Juneteenth
Juneteenth | |
---|---|
Also called | Hari Kebebasan, Hari Jubli, Hari Pembebasan, Hari Emansipasi (TX) |
Observed by | 47 negeri Amerika Syarikat[1], khususnya dalam kalangan bangsa kulit hitam |
Type | Bersejarah |
Significance | Pembebasan hamba bangsa Afrika yang masih ada dalam Negeri-Negeri Gabungan |
Observances | memperingati kemajuan dibawa bangsa kulit hitam |
Date | 19 Jun |
Frequency | Tahunan |
Juneteenth (kata lakur June "Jun" dan nineteenth "ke-sembilan belas" - "Hari ke-Jun-belas"),[2] - juga dikenali sebagai Hari Kebebasan (Freedom Day)[3] Hari Kegembiraan/Jubli (Jubilee Day)[4] Hari Pembebasan (Liberation Day),[5] dan Hari Emansipasi (Emancipation Day)[6] - ialah tanggal hari yang disambut dalam Amerika Syarikat untuk meraikan pembebasan golongan kulit hitam yang telah diperhambakan di negara tersebut pada 19 Jun . Ia dahulunya cuti negeri khusus dari Texas di mana ia memperingati ketibaan jeneral tentera Kesatuan Gordon Granger ke negeri tersebut mengumumkan perintah persekutuan mengisytiharkan semua orang yang diperhambakan telah merdeka di Galveston pada tarikh sama tahun 1865.[7]
Hari ini telah menyebar ke banyak negeri lain,[8][9] sebanyak 43 negeri AS selain Daerah Columbia mengakui serta mengiktiraf peristiwa ini selewat 2013.
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Presiden Abraham Lincoln menandatangani surat Pengisytiharan Pembebasan pada 22 September 1862 yang memerdekakan semua hamba abdi dalam Negeri-Negeri Gabungan yang memberontak,[10][a][10] ia kemudiannya dirasmikan pada 1 Januari 1863. Walau bagaimanapun, pelaksanaan ini tidak sempurna memandangkan ada pemilik hamba yang berada jauh berlindung dari tempat peperangan saudara berlaku, khususnya di negeri Texas.[11] Sebanyak 250,000 orang hamba menetap di Texas pada hujung peperangan tahun 1865.[11][12]
Berita penyerahan kalah Robert E. Lee di Old Appomattox Court House pada 9 April 1865 tidak sampai ke Tentera Trans-Mississippi hingga 2 Jun tahun sama.[13] Beberapa lama kemudian pada pagi Isnin 19 Jun, Jeneral Mejar Gordon Granger tiba mendarat di pulau Galveston[14] mengambil alih kuasa mentadbir dari pihak Negeri-Negeri Gabungan yang digulingkan menghapuskan undang-undang diluluskan pihak tersebut serta membebaskan para hamba abdi yang ada di sana.[14] Beliau membacakan suatu surat perintah dikarangnya , General Order No. 3 yang bertulis:[15][16]
The people of Texas are informed that in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection therefore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired laborer.
("Rakyat Texas diumumkan bahawa semua hamba abdi telah merdeka dengan adanya Perisytiharan dari Badan Eksekutif Amerika Syarikat. Pemerdekaan ini termasuk kesetaraan mutlak hak dan hak milik antara bekas tuan dan hamba, serta hubungan yang kini wujud sebagai hubungan sesama majikan dan pekerja diupah.")
Banyak orang kulit hitam dilaporkan menunjukkan rasa gembira mereka atas pengumuman ini.
Pengiktirafan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Negeri-negeri yang mengiktiraf tarikh ini, selewat Mei 2013, adalah seperti berikut:
- Alabama,
- Alaska,[9][17]
- Arkansas,[17]
- California,[9][17]
- Carolina Utara,[17]
- Carolina Selatan,[17]
- Colorado,[17]
- Connecticut,[9][17]
- Delaware,[17]
- Florida,[17]
- Georgia,
- Idaho,[17]
- Illinois,[17]
- Indiana,
- Iowa,[17]
- Kansas,[17]
- Kentucky,[17][18]
- Louisiana,[17]
- Maine,
- Maryland,
- Massachusetts,[17]
- Michigan,[17]
- Minnesota,
- Mississippi,
- Missouri,[17]
- Nebraska,[17]
- Nevada,
- New Jersey,[9][17]
- New Mexico,[17]
- New York,[9][17]
- Ohio,
- Oklahoma,[17]
- Oregon,[17]
- Pennsylvania,
- Rhode Island,
- Tennessee,[17]
- Texas,[17]
- Vermont,[17]
- Virginia,[17]
- Virginia Barat,[17]
- Washington,[17]
- Wisconsin,[17]
- Wyoming.[17]
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Slaves in Union hands had not been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation due to the limited scope of presidential "war powers". See Emancipation Proclamation#Coverage for more information.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Fonrouge, Gabrielle (19 Jun 2020). "What is Juneteenth and who has made it an official holiday?". New York Post. Dicapai pada 19 Jun 2020.
- ^ "Juneteenth Celebrated in Coachella". Black Voice News. June 22, 2011. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada January 22, 2012.
- ^ "Juneteenth: Our Other Independence Day". Smithsonian. Dicapai pada 27 Jun 2019.
- ^ "Cel-Liberation Style! Fourth Annual Juneteenth Day Kicks off June 19". Milwaukee Star. June 12, 1975. Dicapai pada May 7, 2020.
- ^ "It Happened: June 19". Milwaukee Star, vol. 14, no. 42. 27 Jun 1974. Dicapai pada 5 Mei 2020.
- ^ "What to know about Juneteenth, the emancipation holiday". NBC News (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2020-06-19.
- ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (January 16, 2013). "What Is Juneteenth?". PBS.org. Dicapai pada June 12, 2020.
- ^ "The World Celebrates Freedom". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2017-12-17. Dicapai pada 2006-06-19.
- ^ a b c d e f Moskin, Julie (2004-06-18). "Late to Freedom's Party, Texans Spread Word of Black Holiday". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2011-04-28.
- ^ a b "Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862". The National Archives. Dicapai pada 3 Jun 2020.
- ^ a b Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. "What Is Juneteenth?". The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross. PBS. Originally posted on The Root. Dicapai pada September 30, 2014.
- ^ Garrett-Scott, Shennette (2013). ""When Peace Come": Teaching the Significance of Juneteenth". Black History Bulletin. 76 (2): 19–25. JSTOR 24759690.
- ^ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. "What Is Juneteenth?". The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross. PBS. Originally posted on The Root. Dicapai pada September 30, 2014.
- ^ a b "Serial set (no.3100-3500)". July 20, 1896 – melalui Google Books.
- ^ "From Texas: Important Orders by General Granger". The New York Times. m/s. 1. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan). - ^ Adams, Kirby. "Union general who made Juneteenth announcement in 1865 is buried in this Kentucky cemetery". The Courier-Journal (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 19 Jun 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af " "Thank you for supporting Library Partnership's Juneteenth Celebration!". Alucha County Library District. Dicapai pada July 12, 2013.[pautan mati kekal]
- ^ "Kentucky Legislature - HB42". Dicapai pada July 12, 2013.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Barr, Alwyn (1996). Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806128788.
- Guzzio, Tracie Church (1999). "Juneteenth". Dalam Samuels, Wilford D. (penyunting). Encyclopedia of African-American Literature. Facts on File.
- Hume, Noah; Arceneaux, Janice (2008). "Public Memory, Cultural Legacy, and Press Coverage of the Juneteenth Revival". Journalism History. 34 (3): 155–162. doi:10.1080/00947679.2008.12062768.
- Jaynes, Gerald David (2005). "Juneteenth". Encyclopedia of African American Society. SAGE Publications. m/s. 481–482.
- Knight, Gladys L. (2011). "Juneteenth". Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture. Greenwood. m/s. 798–801. OCLC 694734649.
- Mustakeem, Sowandé (2007). "Juneteenth". Dalam Rodriguez, Junius (penyunting). Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. Routledge.
- Taylor, Charles A. (2002). Juneteenth: A Celebration of Freedom. Open Hand Pub Llc. ISBN 978-0940880689.
- Turner, E. H. "Juneteenth: The Evolution of an Emancipation Celebration." European Contributions to American Studies. 65 (2006): 69-81.
- Wiggins Jr, William H. "They Closed the Town Up, Man! Reflections on the Civic and Political Dimensions of Juneteenth." in Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual, ed. Victor Turner (1982): 284–295.
- Wilson, Charles R. (2006). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 4: Myth, Manners, and Memory. University of North Carolina Press. doi:10.5149/9781469616704_wilson. ISBN 978-0-8078-3029-1.
- Wynn, Linda T. (2009). "Juneteenth". Dalam Carney Smith, Jessica (penyunting). Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience. Credo Reference.
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Juneteenth |
Cari Juneteenth dalam Wikikamus bahasa Melayu, kamus bebas. |
- Juneteenth History Diarkibkan 2007-05-27 di Wayback Machine, website for Juneteenth World Wide Celebration
- Jennifer Schuessler, "Liberation as Death Sentence", The New York Times, June 11, 2012
- Berkeley Juneteenth Festival, 2014 celebration
- Juneteenth: Fact Sheet Crongressional Research Service (updated June 3, 2020)
- Juneteenth in United States
- Juneteenth World Wide Celebration, website for 150th anniversary celebration
- Juneteenth Historical Marker, Juneteenth historical marker at 2201 Strand, Galveston, TX 77550