Kepawangan

Kepawangan, perbomohan, kedukunan atau shamanisme ialah amalan keagamaan yang melibatkan seorang pengamal yang dipercayai berinteraksi dengan dunia roh melalui keadaan kesedaran yang berubah, seperti sawai.^[1] Tujuannya adalah untuk mengarahkan roh atau tenaga rohani ini ke dalam dunia fizikal, untuk penyembuhan atau tujuan lain.^[2]

Kepercayaan dan amalan yang telah dikategorikan sebagai "bomoh" telah menarik minat para sarjana dari pelbagai disiplin ilmu, termasuk antropologi, ahli arkeologi, sejarahwan, sarjana pengajian agama, ahli falsafah dan psikologi. Ratusan buku dan makalah akademik mengenai topik ini telah dihasilkan, dengan jurnal akademik yang dikaji sebaya dikhaskan untuk kajian perdukunan. Pada abad ke-20, banyak orang Barat yang terlibat dalam gerakan kontra-budaya telah membuat amalan magiko-keagamaan moden yang dipengaruhi oleh idea-idea mereka tentang agama-agama pribumi dari seluruh dunia, mewujudkan apa yang telah disebut sebagai neoshamanisme atau gerakan neoshamanik.^[3] Ini telah mempengaruhi perkembangan banyak amalan neopagan, serta menghadapi tindak balas dan tuduhan perampasan budaya,^[4] eksploitasi dan penyataan yang salah ketika pemerhati luar berusaha untuk mewakili budaya yang tidak mereka miliki.^[5]

Rujukan

^ Mircea Eliade; Vilmos Diószegi (May 12, 2020). "Shamanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Dicapai pada May 20, 2020. Shamanism, religious phenomenon centred on the shaman, a person believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. Although shamans’ repertoires vary from one culture to the next, they are typically thought to have the ability to heal the sick, to communicate with the otherworld, and often to escort the souls of the dead to that otherworld.
^ Singh, Manvir (2018). "The cultural evolution of shamanism". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 41: e66: 1–61. doi:10.1017/S0140525X17001893. PMID 28679454.
^ Gredig, Florian (2009). Finding New Cosmologies. Berlin: Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf.
^ Kehoe, Alice Beck (2000). Shamans and religion : an anthropological exploration in critical thinking. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1-57766-162-7.
^ Wernitznig, Dagmar, Europe's Indians, Indians in Europe: European Perceptions and Appropriations of Native American Cultures from Pocahontas to the Present. University Press of America, 2007: p.132. "What happens further in the Plastic Shaman's [fictitious] story is highly irritating from a perspective of cultural hegemony. The Injun elder does not only willingly share their spirituality with the white intruder but, in fact, must come to the conclusion that this intruder is as good an Indian as they are themselves. Regarding Indian spirituality, the Plastic Shaman even out-Indians the actual ones. The messianic element, which Plastic Shamanism financially draws on, is installed in the Yoda-like elder themselves. They are the ones - while melodramatically parting from their spiritual offshoot - who urge the Plastic Shaman to share their gift with the rest of the world. Thus Plastic Shamans wipe their hands clean of any megalomaniac or missionizing undertones. Licensed by the authority of an Indian elder, they now have every right to spread their wisdom, and if they make (quite more than) a buck with it, then so be it.--The neocolonial ideology attached to this scenario leaves less room for cynicism."}}

Pautan luar

SELEPAS sebuah organisasi amal yang melindungi budaya tradisional di utara Thailand
Chuonnasuan (Meng Jin Fu), Dukun Terakhir dari Oroqen China Timur Laut, oleh Richard Noll dan Kun Shi ( salinan Arkib Internet dari
Penipuan Zaman Baru dan Dukun Plastik, sebuah organisasi yang ditujukan untuk memberi amaran kepada pencari mengenai guru yang curang, dan membantu mereka mengelakkan diri dari dieksploitasi atau mengambil bahagian dalam eksploitasi
Ritual Penyembuhan Shamanic oleh Tatyana Sem, Muzium Etnografi Rusia
Shamanisme dan Imej Dewa Teutonik, Óðinn oleh A. Asbjorn Jon
Shamanisme di Siberia - gambar oleh Standa Krupar
Kajian dalam Shamanisme Siberia dan Agama Rakyat Finno-Ugrian oleh Aado Lintrop, Kepercayaan Rakyat dan Kumpulan Media Muzium Sastera Estonia
Pandangan dari Hulu oleh Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff orang asli dan ekologi Amazon
NGO Samgaldai - NGO amal dan nirlaba untuk memelihara amalan dan ritual kepawangan tradisional Mongolia, yang beroperasi di Mongolia.

[1] Mircea Eliade; Vilmos Diószegi (May 12, 2020). "Shamanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Dicapai pada May 20, 2020. Shamanism, religious phenomenon centred on the shaman, a person believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. Although shamans’ repertoires vary from one culture to the next, they are typically thought to have the ability to heal the sick, to communicate with the otherworld, and often to escort the souls of the dead to that otherworld.

[:0-2] Singh, Manvir (2018). "The cultural evolution of shamanism". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 41: e66: 1–61. doi:10.1017/S0140525X17001893. PMID 28679454.

[3] Gredig, Florian (2009). Finding New Cosmologies. Berlin: Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf.

[Waveland_Press-4] Kehoe, Alice Beck (2000). Shamans and religion : an anthropological exploration in critical thinking. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1-57766-162-7.

[Wernitznig2-5] Wernitznig, Dagmar, Europe's Indians, Indians in Europe: European Perceptions and Appropriations of Native American Cultures from Pocahontas to the Present. University Press of America, 2007: p.132. "What happens further in the Plastic Shaman's [fictitious] story is highly irritating from a perspective of cultural hegemony. The Injun elder does not only willingly share their spirituality with the white intruder but, in fact, must come to the conclusion that this intruder is as good an Indian as they are themselves. Regarding Indian spirituality, the Plastic Shaman even out-Indians the actual ones. The messianic element, which Plastic Shamanism financially draws on, is installed in the Yoda-like elder themselves. They are the ones - while melodramatically parting from their spiritual offshoot - who urge the Plastic Shaman to share their gift with the rest of the world. Thus Plastic Shamans wipe their hands clean of any megalomaniac or missionizing undertones. Licensed by the authority of an Indian elder, they now have every right to spread their wisdom, and if they make (quite more than) a buck with it, then so be it.--The neocolonial ideology attached to this scenario leaves less room for cynicism."}}

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]