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Urang Rumani

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Bedakan jo Urang Rumania.
Urang Rumani
Romani
Marawa Rumani dibuek tahun 1933 dan ditarimo 1971 jo Kongres Rumani Dunia
Total populasi
2–20 juta[1][2][3][4]
 Amerika Sarikat1.000.000[5]
 Brasil800.000[6]
 Spanyol750.000–1.100.000[7][8][9][10][11]
 Rumania619.007-1.850.000[12][8][13][14]
 Turki500.000–2.750.000[8][15][16][17]
 Parancih350.000–500.000[18][19]
 Bulgaria325.343–750.000[20][21]
 Hongaria309.632–870.000[22][23]
 Argentina300.000
 Imperium Baritania Rayo225.000[24][8][25]
 Rusia205.007–825.000[8]
 Serbia147.604–600.000[26][27][8]
 Itali120.000–180.000[28][8]
 Yunani111.000–300.000[29][30]
 Jerman105.000[8][31]
 Slovakia105.738–490.000[32][33][34]
 Iran100.000–110.000[35]
 Republik Makedonia53.879–197.000[8][36]
 Swedia50.000–100.000[8][37]
 Ukraina47.587–260.000[8][38]
 Portugal40.000–52.000[8]
 Austria40.000–50.000
 Kosovo36.000[8][39]
 Balando32.000–40.000[8]
 Republik Irlandia22.435–37.500[8]
 Chili20.000[40]
 Polandia17.049–32.500[8][41]
 Kroasia16.975–35.000[8][42]
 Meksiko15.850[43]
 Moldova12.778–107.100[8][44]
 Finlandia10.000-12.000[45]
Bahaso
Bahaso Rumani, Rumpun bahaso Para-Rumani, bahaso tampek bamukim
Agamo
Nan tabanyak Kristen[46]
Islam[46]
Shaktisme tradisi dari Hindu[46]
Mitologi Rumani
Kalompok etnis takaik
Dom, Lom, Domba; jo kalompok etnik Indo-Arya lainnyo

Urang Rumani, acok disabuik pulo Roma atau Gipsi, adolah kalompok etnik Indo-Arya nan bamukim di wilayah Balkan, biasonyo iduik bapindah-pindah, ado pulo nan marantau ka sarato panjuru dunia. Urang Rumani baasa dari India Utaro,[47][48][49] dari Rajasthan, Haryana, jo Punjab nan kini manjadi bagian dari India.[48][49]

Panamuan genetik manyatokan Urang Romani baasa dari satu kalompok nan maninggakan India pado tahun 512. Panilitian genetik mambuek jurnal banamo European Journal of Human Genetics manyatokan labiah dari 70% urang laki-laki baasa dari satu garih nan mambuek lain Urang Rumani dari urang-urang lainnyo.[50] Urang Romani tibo di Asia Barat jo Eropa sakironyo pado tahun 1007.[51] Urang Romani acok dihubuangkan jo kalompok etnik Indo-Arya lainnyo, Urang Dom: dikatokan kaduo kalompok iko tapisah nan satu jo nan lain nan punyo kasamoan sijarah. Sacaro khusus, pitarah Urang Rumani jo Urang Dom kalua dari India Utaro sakironyo antaro abaik ka-6 jo abaik ka-11.[51]

Rujuakan

[suntiang | suntiang sumber]
  1. ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (online) (edisi ke-16th). Dallas, TX: SIL. Diakses tanggal 15 September 2010. Ian Hancock's 1987 estimate for 'all Gypsies in the world' was 6 to 11 million. 
  2. ↑ "EU demands action to tackle Roma poverty". BBC News. 5 April 2011. 
  3. ↑ "The Roma". Nationalia. Diakses tanggal 20 November 2015. 
  4. ↑ "Rom". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 15 September 2010. ... estimates of the total world Roma population range from two million to five million. 
  5. ↑ Kayla Webley (13 October 2010). "Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile". Time. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2015. Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million. 
  6. ↑ "Falta de políticas públicas para ciganos é desafio para o governo" [Lack of public policy for Romani is a challenge for the administration] (dalam bahasa Portuguese). R7. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 January 2012. Diakses tanggal 22 January 2012. The Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of "ciganos" (Romanis) in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). The 2010 IBGE Brazilian National Census encountered Romani camps in 291 of Brazil's 5,565 municipalities. 
  7. ↑ "Roma integration in Spain". European Commission – European Commission (dalam bahasa Inggris). 
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Roma and Travellers Team. TOOLS AND TEXTS OF REFERENCE. Estimates on Roma population in European countries" (PDF)Council of Europe Roma and Travellers Division 
  9. ↑ Estimated by the Society for Threatened Peoples [1]
  10. ↑ "The Situation of Roma in Spain" (PDF). Open Society Institute. 2002. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 1 December 2007. Diakses tanggal 15 September 2010. The Spanish government estimates the number of Gitanos at a maximum of 650,000. 
  11. ↑ "Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España : Un análisis contrastado de la Encuesta del CIS a Hogares de Población Gitana 2007" (PDF). mscbs.gob.es. 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-08-08. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-14. Tabla 1. La comunidad gitana de España en el contexto de la población romaní de la Unión Europea. Población Romaní: 750.000 [...] Por 100 habitantes: 1,87% [...] se podrían llegar a barajar cifras [...] de 1.100.000 personas 
  12. ↑ "Roma integration in Romania". European Commission – European Commission (dalam bahasa Inggris). 
  13. ↑ 2011 census data, based on table 7 Population by ethnicity, gives a total of 621,573 Roma in Romania. This figure is disputed by other sources, because at the local level, many Roma declare a different ethnicity (mostly Romanian, but also Hungarian in Transylvania and Turkish in Dobruja). Many are not recorded at all, since they do not have ID cards [2]. International sources give higher figures than the official census(UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe Archived 7 October 2006 di Wayback Machine., World Bank Archived 2006-08-24 di Wayback Machine., International Association for Official Statistics Archived 26 February 2008 di Wayback Machine.).
  14. ↑ "Rezultatele finale ale Recensământului din 2011 – Tab8. Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune" (dalam bahasa Romanian). National Institute of Statistics (Romania). 5 July 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (XLS) tanggal 18 January 2016. Diakses tanggal 18 December 2013.  However, various organizations claim that there are 2 million Romanis in Romania. See [3]
  15. ↑ "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 17 June 2014. 
  16. ↑ "Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!" [The number of Kurds in Turkey!] (dalam bahasa Turkish). 6 June 2008. Diakses tanggal 2 January 2016. 
  17. ↑ "Türkiye'deki Çingene nüfusu tam bilinmiyor. 2, hatta 5 milyon gibi rakamlar dolaşıyor Çingenelerin arasında". Hurriyet (dalam bahasa Turki). TR. 8 May 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 October 2009. Diakses tanggal 2 January 2016. 
  18. ↑ "Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions". EurActiv Network. 7 December 2005. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2015. According to the report, the settled Gypsy population in France is officially estimated at around 500,000, although other estimates say that the actual figure is much closer to 1.2 million. 
  19. ↑ Gorce, Bernard (22 July 2010). "Roms, gens du voyage, deux réalités différentes". La Croix. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2016. [MANUAL TRANS.] The ban prevents statistics on ethnicity to give a precise figure of French Roma, but we often quote the number 350,000. For travellers, the administration counted 160,000 circulation titles in 2006 issued to people aged 16 to 80 years. Among the travellers, some have chosen to buy a family plot where they dock their caravans around a local section (authorized since the Besson Act of 1990). 
  20. ↑ Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група [Population by place of residence, age and ethnic group]. Bulgarian National Statistical Institute (dalam bahasa Bulgaria). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 June 2012. Diakses tanggal 22 June 2015.  Self declared
  21. ↑ European Commission (4 April 2014). Roma Integration – 2014 Commission Assessment: Questions and Answers. Siaran pers. Diakses pado 28 April 2016. EU and Council of Europe estimates
  22. ↑ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018) (dalam bahaso hu). Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok. Budapest. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf. Diakses pado 9 Januari 2019. 
  23. ↑ János, Pénzes; Patrik, Tátrai; Zoltán, Pásztor István (2018). "A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben" [Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades] (PDF). Területi Statisztika (dalam bahasa Hungaria). 58 (1): 3–26. doi:10.15196/TS580101 (tidak aktif 21 May 2020). 
  24. ↑ "Roma integration in the United Kingdom". European Commission – European Commission (dalam bahasa Inggris). 
  25. ↑ "RME", Ethnologue 
  26. ↑ Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Национална припадност [Census of population, households and apartments in 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Ethnicity] (PDF) (dalam bahasa Serbia). State Statistical Service of the Republic of Serbia. 29 November 2012. hlm. 8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 8 July 2018. Diakses tanggal 17 July 2017. 
  27. ↑ "Serbia: Country Profile 2011–2012" (PDF). European Roma Rights Centre. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal 17 July 2017. 
  28. ↑ "Giornata Internazionale dei rom e sinti: presentato il Rapporto Annuale 2014 (PDF)" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 3 February 2017. Diakses tanggal 23 December 2015. 
  29. ↑ "Premier Tsipras Hosts Roma Delegation for International Romani Day". greekreporter –place =. Nick Kampouris. 
  30. ↑ "Greece NGO". Greek Helsinki Monitor. LV: Minelres. 
  31. ↑ "Roma in Deutschland", Regionale Dynamik, Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-04-29, diakses tanggal 2020-08-14 
  32. ↑ "Roma integration in Slovakia". European Commission – European Commission (dalam bahasa Inggris). 
  33. ↑ "Population and Housing Census. Resident population by nationality" (PDF). SK: Statistics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 15 July 2007. 
  34. ↑ "Po deviatich rokoch spočítali Rómov, na Slovensku ich žije viac ako 400-tisíc". SME (dalam bahasa Slovak). SK: SITA. 25 September 2013. Diakses tanggal 25 September 2013. 
  35. ↑ "Gypsy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 May 2017. 
  36. ↑ "The 2002-census reported 53,879 Roma and 3,843 'Egyptians'". Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 June 2004. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2010. 
  37. ↑ "Sametingen. Information about minorities in Sweden", Minoritet (dalam bahasa Swedia), IMCMS, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-26, diakses tanggal 2020-08-14 
  38. ↑ Всеукраїнський перепис населення '2001: Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою [Ukrainian Census, 2001: Distribution of population by nationality and mother tongue] (dalam bahasa Ukraina). UA: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. 2003. Diakses tanggal 15 September 2017. 
  39. ↑ Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) (edisi ke-2nd). Scarecrow Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142. 
  40. ↑ Hazel Marsh. "The Roma Gypsies of Latin America". www.latinolife.co.uk. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 April 2021. Diakses tanggal 27 November 2017. 
  41. ↑ "Poland – Gypsies". Country studies. US. Diakses tanggal 28 August 2015. 
  42. ↑ "POPULATION BY ETHNICITY – DETAILED CLASSIFICATION, 2011 CENSUS". Croatian Bureau of Statistics. Diakses tanggal 21 June 2015. 
  43. ↑ Emilio Godoy (12 October 2010). "Gypsies, or How to Be Invisible in Mexico". Inter Press Service. Diakses tanggal 30 July 2016. 
  44. ↑ 2004 census
  45. ↑ "Suomen romanit - Finitiko romaseele" (PDF). Government of Finland. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 26 June 2020. Diakses tanggal 8 January 2020. 
  46. ↑ a b c Gall, Timothy L, ed. (1998), Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life, 4. Europe, Cleveland, OH: Eastword, hlm. 316, 318, 'Religion: An underlay of Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host country religion)'; Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari... Despite a 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', the worship of a god through his female consort... 
  47. ↑ Hancock 2002, hlm. xx.
  48. ↑ a b K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives. McFarland. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7864-9470-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50. Diakses pado 8 Desember 2015. 
  49. ↑ a b Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-85828-635-8. https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo. Diakses pado 8 Desember 2015. 
  50. ↑ Kalaydjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; de Knijff, Peter; Rosser, Zoe H; Hurles, Matthew; Underhill, Peter; Tournev, Ivailo; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (2011), "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages" (PDF), European Journal of Human Genetics, 9 (2): 97–104, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597, PMID 11313742, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 9 December 2014 
  51. ↑ a b Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) (edisi ke-2nd). Scarecrow Press. p. xxxvii. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37. "The Gypsies, or Romanies, are an ethnic group that arrived in Europe around the 14th century. Scholars argue about when and how they left India, but it is generally accepted that they did emigrate from northern India some time between the 6th and 11th centuries, then crossed the Middle East and came into Europe." 
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