does on Unix, but there are some special considerations for Rust developers on Windows. As mentioned on the Rust download page, there are two ABIs in use on Windows: the native (MSVC) ABI used by Visual Studio, and the GNU ABI used by the GCC toolchain. Which version of Rust you need depends largely on what C/C libraries you want to interoperate with: for interop with software produced by Visual Studio use the MSVC build of Rust; for interop with GNU software built using the MinGW/MSYS2 toolchain use the GNU build.

When targeting the MSVC ABI, Rust additionally requires an installation of Visual Studio so rustc can use its linker and libraries.

When targeting the GNU ABI, no additional software is strictly required for basic use. However, many library crates will not be able to compile until the full MSYS2 with MinGW has been installed.

By default rustup on Windows configures Rust to target the MSVC ABI, that is a target triple of either i686-pc-windows-msvc, x86_64-pc-windows-msvc, or aarch64-pc-windows-msvc depending on the CPU architecture of the host Windows OS. The toolchains that rustup chooses to install, unless told otherwise through the toolchain specification, will be compiled to run on that target triple host and will target that triple by default.

You can change this behavior with rustup set default-host or during installation.

For example, to explicitly select the 32-bit MSVC host:

$ rustup set default-host i686-pc-windows-msvc

Or to choose the 64 bit GNU toolchain:

$ rustup set default-host x86_64-pc-windows-gnu

Since the MSVC ABI provides the best interoperation with other Windows software it is recommended for most purposes. The GNU toolchain is always available, even if you don’t use it by default. Just install it with rustup toolchain install:

$ rustup toolchain install stable-gnu

You don’t need to switch toolchains to support all windows targets though; a single toolchain supports all four x86 windows targets:

$ rustup target add x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
$ rustup target add x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
$ rustup target add i686-pc-windows-msvc
$ rustup target add i686-pc-windows-gnu

See the Cross-compilation chapter for more details on specifying different targets with the same compiler.

MSVC prerequisites

To compile programs into an exe file, Rust requires a linker, libraries and Windows API import libraries. For msvc targets these can be acquired through Visual Studio.

Automatic install

If you don’t have Visual Studio already installed then rustup-init will offer to automatically install the prerequisites. Doing so means you can skip the rest of this page. However, it installs Visual Studio Community edition which may not be appropriate for all users. It is free for individuals, academic and open source use, but not for other uses, such as in proprietary enterprise software. Users should ask their organisation which edition is right for them. See licensing terms for more details.

Manual install

Download Visual Studio. Rust supports Visual Studio 2013 and later but it is recommended that you use the latest version (currently 2022) for new projects. You can opt to download only the Build Tools for Visual Studio, which does not include the IDE. However this requires you already have a license to the Community, Professional or Enterprise edition.

Once you’ve downloaded and started the installer, the easiest way to get everything installed is to select “Desktop Development with C ”. This will include the necessary components. On the “Language Packs” tab, make sure the English language pack is installed in addition to your preferred language.

If you want more details on the installation process or want to further customize the install then follow the walkthrough below. Otherwise complete the Visual Studio install and continue with installing Rust.

Walkthrough: Installing Visual Studio 2022

This walkthrough uses the Community edition of Visual Studio but the Professional, Enterprise and the Build Tools all work the same way.

The installer will start by linking to the license and for your edition of Visual Studio and then preparing the installer.

Once this finishes, you can then select the components to be installed. Here we use the “Workload” tab to select the “Desktop Development with C ” workload. This will includes all needed components for Rust:

Installing only the required components (optional)

If you’d like a more minimal install (and won’t be doing C development) then you can use the “Individual Components” tab to select just the essentials, which are:

• MSVC v143 - VS 2022 C x64/x86 build tools (Latest)
• Windows 11 SDK (10.0.22621.0)

Note that the specific version of the Windows SDK doesn’t matter for pure Rust code but if using C as well you’ll likely want either the latest or whichever version is required by the C project (or both).

Completing the install

After choosing the components, switch to the “Language Packs” tab and add the English language pack in addition to your preferred language.

Finally click the install button and wait for everything to be installed.

Once finished, you can continue on to installing Rust.

Other installation methods

The primary installation method, as described at https://rustup.rs, differs by platform:

• On Windows, download and run the rustup-init.exe built for the x86_64-pc-windows-msvc target. In general, this is the build of rustup one should install on Windows. This will require the Visual C Build Tools 2019 or equivalent (Visual Studio 2019, etc.) to already be installed. If you would prefer to install GNU toolchains or the i686 toolchains by default this can be modified at install time, either interactively, with the --default-host flag, or after installation via rustup set default-host.
• On Unix, run curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh in your shell. This downloads and runs rustup-init.sh, which in turn downloads and runs the correct version of the rustup-init executable for your platform.

rustup-init accepts arguments, which can be passed through the shell script. Some examples:

$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --help
$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --no-modify-path
$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --default-toolchain nightly
$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --default-toolchain none
$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- --profile minimal --default-toolchain nightly

Using a package manager

Please note that the rustup project is not maintaining any package mentioned in this section. If you have encountered any problems installing rustup with a package manager, please contact the package maintainer(s) for further information.

APT

Starting from Debian 13 (trixie) and Ubuntu 24.04 (noble), you may use apt to install rustup:

$ sudo apt install rustup

Homebrew

You can use brew to install rustup-init¹:

$ brew install rustup-init

Then execute rustup-init to proceed with the installation.

When the installation is complete, make sure that $HOME/.cargo/bin is in your $PATH, and you should be able to use rustup normally.

Manual installation

You can manually download rustup-init for a given target from https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/dist/{target-triple}/rustup-init[.exe]^{2 3}.

To get a previous version, use https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/archive/{rustup-version}/{target-triple}/rustup-init[.exe].

SHA-256 checksums are also available by appending .sha256 to the link.

Self-compiled installation

To install rustup from source, check out the git repository from https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup and run cargo run --release. Note that after installation the rustup toolchains will supersede any pre-existing toolchains by prepending ~/.cargo/bin to the PATH environment variable.

Already installed Rust?

Several Linux distributions package Rust, and you may wish to use the packaged toolchain, such as for distribution package development. You may also wish to use a rustup-managed toolchain such as nightly or beta. Normally, rustup will complain that you already have Rust installed in /usr and refuse to install. However, you can install Rust via rustup and have it coexist with your distribution’s packaged Rust.

When you initially install Rust with rustup, pass the -y option to make it ignore the packaged Rust toolchain and install a rustup-managed toolchain into ~/.cargo/bin. Add that directory to your $PATH (or let rustup do it for you by not passing --no-modify-path). Then, to tell rustup about your system toolchain, run:

rustup toolchain link system /usr

You can then use “system” as a rustup toolchain, just like “nightly”. For example, using the toolchain override shorthand, you can run cargo system build to build with the system toolchain, or cargo nightly build to build with nightly.

If you do distribution Rust development, you should likely make “system” your default toolchain:

rustup default system

Concepts

How rustup works

rustup is a toolchain multiplexer. It installs and manages many Rust toolchains and presents them all through a single set of tools installed to ~/.cargo/bin. The rustc and cargo executables installed in ~/.cargo/bin are proxies that delegate to the real toolchain. rustup then provides mechanisms to easily change the active toolchain by reconfiguring the behavior of the proxies.

So when rustup is first installed, running rustc will run the proxy in $HOME/.cargo/bin/rustc, which in turn will run the stable compiler. If you later change the default toolchain to nightly with rustup default nightly, then that same proxy will run the nightly compiler instead.

This is similar to Ruby’s rbenv, Python’s pyenv, or Node’s nvm.

Terminology

• channel — Rust is released to three different “channels”: stable, beta, and nightly. See the Channels chapter for more details.

• toolchain — A “toolchain” is a complete installation of the Rust compiler (rustc) and related tools (like cargo). A toolchain specification includes the release channel or version, and the host platform that the toolchain runs on.

• target — rustc is capable of generating code for many platforms. The “target” specifies the platform that the code will be generated for. By default, cargo and rustc use the host toolchain’s platform as the target. To build for a different target, usually the target’s standard library needs to be installed first via the rustup target command. See the Cross-compilation chapter for more details.

• component — Each release of Rust includes several “components”, some of which are required (like rustc) and some that are optional (like clippy). See the Components chapter for more detail.

• profile — In order to make it easier to work with components, a “profile” defines a grouping of components. See the Profiles chapter for more details.

• proxy — A wrapper for a common Rust component (like rustc), built to forward CLI invocations to the active Rust toolchain. See the Proxies chapter for more details.

Channels

Rust is released to three different “channels”: stable, beta, and nightly. The stable releases are made every 6 weeks (with occasional point releases). Beta releases are the version that will appear in the next stable release. Nightly releases are made every night. See The Rust Book for more details on Rust’s train release model. The release schedule is posted to the Rust Forge. rustup assists with installing different channels, keeping them up-to-date, and easily switching between them.

After a release channel has been installed, rustup can be used to update the installed version to the latest release on that channel. See the Keeping rust up to date section for more information.

rustup can also install specific versions of Rust, such as 1.45.2 or nightly-2020-07-27. See the Toolchains chapter for more information on installing different channels and releases. See the Overrides chapter for details on switching between toolchains and pinning your project to a specific toolchain.

Working with nightly Rust

rustup gives you easy access to the nightly compiler and its experimental features. To add it just run rustup toolchain install nightly:

$ rustup toolchain install nightly
info: syncing channel updates for 'nightly'
info: downloading toolchain manifest
info: downloading component 'rustc'
info: downloading component 'rust-std'
info: downloading component 'rust-docs'
info: downloading component 'cargo'
info: installing component 'rustc'
info: installing component 'rust-std'
info: installing component 'rust-docs'
info: installing component 'cargo'

  nightly installed: rustc 1.9.0-nightly (02310fd31 2016-03-19)

Now Rust nightly is installed, but not activated. To test it out you can run a command from the nightly toolchain like

$ rustup run nightly rustc --version
rustc 1.9.0-nightly (02310fd31 2016-03-19)

But more likely you want to use it for a while. To switch to nightly globally, change the default with rustup default nightly:

$ rustup default nightly
info: using existing install for 'nightly'
info: default toolchain set to 'nightly'

  nightly unchanged: rustc 1.9.0-nightly (02310fd31 2016-03-19)

Now any time you run cargo or rustc you will be running the nightly compiler.

With nightly installed any time you run rustup update, the nightly channel will be updated in addition to stable:

$ rustup update
info: syncing channel updates for 'stable'
info: syncing channel updates for 'nightly'
info: checking for self-update
info: downloading self-update

   stable unchanged: rustc 1.7.0 (a5d1e7a59 2016-02-29)
  nightly unchanged: rustc 1.9.0-nightly (02310fd31 2016-03-19)

Nightly availability

Nightly toolchains may fail to build, so for any given date and target platform there may not be a toolchain available. Furthermore, nightly builds may be published with missing non-default components (such as clippy). As such, it can be difficult to find fully-working nightlies. Use the rustup-components-history project to find the build status of recent nightly toolchains and components.

When you attempt to install or update the nightly channel, rustup will check if a required or previously installed component is missing. If it is missing, rustup will automatically search for an older release that contains the required components. There are several ways to change this behavior:

• Use the --force flag to rustup toolchain install to force it to install the most recent version even if there is a missing component.
• Use the --profile flag to rustup toolchain install to use a different profile that does not contain the missing component. For example, --profile=minimal should always work, as the minimal set is required to exist. See the Profiles chapter for more detail.
• Install a specific date that contains the components you need. For example, rustup toolchain install nightly-2020-07-27. You can then use overrides to pin to that specific release.

Toolchains

Many rustup commands deal with toolchains, a single installation of the Rust compiler. rustup supports multiple types of toolchains. The most basic track the official release channels: stable, beta and nightly; but rustup can also install toolchains from the official archives, for alternate host platforms, and from local builds.

Toolchain specification

Standard release channel toolchain names have the following form:

<channel>[-<date>][-<host>]

<channel>       = stable|beta|nightly|<major.minor>|<major.minor.patch>
<date>          = YYYY-MM-DD
<host>          = <target-triple>

‘channel’ is a named release channel, a major and minor version number such as 1.42, or a fully specified version number, such as 1.42.0. Channel names can be optionally appended with an archive date, as in nightly-2014-12-18, in which case the toolchain is downloaded from the archive for that date.

Finally, the host may be specified as a target triple. This is most useful for installing a 32-bit compiler on a 64-bit platform, or for installing the MSVC-based toolchain on Windows. For example:

$ rustup toolchain install stable-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc

For convenience, elements of the target triple that are omitted will be inferred, so the above could be written:

$ rustup toolchain install stable-msvc

Toolchain names that don’t name a channel instead can be used to name custom toolchains.

Custom toolchains

For convenience of developers working on Rust itself, rustup can manage local builds of the Rust toolchain. To teach rustup about your build, run:

$ rustup toolchain link my-toolchain path/to/my/toolchain/sysroot

For example, on Ubuntu you might clone rust-lang/rust into ~/rust, build it, and then run:

$ rustup toolchain link my-toolchain ~/rust/build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage2/
$ rustup default my-toolchain

Now you can name my-toolchain as any other rustup toolchain. Create a rustup toolchain for each of your rust-lang/rust workspaces and test them easily with rustup run my-toolchain rustc.

Because the rust-lang/rust tree does not include Cargo, when cargo is invoked for a custom toolchain and it is not available, rustup will attempt to use cargo from one of the release channels, preferring ‘nightly’, then ‘beta’ or ‘stable’.

Components

Each toolchain has several “components”, some of which are required (like rustc) and some that are optional (like clippy). The rustup component command is used to manage the installed components. For example, run rustup component list to see a list of available and installed components.

Components can be added when installing a toolchain with the --component flag. For example:

rustup toolchain install nightly --component rust-docs

Components can be added to an already-installed toolchain with the rustup component command:

rustup component add rust-docs

To make it easier to choose which components are installed, rustup has the concept of “profiles” which provide named groupings of different components. See the Profiles chapter for more detail.

Most components have a target-triple suffix, such as rustc-x86_64-apple-darwin, to signify the platform the component is for.

The set of available components may vary with different releases and toolchains. The following is an overview of the different components:

• rustc — The Rust compiler and Rustdoc.
• cargo — Cargo is a package manager and build tool.
• rustfmt — Rustfmt is a tool for automatically formatting code.
• rust-std — This is the Rust standard library. There is a separate rust-std component for each target that rustc supports, such as rust-std-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc. See the Cross-compilation chapter for more detail.
• rust-docs — This is a local copy of the Rust documentation. Use the rustup doc command to open the documentation in a web browser. Run rustup doc --help for more options.
• rust-analyzer — rust-analyzer is a language server that provides support for editors and IDEs.
• clippy — Clippy is a lint tool that provides extra checks for common mistakes and stylistic choices.
• miri — Miri is an experimental Rust interpreter, which can be used for checking for undefined-behavior.
• rust-src — This is a local copy of the source code of the Rust standard library. This can be used by some tools, such as rust-analyzer, to provide auto-completion for functions within the standard library; Miri which is a Rust interpreter; and Cargo’s experimental build-std feature, which allows you to rebuild the standard library locally.
• rust-mingw — This contains a linker and platform libraries for building on the x86_64-pc-windows-gnu platform.
• llvm-tools — This component contains a collection of LLVM tools. Note that this component has not been stabilized and may change in the future and is provided as-is. See #85658.
• rustc-dev — This component contains the compiler as a library. Most users will not need this; it is only needed for development of tools that link to the compiler, such as making modifications to Clippy.

Previous components

These components have been deprecated and are not published in new Rust releases.

• rls — RLS is a language server that is deprecated and has been replaced by rust-analyzer.
• rust-analysis — Metadata about the standard library, used by RLS.

Component availability

Not all components are available for all toolchains. Especially on the nightly channel, some components may not be included if they are in a broken state. The current status of all the components may be found on the rustup components history page. See the Nightly availability section for more details.

Profiles

rustup has the concept of “profiles”. They are groups of components you can choose to download while installing a new Rust toolchain. The profiles available at this time are minimal, default, and complete:

• The minimal profile includes as few components as possible to get a working compiler (rustc, rust-std, and cargo). It’s recommended to use this component on Windows systems if you don’t use local documentation (the large number of files can cause issues with some Antivirus systems), and in CI.
• The default profile includes all of components in the minimal profile, and adds rust-docs, rustfmt, and clippy. This profile will be used by rustup by default, and it’s the one recommended for general use.
• The complete profile includes all the components available through rustup. This should never be used, as it includes every component ever included in the metadata and thus will almost always fail. If you are looking for a way to install devtools such as miri or IDE integration tools (rust-analyzer), you should use the default profile and install the needed additional components manually, either by using rustup component add or by using -c when installing the toolchain.

To change the profile rustup install uses by default, you can use the rustup set profile command. For example, to select the minimal profile you can use:

rustup set profile minimal

You can also directly select the profile used when installing a toolchain with:

rustup install --profile <name>

It’s also possible to choose the default profile when installing rustup for the first time, either interactively by choosing the “Customize installation” option or programmatically by passing the --profile=<name> flag. Profiles will only affect newly installed toolchains: as usual it will be possible to install individual components later with: rustup component add.

Proxies

rustup provides a number of wrappers for common Rust tools. These are called proxies and represent commands which are provided by the various components.

The list of proxies is currently static in rustup and is as follows:

• rustc is the compiler for the Rust programming language, provided by the project itself and comes from the rustc component.

• rustdoc is a tool distributed in the rustc component which helps you to generate documentation for Rust projects.

• cargo is the Rust package manager which downloads your Rust package’s dependencies, compiles your packages, makes distributable packages, and uploads them to crates.io (the Rust community’s package registry). It comes from the cargo component.

• rust-lldb, rust-gdb, and rust-gdbgui are simple wrappers around the lldb, gdb, and gdbgui debuggers respectively. The wrappers enable some pretty-printing of Rust values and add some convenience features to the debuggers by means of their scripting interfaces.

• rust-analyzer is part of the Rust IDE integration tooling. It implements the language-server protocol to permit IDEs and editors such as Visual Studio Code, Vim, or Emacs, access to the semantics of the Rust code you are editing. It comes from the rust-analyzer component.

• cargo-clippy and clippy-driver are related to the clippy linting tool which provides extra checks for common mistakes and stylistic choices and it comes from the clippy component.

• cargo-miri is an experimental interpreter for Rust’s mid-level intermediate representation (MIR) and it comes from the miri component.

• rls is a deprecated IDE tool that has been replaced by rust-analyzer. It comes from the rls component.

Basic usage

Keeping Rust up to date

Rust is distributed on three different release channels: stable, beta, and nightly. rustup uses the stable channel by default, which represents the latest release of Rust. Stable publishes new releases every six weeks.

When a new version of Rust is released, simply type rustup update to update:

$ rustup update
info: syncing channel updates for 'stable'
info: downloading component 'rustc'
info: downloading component 'rust-std'
info: downloading component 'rust-docs'
info: downloading component 'cargo'
info: installing component 'rustc'
info: installing component 'rust-std'
info: installing component 'rust-docs'
info: installing component 'cargo'
info: checking for self-update
info: downloading self-update

  stable updated: rustc 1.7.0 (a5d1e7a59 2016-02-29)

Keeping rustup up to date

If your rustup was built with the no-self-update feature, it can not update itself. This is not the default, and only versions of rustup built with --no-default-features, or obtained from a third-party distributor who has disabled it (such as NixOS).

Otherwise Rustup can update itself. It is possible to control Rustup’s automatic self update mechanism with the auto-self-update configuration variable. This setting supports three values: enable and disable and check-only.

• disable will ensure that no automatic self updating actions are taken.
• enable will mean that rustup update and similar commands will also check for, and install, any update to Rustup.
• check-only will cause any automatic self update to check and report on any updates, but not to automatically install them.

Whether auto-self-update is enable or not, you can request that Rustup update itself to the latest version of rustup by running rustup self update. This will not download new toolchains:

$ rustup self update
info: checking for self-update
info: downloading self-update

Disabling self updates on a per-invocation basis

Self updates can also be suppressed on individual invocations of rustup by passing the argument --no-self-update when running rustup update or rustup toolchain install.

Help system

The rustup command-line has a built-in help system that provides more information about each command. Run rustup help for an overview. Detailed help for each subcommand is also available. For example, run rustup toolchain install --help for specifics on installing toolchains.

Overrides

rustup automatically determines which toolchain to use when one of the installed commands like rustc is executed. There are several ways to control and override which toolchain is used:

1. A toolchain override shorthand used on the command-line, such as cargo beta.
2. The RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN environment variable.
3. A directory override, set with the rustup override command.
4. The rust-toolchain.toml file.
5. The default toolchain.

The toolchain is chosen in the order listed above, using the first one that is specified. There is one exception though: directory overrides and the rust-toolchain.toml file are also preferred by their proximity to the current directory. That is, these two override methods are discovered by walking up the directory tree toward the filesystem root, and a rust-toolchain.toml file that is closer to the current directory will be preferred over a directory override that is further away.

To verify which toolchain is active, you can use rustup show, which will also try to install the corresponding toolchain if the current one has not been installed according to the above rules. (Please note that this behavior is subject to change, as detailed in issue #1397.)

Toolchain override shorthand

The rustup toolchain proxies can be instructed directly to use a specific toolchain, a convenience for developers who often test different toolchains. If the first argument to cargo, rustc or other tools in the toolchain begins with , it will be interpreted as a rustup toolchain name, and that toolchain will be preferred, as in

cargo  beta test

Directory overrides

Directories can be assigned their own Rust toolchain with rustup override. When a directory has an override then any time rustc or cargo is run inside that directory, or one of its child directories, the override toolchain will be invoked.

To use to a specific nightly for a directory:

rustup override set nightly-2014-12-18

Or a specific stable release:

rustup override set 1.0.0

To see the active toolchain use rustup show. To remove the override and use the default toolchain again, rustup override unset.

The per-directory overrides are stored in a configuration file in rustup’s home directory.

The toolchain file

Some projects find themselves ‘pinned’ to a specific release of Rust and want this information reflected in their source repository. This is most often the case for nightly-only software that pins to a revision from the release archives.

In these cases the toolchain can be named in the project’s directory in a file called rust-toolchain.toml or rust-toolchain. If both files are present in a directory, the latter is used for backwards compatibility. The files use the TOML format and have the following layout:

[toolchain]
channel = "nightly-2020-07-10"
components = [ "rustfmt", "rustc-dev" ]
targets = [ "wasm32-unknown-unknown", "thumbv2-none-eabi" ]
profile = "minimal"

The [toolchain] section is mandatory, and at least one property must be specified. channel and path are mutually exclusive.

For backwards compatibility, rust-toolchain files also support a legacy format that only contains a toolchain name without any TOML encoding, e.g. just nightly-2021-01-21. The file has to be encoded in US-ASCII in this case (if you are on Windows, check the encoding and that it does not start with a BOM). The legacy format is not available in rust-toolchain.toml files.

If you see the following error (when running rustc, cargo or other command)

error: invalid channel name '[toolchain]' in '/PATH/TO/DIRECTORY/rust-toolchain'

it means you’re running rustup pre-1.23.0 and trying to interact with a project that uses the new TOML encoding in the rust-toolchain file. You need to upgrade rustup to 1.23.0 .

The rust-toolchain.toml/rust-toolchain files are suitable to check in to source control. If that’s done, Cargo.lock should probably be tracked too if the toolchain is pinned to a specific release, to avoid potential compatibility issues with dependencies.

Toolchain file settings

channel

The channel setting specifies which toolchain to use. The value is a string in the following form:

<channel>[-<date>]

<channel>       = stable|beta|nightly|<major.minor.patch>
<date>          = YYYY-MM-DD

Note that this is a more restricted form than rustup toolchains generally, and cannot be used to specify custom toolchains or host-specific toolchains.

path

The path setting allows a custom toolchain to be used. The value is an absolute path string.

Since a path directive directly names a local toolchain, other options like components, targets, and profile have no effect.

channel and path are mutually exclusive, since a path already points to a specific toolchain.

profile

The profile setting names a group of components to be installed. The value is a string. The valid options are: minimal, default, and complete. See profiles for details of each.

Note that if not specified, the default profile is not necessarily used, as a different default profile might have been set with rustup set profile.

components

The components setting contains a list of additional components to install. The value is a list of strings. See components for a list of components. Note that different toolchains may have different components available.

The components listed here are additive with the current profile.

targets

The targets setting contains a list of platforms to install for cross-compilation. The value is a list of strings.

The host platform is automatically included; the targets listed here are additive.

Default toolchain

If no other overrides are set, the global default toolchain will be used. This default can be chosen when rustup is installed. The rustup default command can be used to set and query the current default. Run rustup default without any arguments to print the current default. Specify a toolchain as an argument to change the default:

rustup default nightly-2020-07-27

Cross-compilation

Rust supports a great number of platforms. For many of these platforms The Rust Project publishes binary releases of the standard library, and for some the full compiler. rustup gives easy access to all of them.

When you first install a toolchain, rustup installs only the standard library for your host platform - that is, the architecture and operating system you are presently running. To compile to other platforms you must install other target platforms. This is done with the rustup target add command. For example, to add the Android target:

$ rustup target add arm-linux-androideabi
info: downloading component 'rust-std' for 'arm-linux-androideabi'
info: installing component 'rust-std' for 'arm-linux-androideabi'

With the arm-linux-androideabi target installed you can then build for Android with Cargo by passing the --target flag, as in cargo build --target=arm-linux-androideabi.

Note that rustup target add only installs the Rust standard library for a given target. There are typically other tools necessary to cross-compile, particularly a linker. For example, to cross compile to Android the Android NDK must be installed. In the future, rustup will provide assistance installing the NDK components as well. See the target section of the cargo configuration for how to setup a linker to use for a certain target.

To install a target for a toolchain that isn’t the default toolchain use the --toolchain argument of rustup target add, like so:

$ rustup target add --toolchain <toolchain> <target>...

To see a list of available targets, rustup target list. To remove a previously-added target, rustup target remove.

Environment variables

• RUSTUP_HOME (default: ~/.rustup or %USERPROFILE%/.rustup). Sets the root rustup folder, used for storing installed toolchains and configuration options.

• RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN (default: none). If set, will override the toolchain used for all rust tool invocations. A toolchain with this name should be installed, or invocations will fail. This can specify custom toolchains, installable toolchains, or the absolute path to a toolchain.

• RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER (default: https://static.rust-lang.org). Sets the root URL for downloading static resources related to Rust. You can change this to instead use a local mirror, or to test the binaries from the staging directory.

• RUSTUP_DIST_ROOT deprecated (default: https://static.rust-lang.org/dist). Use RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER instead.

• RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT (default https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup). Sets the root URL for downloading self-update.

• RUSTUP_IO_THREADS unstable (defaults to reported cpu count). Sets the number of threads to perform close IO in. Set to 1 to force single-threaded IO for troubleshooting, or an arbitrary number to override automatic detection.

• RUSTUP_TRACE_DIR unstable (default: no tracing). Enables tracing and determines the directory that traces will be written too. Traces are of the form PID.trace. Traces can be read by the Catapult project tracing viewer.

• RUSTUP_DEBUG unstable. When set, enables rustup’s debug logging.

• RUSTUP_TERM_COLOR (default: auto). Controls whether colored output is used in the terminal. Set to auto to use colors only in tty streams, to always to always enable colors, or to never to disable colors.

• RUSTUP_UNPACK_RAM unstable (default free memory or 500MiB if unable to tell, min 210MiB). Caps the amount of RAM rustup will use for IO tasks while unpacking.

• RUSTUP_NO_BACKTRACE. Disables backtraces on non-panic errors even when RUST_BACKTRACE is set.

• RUSTUP_PERMIT_COPY_RENAME unstable. When set, allows rustup to fall-back to copying files if attempts to rename result in cross-device link errors. These errors occur on OverlayFS, which is used by Docker. This feature sacrifices some transactions protections and may be removed at any point. Linux only.

Configuration

Rustup has a TOML settings file at ${RUSTUP_HOME}/settings.toml (which defaults to ~/.rustup or %USERPROFILE%/.rustup). The schema for this file is not part of the public interface for rustup - the rustup CLI should be used to query and set settings.

On Unix operating systems a fallback settings file is consulted for some settings. This fallback file is located at /etc/rustup/settings.toml and currently can define only default_toolchain.

Network proxies

Enterprise networks often don’t have direct outside HTTP access, but enforce the use of proxies. If you’re on such a network, you can request that rustup uses a proxy by setting its URL in the environment. In most cases, setting https_proxy should be sufficient. Commands may differ between different systems and shells:

• On a Unix-like system with a shell like bash or zsh:

  export https_proxy=socks5://proxy.example.com:1080
  

• On Windows Command Prompt (cmd):

  set https_proxy=socks5://proxy.example.com:1080
  

• On Windows PowerShell (or PowerShell Core):

  $env:https_proxy="socks5://proxy.example.com:1080"
  

• Replace socks5://proxy.example.com:1080 with http://proxy.example.com:8080 when an HTTP proxy is used instead.

If you need a more complex setup, rustup supports the convention used by the curl program, documented in the ENVIRONMENT section of its manual page.

The use of curl is presently deprecated, however it can still be used by providing the RUSTUP_USE_CURL environment variable, for example:

RUSTUP_USE_CURL=1 rustup update

Note that some versions of libcurl apparently require you to drop the http:// or https:// prefix in environment variables. For example, export http_proxy=proxy.example.com:1080 (and likewise for HTTPS). If you are getting an SSL unknown protocol error from rustup via libcurl but the command-line curl command works fine, this may be the problem.

Examples

Security

rustup is secure enough for most people, but it still needs work. rustup performs all downloads over HTTPS, but does not yet validate signatures of downloads.

File modes on installation honor umask as of 1.18.4, use umask if very tight controls are desired.

If you wish to report a security issue, please follow the Rust security policy.

FAQ

Is this an official Rust project?

Yes. rustup is an official Rust project. It is the recommended way to install Rust at https://www.rust-lang.org.

How is this related to multirust?

rustup is the successor to multirust. rustup began as multirust-rs, a rewrite of multirust from shell script to Rust, by Diggory Blake, and is now maintained by The Rust Project.

Can rustup download the Rust source code?

The source for Rust’s standard library can be obtained by running rustup component add rust-src. It will be downloaded to the <toolchain root>/lib/rustlib/src/rust directory of the current toolchain.

The source for the compiler and tools must be obtained from the Rust repository or the standalone source tarballs.

rustup fails with Windows error 32

If rustup fails with Windows error 32, it may be due to antivirus scanning in the background. Disable antivirus scanner and try again.

I get “error: could not remove ‘rustup-bin’ file: ‘C:\Users\USER\.cargo\bin\rustup.exe’”

If rustup fails to self-update in this way it’s usually because RLS is running (your editor is open and running RLS). The solution is to stop RLS (by closing your editor) and try again.

rustup exited successfully but I can’t run rustc --version

Restart your shell. This will reload your PATH environment variable to include Cargo’s bin directory ($CARGO_HOME/bin).