Joseph Stilwell

Jeneral Joseph Stilwell
Nama lahir	Joseph Warren Stilwell
Nama samaran	"Vinegar Joe", "Uncle Joe"
Kelahiran	(1883-03-19)19 Mac 1883 Palatka, Florida, A.S.
Meninggal dunia	Oktober 12, 1946(1946-10-12) (umur 63) San Francisco, California, A.S.
Kesetiaan	Amerika Syarikat
Perkhidmatan	Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat
Tahun perkhidmatan	1904–1946
Pangkat	Jeneral
Arahan	Divisyen Ke-7 Infantri Kor III Kancah China Burma India Pasukan Ekspedisi China (Burma) Tentera Darat China di India Markas Tempur Kawasan Utara (NCAC) Angkatan Medan Tentera Darat Tentera Darat Kesepuluh AS Tentera Darat Keenam AS Markas Pertahanan Barat
Pertempuran	Perang Dunia I Barisan Barat Pertempuran St. Mihiel Perang Dunia II Kempen Burma 1942–43 Pertempuran Utara Burma dan Barat Yunnan Kempen Burma 1944
Anugerah	Distinguished Service Cross Distinguished Service Medal (2) Legion of Merit
Tugas lain	Ketua Staf kepada Generalisimo Chiang Kai-shek

Joseph Warren Stilwell (19 Mac 1883 – 12 Oktober 1946) adalah seorang Jeneral dalam Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat yang berkhidmat di Kancah China Burma India semasa Perang Dunia II. Personalitinya yang tajam telah memberikan nama samaran "Vinegar Joe".

Walaupun dicurigai Sekutunya, Stilwell menunjukkan dirinya sebagai seorang ahli taktik yang berkebolehan dan berani di medan perang tetapi kekurangan sumber-sumber menyebabkan beliau terus dipaksa untuk membuat penambahbaikan. Beliau terkenal dengan perbezaan strategi, pasukan darat menentang kuasa udara, dengan orang bawahannya, Mejar Jeneral Claire Chennault, yang kata-katanya didengar oleh Generalisimo Chiang Kai-shek. Jeneral George Marshall, iaitu Ketua Turus Tentera Darat, mengakui yang beliau telah memberikan Stilwell "salah satu tugas yang paling sukar" dari mana-mana panglima kancah peperangan.

Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat

Tiada pin insignia pada 1904	Leftenan Kedua, Tentera Darat Tetap: 15 Jun 1904
	Leftenan Pertama, TD Tetap: 3 Mac 1911
	Kapten, TD Tetap: 1 Julai 1916
	Mejar, Tentera Darat Kebangsaan: 5 Ogos 1917
	Leftenan Kolonel, TD Tetap: 26 Ogos 1918
	Kolonel, TD Tetap: 6 Mei 1919
	Kapten, TD Tetap (berikutan pengurangan am pangkat sementara masa perang): 14 September 1919
	Mejar, TD Tetap: 1 Julai 1920
	Leftenan Kolonel, TD Tetap: 6 Mei 1928
	Kolonel, TD Tetap: 1 Ogos 1935
	Brigedier Jeneral, TD Tetap: 1 Julai 1939
	Mejar Jeneral, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat: 1 Oktober 1940
	Leftenan Jeneral, Tentera Darat AS: 25 Februari 1942
	Mejar Jeneral, TD Tetap: 1 September 1943
	Jeneral, Tentera Darat AS: 1 Ogos 1944

Anugerah kebesaran

•   Distinguished Service Cross
•   Distinguished Service Medal (Tentera Darat A.S.) berserta kelopak daun oak
•   Legion of Merit
•   Bronze Star Medal
•   Philippine Campaign Medal
•   Mexican Border Service Medal
•   World War I Victory Medal
•   American Defense Service Medal
•   Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three campaign stars
•   World War II Victory Medal
•   Chevalier Légion d'honneur
•   Combat Infantryman Badge (Jeneral Stilwell adalah salah seorang dari tiga jeneral yang dikurniakan CIB, secara tradisi ia dikurniakan hanya kepada mereka yang berpangkat Kolonel ke bawah, manakala untuk dua jeneral yang lain; Mejar Jeneral William Dean dan Jeneral Matthew Ridgway. Jeneral Ketumbukan Douglas MacArthur menerima pingat kehormat CIB.)
• Panamanian La Solidaridad Medal 1919

Lihat juga

• Perang China-Jepun Kedua
• Akademi Tentera Whampoa
• Sejarah Republik China
• Angkatan Tentera Republik China
• Y Force
• Charles N. Hunter

Rujukan

Templat:ACMH

Bacaan lanjut

• Jack Belden, Retreat With Stilwell, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1943. Sympathetic eyewitness account.
• Frank Dorn, Walkout: With Stilwell in Burma, Pyramid Books 1973. By his principal aide.
• Fred Eldridge, 'Wrath in Burma The Uncensored Story of Gen. Stilwell Doubleday & Co., 1946.
• Evans, M. Stanton; Romerstein, Herbert (2013). Stalin's Secret Agents: The Subversion of Roosevelt's Government. Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1439147702.
• Eric Larrabee, Commander In Chief, New York: Harper & Row, 1987. ISBN 0-06-039050-6
• Jon Latimer, Burma: The Forgotten War, London: John Murray, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7195-6576-2
• Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45, Macmillan 1970. Grove Press 2001. British edition: Sand Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911-45, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001. ISBN 978-1-84212-281-5. Sympathetic full scale biography.
• John Masters, The Road Past Mandalay, London: Michael Joseph, 1961. First-hand account of the fighting in Burma by a Chindit officer.
• Pfefer, Nathan Vinegar Joe's War Presidio Press, 2000, ISBN 0-89141-715-X.
• Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1987) [1953]. China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Mission to China. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. LCCN 53-60349.
• Charles F. Romanus Riley Sunderland, Stilwell's Command Problems (Washington: Department of the Army, Historical Division, 1956). Official Army history with extensive documentation.
• Rooney, D.D. Stilwell Pan Macmillan, 1973, ISBN 0-345-09789-0.
• Stilwell, Joseph; White, Theodore, Ed. The Stilwell Papers Da Capo Press, 1991, ISBN 0-306-80428-X. Stilwell's wartime diaries.
• Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War," Asian Affairs 34.3 (November 2003): 243-259. Revisionist study argues that Stilwell misunderstood Chiang's military strategy, which was actually flexible and well founded in Chinese realities.
• Hans J. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 (London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Expands revisionist view including longer period of time.
• Andrew Roberts, "Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941-1945" (New York: Harper Perennial. 2010). Presents a harsher picture of Stilwell in course of examining Churchill, Roosevelt, Brook, and Marshall.
• Rana Mitter, "Forgotten Ally: China's World War II. 1937-1945" (Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2013). Complete re-examination of the Chinese wars with Japan which argues that the memory of 'betrayals' by Britain, America, and Russia continues to influence China's worldview today.

Pautan luar

• The Stilwell Pages
• Annals of the Flying Tigers
• "Joseph Stilwell". Find a Grave. Dicapai pada 2008-02-10.
• Filem pendek Big Picture: The Joseph Warren Stilwell Story ini boleh didapati untuk muat turun percuma di Internet Archive.
• Stilwell's basketball biography on Hoopedia
• Transcribed copies of Stilwell's World War II diaries and other diaries are available on the Hoover Institution Archives website, with the original diaries among the Joseph Warren Stilwell papers at the Hoover Institution Archives.
• Transcribed copies of the World War II diaries of Ernest F. Easterbrook Diarkibkan 2011-10-28 di Wayback Machine, Stilwell's executive assistant in Burma (as of 1944) and son-in-law, are available on the Hoover Institution Archives website, with the original diaries among the Ernest Fred Easterbrook papers at the Hoover Institution Archives.

Pegawai tentera
Didahului oleh Walter Krueger	Panglima Tentera Darat Keenam Amerika Syarikat 1946	Diikuti oleh: George Price Hays
Didahului oleh Roy Geiger	Panglima Tentera Darat Kesepuluh Amerika Syarikat 1945–1946	Diikuti oleh: tidak aktif
Didahului oleh Ben Lear	Panglima Angkatan Tempur Tentera Darat A.S. 27 Januari 1945 hingga 22 Jun 1945	Diikuti oleh: Jacob L. Devers