Gerakan sosial

Gerakan sosial ialah satu usaha yang disusun secara longgar oleh sekumpulan besar orang untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu, biasanya sosial atau politik.^[1]^[2] Ini mungkin untuk melaksanakan, menentang atau membatalkan perubahan sosial. Ini merupakan jenis tindakan kumpulan dan mungkin melibatkan individu, pertubuhan atau kedua-duanya. Definisi istilah sedikit berbeza.^[3] Gerakan sosial telah digambarkan sebagai "struktur dan strategi organisasi yang dapat memberi kuasa kepada penduduk yang tertindas untuk menghadapi cabaran yang berkesan dan menentang golongan elit yang lebih kuat dan berfaedah".^[4] Mereka mewakili kaedah perubahan sosial dari bawah dalam negara.^[4]

Rujukan

^ Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009), "Social movements", A Dictionary of Sociology (dalam bahasa Inggeris), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199533008.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-953300-8, dicapai pada 2020-03-06
^ "social movement | Definition of social movement by Webster's Online Dictionary". www.webster-dictionary.org. Dicapai pada 2020-03-06.
^ Opp, Karl-Dieter (2009-04-08). Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-01439-2.
^ ^a ^b Deric., Shannon (2011-01-01). Political sociology : oppression, resistance, and the state. Pine Forge Press. m/s. 150. ISBN 9781412980401. OCLC 746832550.

Bacaan lanjut

David F. Aberle. 1966. The Peyote Religion among the Navaho. Chicago: Aldine. ISBN 0-8061-2382-6
James Alfred Aho. 1990. Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism. Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-96997-0
Paul Almeida. 2019. Social Movements: The Structure of Collective Mobilization. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520290914
Herbert G. Blumer 1969. "Collective Behavior." In Alfred McClung Lee, ed., Principles of Sociology. Third Edition. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, pp. 65–121.
Mark Chaves. 1997. Ordaining Women: Culture and Conflict in Religious Organizations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-64146-9
Dolata, Ulrich; Schrape, Jan-Felix (2016). "Masses, Crowds, Communities, Movements: Collective Action in the Internet Age". Social Movement Studies. 15 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/14742837.2015.1055722. S2CID 141985609.
Graeme Chesters and Ian Welsh. Complexity and Social Movements: Multitudes at the Edge of Chaos Routledge 2006. ISBN 0-415-43974-4
Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, Social movements and networks, Oxford University Press, 2003.
Susan Eckstei, ed. Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements, Updated Edition, University of California Press 2001. ISBN 0-520-22705-0
Anthony Giddens. 1985. The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. ISBN 0-520-06039-3
Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper. 2009. The Social Movements Reader. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8764-0
Angelique Haugerud, No Billionaire Left Behind: Satirical Activism in America, Stanford University Press, 2013. ISBN 9780804781534
James, Paul; van Seeters, Paul (2014). Globalization and Politics, Vol. 2: Global Social Movements and Global Civil Society. London: Sage Publications.
James M. Jasper. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
James M. Jasper. 2014. Protest: A Cultural Introduction to Social Movements. Polity Press.
Jenkins, J. Craig; Perrow, Charles (1977). "Insurgency of the Powerless Farm Worker Movements (1946–1972)". American Sociological Review. 42 (2): 249–268. doi:10.2307/2094604. JSTOR 2094604.
Diana Kendall, Sociology In Our Times, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. ISBN 0-534-64629-8
William Kornhauser. 1959. The Politics of Mass Society. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-917620-4
Donna Maurer. 2002. Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment? Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-936-X
Armand L. Mauss. 1975. Social Problems of Social Movements. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Denton E. Morrison. 1978. "Some Notes toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social Change." In Louis E. Genevie, ed., Collective Behavior and Social Movements. Itasca, Ill.: Peacock. pp. 202–209.
Mölders, Marc; Schrape, Jan-Felix (2019). "Digital Deceleration. Protest and Societal Irritation in the Internet Age". ÖZS. 44 (1): 199–215. doi:10.1007/s11614-019-00354-3. S2CID 189875881.
Immanuel Ness, ed. Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, 2004. ISBN 0-7656-8045-9.
Jeff Pugh. 2008. "Vectors of Contestation: Social Movements and Party Systems in Ecuador and Colombia." Latin American Essays XXI: 46-65.
Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6. [1]
Ryan, Charlotte; Gamson, William A. (2006). "The Art of Reframing Political Debates". Contexts. 5 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1525/ctx.2006.5.1.13. S2CID 59529692.
Neil J. Smelser. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-929390-1
David Snow, Sarah A. Soule and Hanspeter Kriesi, ed. Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, Blackwell, 2004.
Suzanne Staggenborg, Social Movements, Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-542309-9
Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-42271-X
Temelini, Michael (2013). "Dialogical Approaches to Struggles Over Recognition and Distribution". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 17 (4): 2–25. doi:10.1080/13698230.2013.763517. S2CID 144378936.
Charles Tilly, 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
Charles Tilly, Social Movements, 1768–2004, Boulder, CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2004 262 pp. ISBN 1-86351-042-3 (hardback) / ISBN 1-86351-043-1 (paperback)
Leonard Weinberg, 2013. Democracy and Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2013.
Quintan Wiktorowicz, Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
Marco G. Giugni, How Social Movements Matter, University of Minnesota Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8166-2914-5
Rod Bantjes, Social Movements in a Global Context, CSPI, 2007, ISBN 978-1-55130-324-6
Michael Barker, Conform or Reform? Social Movements and the Mass Media, Fifth-Estate-Online - International Journal of Radical Mass Media Criticism. February 2007. Fifth-estate-online.co.uk
Dennis Chong, "Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement", University of Chicago Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-226-10441-6

Pautan luar

Mobilization - journal
Interface: a Journal For and About Social Movements

[1] Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009), "Social movements", A Dictionary of Sociology (dalam bahasa Inggeris), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199533008.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-953300-8, dicapai pada 2020-03-06

[2] "social movement | Definition of social movement by Webster's Online Dictionary". www.webster-dictionary.org. Dicapai pada 2020-03-06.

[3] Opp, Karl-Dieter (2009-04-08). Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-01439-2.

[:0-4] Deric., Shannon (2011-01-01). Political sociology : oppression, resistance, and the state. Pine Forge Press. m/s. 150. ISBN 9781412980401. OCLC 746832550.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]