IKM - Institut Kemahiran MARA

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Axial Compressor: The axial compressor plays a crucial role in various industries, including oil and gas, as well as aviation, power generation, and manufacturing. Its primary function is to increase the pressure of a fluid by converting kinetic energy into potential energy. In the oil and gas industry, axial compressors are integral components of gas turbine engines used for power generation and mechanical drive applications. These compressors are employed in natural gas processing plants, refineries, and petrochemical facilities to boost the pressure of natural gas and other hydrocarbon gases. By compressing the gas, axial compressors facilitate its transportation through pipelines over long distances, making them essential for enabling the efficient and reliable distribution of natural gas to homes, businesses, and industries. This type of compressor is utilized in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, such as gas injection and gas lift. In these applications, the compressors help to pressurize and inject gases into oil reservoirs to improve the extraction of crude oil, thereby contributing to increased production rates and extending the operational lifespan of oil fields. Axial compressors are extensively used in the aviation industry. These compressors are a key component of aircraft gas turbine engines, where they play a vital role in compressing incoming air to high pressures before it enters the combustion chamber. By doing so, axial compressors enable efficient combustion and propulsion, thereby contributing to the generation of thrust for aircraft propulsion. Axial compressors are integral to power generation and are prominently featured in gas turbine power plants, serving the essential function of compressing air for combustion. The compressed air is then mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustion chamber, driving the turbine to generate electricity. The efficiency and performance of gas turbine power plants heavily rely on the proper functioning of axial compressors, making them essential for meeting the increasing global demand for electricity. Beyond these industries, axial compressors are also utilized in various manufacturing processes, such as pneumatic conveying, air separation, and industrial refrigeration. In pneumatic conveying, axial compressors are employed to transport bulk materials using a stream of air, while in air separation processes, they aid in the production of industrial gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, through the compression and separation of air. Additionally, in industrial refrigeration systems, axial compressors play a crucial role in the compression of refrigerants, contributing to the cooling and preservation of perishable goods in various manufacturing facilities.

Pressure vacuum relief valves: Pressure vacuum relief valves, also known as breather valves or conservation vents, are safety devices used in industrial applications to protect storage tanks, vessels, and equipment from excessive pressure or vacuum conditions. These valves serve a dual purposes, which for relieving excess pressure and preventing vacuum conditions. These type of valve are designed to open and close at specific pressure or vacuum setpoints. When the pressure inside a vessel exceeds the setpoint, the valve opens to release the excess pressure. Conversely, when a vacuum is formed inside the vessel due to cooling or emptying, the valve opens to allow air to enter and prevent collapse. Valves are constructed using materials such as carbon steel or stainless steel to withstand operating conditions and resist corrosion. They consist of a housing or body, a pressure relief disc or pallet, a vacuum relief disc, and a spring mechanism that controls the valve's opening and closing. The pressure relief setting of the valve is determined based on the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the vessel. Choosing an appropriate pressure setting ensures safe operation without unnecessary venting. Similarly, the vacuum relief setting is determined based on the desired minimum pressure required to prevent collapse due to external pressure or vacuum conditions.Proper sizing of pressure vacuum relief valves is crucial. Factors considered during sizing include the vessel's volume, expected pressure or vacuum conditions, and the flow capacity required for adequate pressure relief. Sizing ensures that the valve can handle the required flow rate without excessive pressure drop or leakage. Compliance with industry standards and regulations is important for pressure vacuum relief valves. Standards such as API 2000, ASME Section VIII, and ISO 28300 outline requirements for atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks, pressure vessels, and the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries. Regular inspection and maintenance are essential for ensuring the proper functioning of pressure vacuum relief valves. This includes checking for leaks, verifying setpoints, cleaning or replacing parts as necessary, and periodically testing the valve's operation. It is important to note that the specific design, features, and requirements of pressure vacuum relief valves can vary depending on the application, industry, and local regulations. Consulting industry standards and working with qualified professionals is crucial when selecting and installing these safety devices.