mw.getContentLanguage().code -- Returns the content language.
mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess("{{PAGELANGUAGE}}") -- Returns the page language.
mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess( "{{int:Lang}}" ) -- Returns the user language (if the wiki has created the messages needed to support this feature).
Central modules can help users and helpers, in their own languages and the wiki languages, using errors, warnings, categories, reports and tests.
Example: display a category in the helper language and link to the category in wiki language.
A module could find the user language from mw.uri.new().userLanguage
See in examples and the draft proposition of Central modules.