Naudotojas:Adamvs/juodraštis2

Varianas Makis Frajus Varian Mackey Fry
Gimė	1907 m. spalio 15 d. Niujorkas
Mirė	1967 m. rugsėjo 13 d. (59 metai) Redingas
Palaidotas (-a)	Grinvudo kapinės, Niujorkas
Alma mater	Harvardo universitetas
Žinomas (-a) už	veiklą Tarptautiniame gelbėjimo komitete

Varianas Makis Frajus (angl. Varian Mackey Fry, 1907 m. spalio 15 d. – 1967 m. rugsėjo 13 d.) – amerikiečių žurnalistas, vadovavęs tinklui, kuris Viši režimo valdomoje Prancūzijoje padėjo 2 000–4 000 antinacistų ir žydų pabėgėliams pabėgti iš nacistinės Vokietijos bei išvengti holokausto. Frajus buvo vienas iš penkių pirmųjų amerikiečių, gavusių Pasaulio tautų teisuolio garbės vardą, Izraelio teikiamą nežydams, rizikavusiems savo gyvybe siekiant išgelbėti žydus nuo genocido.

Asmeninis gyvenimas

Frajus vaikystėje

Frajus gimė Niujorke. Jo tėvai buvo Lilian ir Arturas Frajus, Volstrito firmos „Carlysle and Mellick“ vadybininkas. 1910 m. šeima persikėlė į Ridžvudą Naujajame Džersyje. Jis ten augo, mėgo stebėti paukščius bei skaityti. Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais, būdamas devynerių metų, Frajus su draugais surengė Amerikos Raudonojo kryžiaus turgų lėšoms rinkti, kuriame buvo vodevilio pasirodymas, ledų kioskas ir žuvų tvenkinys. Nuo 1922 iki 1924 m. mokėsi Hotčkiso (Hotchkiss) mokykloje, kurią paliko dėl mokinių „krikštijimo“ ritualų. Vėliau mokėsi Riverdeilo kaimo mokykloje (Riverdale Country School), kurią baigė 1926 m.

Frajus gerai mokėsi, kalbėjo daugeliu kalbų ir buvo vienas iš 10 % aukščiausius balus Harvardo universiteto stojamuosiuose egzaminuose surinkusių studentų. 1927 m., mokydamasis paskutiniame Harvardo universiteto kurse, kartu su Linkolnu Kirsteinu įkūrė „Hound & Horn“ literatūros žurnalą. Už pokštą universiteto buvo laikinai suspenduotas ir turėjo kartoti kursą. Per Kirsteino seserį Miną jis susipažino su būsima žmona Eilyn Eiveri Hjuz (Eileen Avery Hughes), septyneriais metais vyresne „Atlantic Monthly“ redaktore, baigusia Reudino (Roedean ) mokyklą ir Oksfordo universitetą. Nors, anot sūnaus, Frajus slapta buvo homoseksualus, jis Eilyn vedė 1931 m. birželio 2 d.

Journalist

While working as a foreign correspondent for the American journal The Living Age, Fry visited Berlin in 1935, and personally witnessed Nazi abuse against Jews on more than one occasion, which "turned him into an ardent anti-Nazi". He said in 1945, "I could not remain idle as long as I had any chances at all of saving even a few of its intended victims."

Following his visit to Berlin, in 1935 Fry wrote about the savage treatment of Jews by Hitler's regime in The New York Times. He wrote books about foreign affairs for Headline Books, owned by the Foreign Policy Association, including The Peace that Failed. It describes the troubled political climate following World War I, the break-up of Czechoslovakia and the events leading up to World War II.

Emergency Rescue Committee

Atminimo lenta Berlyne

Greatly disturbed by what he saw, Fry helped raise money to support European anti-Nazi movements. Shortly after the invasion of France in June 1940, which the Germans quickly occupied, Fry and friends formed the Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC) in New York City, with support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and others.

By August 1940, Fry was in Marseille representing the ERC in an effort to help persons seeking to flee the Nazis. They worked to circumvent bureaucratic processes set up by French authorities, who would not issue exit visas. Fry had $3,000 and a short list of refugees, mostly German Jews, under imminent threat of arrest by agents of the Gestapo. Other anti-Nazi writers, avant-garde artists, musicians, and hundreds of others came to him, desperately seeking any chance to escape France.

Some historians later noted it was a miracle that a white American Protestant would risk everything to help the Jews.

Beginning in 1940, in Marseille, despite the watchful eye of the collaborationist Vichy regime, Fry and a small group of volunteers hid people at the Villa Air-Bel until they could be smuggled out. More than 2,200 people were taken across the border to Spain and then to the safety of neutral Portugal from which they took ships to the United States.

Vaizdas:Davenport-Fry.jpg

Fry and Miriam Davenport, c. 1940

Fry helped other exiles escape on ships leaving Marseille for the French Caribbean colony of Martinique, from where they could also go to the United States.

Among Fry's closest associates were Americans Miriam Davenport, a former art student at the Sorbonne, and Chicago heiress Mary Jayne Gold, a lover of the arts and the "good life" who had come to Paris in the early 1930s.

Letter to his wife Eileen, February 1941

Among the people who have come into my office, or with whom I am in constant correspondence, are not only some of the greatest living authors, painters, sculptors of Europe . . . but also former cabinet ministers and even prime ministers of half a dozen countries. What a strange place Europe is when men like this are reduced to waiting patiently in the anteroom of a young American of no importance whatever.

“

”

Varian Fry

Especially instrumental in getting Fry the visas he needed for the artists, intellectuals and political dissidents on his list was Hiram Bingham IV, an American Vice Consul in Marseille who fought against anti-Semitism in the State Department. Bingham was personally responsible for issuing thousands of visas, both legal and illegal. Fry was also helped in his mission by Alfred Barr, Director of the Museum of Modern Art, and his wife Margaret Scolari Barr, an art historian also working at the MoMA.

From his isolated position in Marseille, Fry relied on the Unitarian Service Committee in Lisbon to help the refugees he sent. This office, staffed by American Unitarians under the direction of Robert Dexter, helped refugees to wait in safety for visas and other necessary papers, and to gain passage by sea from Lisbon.

Fry was forced to leave France in September 1941 after officials of both the Vichy government and of the United States State Department had become angered by his covert activities. He then spent more than a month in Lisbon before returning to the United States in October.

In 1942, the Emergency Rescue Committee and the American branch of the European-based International Relief Association joined forces under the name the International Relief and Rescue Committee, which was later shortened to the International Rescue Committee (IRC). The IRC has continued as a leading nonsectarian, nongovernmental international relief and development organization that still operates today.

Refugees aided by Fry

Among those aided by Fry were:

• Hannah Arendt
• Jean Arp
• Hans Aufricht
• Hans Bellmer
• Georg Bernhard
• Victor Brauner
• André Breton
• Camille Bryen
• De Castro family
• Marc Chagall and his wife Bella Rosenfeld
• Frédéric Delanglade
• Óscar Domínguez
• Marcel Duchamp
• Heinrich Ehrmann
• Max Ernst
• Edvard Fendler
• Lion Feuchtwanger
• Leonhard Frank
• Giuseppe Garetto
• Oscar Goldberg
• Emil Julius Gumbel
• Hans Habe
• Jacques-Salomon Hadamard
• Konrad Heiden
• Jacques Hérold
• Wilhelm Herzog
• Berthold Jacob
• Heinz Jolles
• Erich Itor Kahn
• Fritz Kahn
• Arthur Koestler
• Siegfried Kracauer
• Wifredo Lam
• Jacqueline Lamba
• Wanda Landowska
• Lotte Leonard
• Claude Lévi-Strauss
• Jacques Lipchitz
• Alberto Magnelli
• Alma Mahler
• Jean Malaquais
• Bohuslav Martinů
• Golo Mann
• Heinrich Mann
• Valeriu Marcu
• André Masson
• Roberto Matta
• Walter Mehring
• Alfredo Mendizábal
• Otto Fritz Meyerhof
• Boris Mirkine-Guetzevitch
• Hans Namuth
• Hans Natonek
• Ernst-Erich Noth
• Max Ophüls
• Hertha Pauli
• Benjamin Péret
• Alfred Polgar
• Poliakoff-Litovzeff
• Peter Pringsheim
• Denise Restout
• Hans Sahl
• Jacques Schiffrin
• Anna Seghers
• Victor Serge
• Ferdinand Springer
• Fred Stein
• Bruno Strauss
• Sophie Taeuber
• Remedios Varo
• Franz Werfel
• Kurt Wolff and Helen Wolff
• Wols (Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze)
• Ylla (Camilla Koffler)

Back in the United States

There are some things so horrible that decent men and women find them impossible to believe, so monstrous that the civilized world recoils incredulous before them. The recent reports of the systematic extermination of the Jews in Nazi Europe are of this order... we can offer asylum now, without delay or red tape, to those few fortunate enough to escape from the Aryan paradise. There have been bureaucratic delays in visa procedure which have literally condemned to death many stalwart democrats... This is a challenge which we cannot, must not, ignore.

“

”

Fry, Varian. "The Massacre of Jews in Europe." The New Republic, 1942.

Fry wrote and spoke critically against U.S. immigration policies particularly relating to the fate of Jews in Europe. In a December 1942 issue of The New Republic, he wrote a scathing article titled: "The Massacre of Jews in Europe".

Although by 1942 Fry had been terminated from his position at the Emergency Rescue Committee, American private rescuers acknowledged that his program in France had been uniquely effective, and recruited him in 1944 to provide behind-the-scenes guidance to the Roosevelt administration's late-breaking rescue program, the War Refugee Board.

Fry published a book in 1945 about his time in France under the title Surrender on Demand, first published by Random House, 1945. (Its title refers to the 1940 French-German armistice clause requiring France to hand over to German authorities any refugee from "Greater Germany" the Gestapo might identify, a requirement Fry routinely violated.) A later edition was published by Johnson Books, in 1997, in conjunction with the U.S. Holocaust Museum. In 1968, the US publisher Scholastic (which markets mainly to children and adolescents) published a paperback edition under the title Assignment: Rescue.

After the war, Fry worked as a journalist, magazine editor and business writer. He also taught college and was in film production. Feeling as if he had lived the peak of his life in France, he developed ulcers. Fry went into psychoanalysis and said that "as time went on, he grew more and more troubled."

Fry and his wife Eileen divorced after he returned from France. She developed cancer and died on May 12, 1948. During her hospital convalescence, Fry visited her and read to her daily. At the end of 1948 or early 1949, Fry met Annette Riley, who was 16 years his junior. They married in 1950, had three children together, but were separated in 1966, possibly owing to his irrational behavior, believed to have been a result of manic depression.

Fry died of a cerebral hemorrhage and was found dead in his bed on September 13, 1967, by the Connecticut State Police. He was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York with his parents.

Fry's papers are held in Columbia University's Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

Published works

Author

• "A Bibliography of the Writings of Thomas Stearns Eliot". Hound & Horn, 1928.
• Assignment Rescue: An Autobiography. Madison, Wisconsin: Demco, 1992. ISBN 978-0-439-14541-1.
• Bricks Without Mortar: The Story of International Cooperation. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1938. Šablonas:LCCN.
• Headline Books. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1938.
• Surrender on Demand. New York: Random House, 1945. Šablonas:LCCN OCLC 1315136
• The Peace that Failed: How Europe Sowed the Seeds of War. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1939. Šablonas:LCCN
• To Whom it May Concern. 1947.
• War in China: America's Role in the Far East. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1938. Šablonas:LCCN

Co-author

• Fry, Varian and Emil Herlin. War Atlas: A Handbook of Maps and Facts. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1940. Šablonas:LCCN.
• Goetz, Delia and Varian Fry. The Good Neighbours: The Story of the Two Americas. The Foreign Policy Association, 1939. Šablonas:LCCN
• Popper, David H., Shepard Stone and Varian Fry. The puzzle of Palestine. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1938.
• Wolfe, Henry Cutler, James Frederick Green, Stoyan Pribichevich, Varian Fry, William V. Reed, Elizabeth Ogg and Emil Herlin, Spotlight on the Balkans. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1940.

Legacy

Varian Fry Street, Berlin

• 1967 - The government of France recognized Fry's contribution to freedom making him a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur., the only honour in his lifetime, awarded at the French Consulate in New York
• 1980 - Mary Jayne Gold's 1980 book titled Crossroads Marseilles 1940 sparked an interest in Fry and his heroic efforts.
• 1991 - The United States Holocaust Memorial Council awarded Fry the Eisenhower Liberation Medal.
• 1994 - Fry became the first United States citizen to be listed in the Righteous Among the Nations at Israel's national Holocaust Memorial, award by Yad Vashem.
• 1997 - Irish film director David Kerr made a documentary entitled Varian Fry: The America's Schindler that was narrated by actor Sean Barrett.
• 1998 - Fry was awarded the "Commemorative Citizenship of the State of Israel" on January 1, 1998.
• 2001 - Fry's story was also told in dramatic form in the 2001 made-for-television film Varian's War, written and directed by Lionel Chetwynd and starring William Hurt and Julia Ormond.
• 2002 - On the initiative of Samuel V. Brock, the U.S. Consul General in Marseille from 1999 to 2002, the square in front of the consulate was renamed Place Varian Fry.
• 2005 - A street in the newly reconstructed East/West Berlin Wall area in the Berlin borough of Mitte at Potsdamer Platz was named Varian-Fry-Straße in recognition of his work.
• 2005 - A street in his home town of Ridgewood, New Jersey, was renamed Varian Fry Way.
• 2007 - On October 15, 2007, the U.S. House of Representatives honored Varian Fry on the 100th anniversary of his birth.
• 2019 - Julie Orringer's historical novel The Flight Portfolio is a fictionalized account of Fry's life and experiences in Marseille, which merges real events and historical characters with invented elements. The invented elements include a clandestine love affair and intrigue surrounding the plot to rescue a fictional young physics genius.
• 2023 – Transatlantic, a streaming television series based on Orringer's The Flight Portfolio, is released on Netflix; Cory Michael Smith plays Varian Fry.

Place Varian Fry in Marseille

See also

• Charles Fernley Fawcett
• Chiune Sugihara
• List of Righteous among the Nations by country
• Sousa Mendes Foundation

Šaltiniai

Bibliografija

• Gold, Mary Jayne. Crossroads Marseilles, 1940. New York: Doubleday, 1980. ISBN 978-0-385-15618-9.
• Grunwald-Spier, Agnes. The Other Schindlers: Why Some People Chose to Save Jews in the Holocaust. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7524-5706-2.
• Isenberg, Sheila. A Hero of Our Own: The Story of Varian Fry. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, 2005. ISBN 978-0-595-34882-4.
• McCabe, Cynthia Jaffee. "Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America – Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee", pp. 79–91 in Jackman, Jarrell C. and Carla M. Borden, eds. The Musses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation 1930-1945. Washington, D.C.: (Smithsonian, 1983.
• Marino, Andy. A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-3122-0356-6.
• Mattern, Joanne. Life Stories of 100 American Heroes. Vancouver: KidsBooks, 2001. ISBN 978-1-56156-978-6.
• Mauthner, Martin. German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940. London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007, ISBN 978-0-85303-540-4.
• McClafferty, Carla Killough. In Defiance of Hitler: The Secret Mission of Varian Fry. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR), 2008. ISBN 978-0-374-38204-9.
• Moulin, Pierre. Dachau, Holocaust, and US Samurais: Nisei Soldiers First in Dachau?. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4259-3801-7.
• Paldiel, Mordecai. Saving the Jews: Men and Women who Defied the Final Solution. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publications, 2011. ISBN 978-1-58979-734-5.
• Richards, Tad. The Virgil Directive. New York: Fawcett, 1982. ISBN 978-0-4450-4689-4.
• Riding, Alan. And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-occupied Paris. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-86354-9.
• Roth, John K. and Elisabeth Maxwell. Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide. London: Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 978-0-333-80486-5.
• Schwertfeger, Ruth. In Transit: Narratives of German Jews in Exile, Flight, and Internment During 'The Dark Years' of France. Berlin, Germany: Frank & Timme GmbH, 2012. ISBN 978-3-86596-384-0.
• Sogos, Giorgia. "Varian Fry: „Der Engel von Marseille“. Von der Legalität in die Illegalität und zur Rehabilitierung", in Gabriele Anderl, Simon Usaty (Hrsg.). "Schleppen, schleusen, helfen. Flucht zwischen Rettung und Ausbeutung". Wien: Mandelbaum,2016, S. 209–220, ISBN 978-3-85476-482-3.
• Strempel, Rüdiger, Letzter Halt Marseille - Varian Fry und das Emergency Rescue Committee, in Clasen, Winrich C.-W./Schneemelcher, W. Peter, eds, Mittelmeerpassagen, Rheinbach 2018, ISBN 978-3-87062-307-4
• Strempel, Rüdiger, Varian Fry: Der Amerikaner, der Europas Künstler rettete / The American Who Rescued Europe's Artists (German-English) CMZ Verlag, Rheinbach 2023 ISBN 978-3-87062-364-7
• Subak, Susan Elisabeth. Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers Who Defied the Nazis. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8032-2525-1.
• Sullivan, Rosemary. Villa Air-Bel. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 978-0-0607-3251-6.
• Watson, Peter. The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution and the Twentieth Century. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN 978-0-85720-324-3.

Išorinės nuorodos

• Variano Frajaus institutas
• Variano Frajaus fondas/Tarptautinis gelbėjimo komitetas
• V. Frajus, Holokausto išlikėlių ir atminimo projektas
• Varianas Frajus, „Amerikos Šindleris“ – Louis Bülow
• V. Frajus, jo veikla gelbstint žydų gyvybes, Jad Vašem svetainė
• Variano Frajaus raštai Kolumbijos universitete, Retų knygų ir rankraščių bibliotekoje

Saksonijos kurfiurstystė

Saksonijos kurfiurstystė vok. Kurfürstentum Bayern
Šventosios Romos imperijos dalis
← 1356 – 1806 →
Vėliava Herbas
Location of {{{paprastas_pav}}} Saksonijos kurfiurstystė (oranžinė) 1648 m.
Sostinė	Vitenbergas (1356–1547) Dresdenas (1547–1806)
Valdymo forma	Paveldimoji monarchija
Saksonijos kurfiurstas
1356 m. (pirmas)	Rudolfas I
1763–1806 m. (paskutinis)	Frydrichas Augustas III
Istorija
- Suteiktas kurfiurstystės titulas	1356 m.
- Paskelbta karalyste	1806 m.

Saksonijos kurfiurstystė, arba Saksonijos elektoratas (vok. Kurfürstentum Sachsen) – Šventosios Romos imperijos kurfiurstystė Saksonijoje, gyvavusi nuo 1356, kai Saksonijos-Vitenbergo kunigaikštystei suteiktas kurfiurstystės titulas, iki 1806 m., kai ją pakeitė Saksonijos karalystė. 1356–1547 m. valstybės sostinė buvo Vitenbergas, 1547–1806 m. – Dresdenas.

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Nulla non porttitor nulla, quis varius libero. Duis pulvinar euismod pretium. Suspendisse dignissim consequat diam, congue efficitur neque congue pretium. In faucibus dolor nibh, non sodales enim congue vel. Curabitur convallis eu purus a blandit. Praesent aliquet turpis a mi dapibus mollis. Morbi hendrerit, risus ut auctor sodales, felis leo rhoncus mi, ut cursus ipsum lectus non libero. Sed nisi sem, tempus sed lacus id, cursus pulvinar ante. Sed egestas efficitur bibendum. Phasellus justo odio, rutrum ut eleifend a, fringilla at augue. Mauris vulputate id lorem non commodo. Donec quam nulla, faucibus vitae ligula at, pharetra imperdiet felis. Suspendisse imperdiet orci id mattis luctus. In et suscipit mi, eget bibendum purus. Praesent vel auctor mauris. Nam vitae nunc et metus interdum hendrerit.

Mary Beard

Merė Berd Mary Beard
Merė Berd 2017 m.
Gimė	1955 m. sausio 1 d. Mač Venlokas, Šropšyras, Anglija
Sutuoktinis (-ė)	Robin Cormack
Sritis	Klasikinės studijos
Alma mater	Kembridžo universitetas
Žinomas (-a) už	The Roman Triumph SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
Vikiteka	Adamvs/juodraštis2

Dama Vinifred Merė Berd (g. 1955 m. sausio 1 d.) – anglų senovės Romos istorikė.

Apdovanojimai

• Antikvarų draugijos narė (FSA), 2005 m.
• Volfsono istorijos prizas už knygą „Pompėjai: Romos imperijos miesto gyvenimas“ (Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town), 2009 m.
• Amerikos archeologijos instituto koresponduojančioji narė, 2009 m.
• Britų akademijos narė (FBA) in 2010 m.
• Amerikos filosofijos draugijos narė, 2012 m.
• Britų imperijos ordino pareigūnės (OBE) laipsnis už „nuopelnus klasikos tyrimams“, 2013 m.
• Nacionalinis knygų kritikų rato apdovanojimas (kritikos kategorijoje) už knygą „Susiduriant su klasika“ (Confronting the Classics), 2013 m.
• Bodlio medalis, 2016 m.
• Astūrijos princesės apdovanojimas už socialinius mokslus, 2016 m.
• Šv. Andriaus universiteto garbės diplomas, 2013 m.
• Kento universiteto literatūros garbės diplomas, 2016 m.
• Karolio III Madrido universiteto garbės diplomas, 2017 m.
• Radbodo universiteto garbės diplomas, 2018 m.
• Britų imperijos ordino damos komandorės (DBE) laipsnis už „nuopelnus klasikinių civilizacijų tyrimuose“, 2018 m.
• Santjago de Kompostelos universiteto garbės laipsnis, 2022 m.

Infolentelės straipsniams

Madam de Pompadur Madame de Pompadour
Pompadūro markizė
Fransua Bušė portretas, 1756 m.
De Pompadur herbas
Gimimo vardas	Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson
Gimė	1721 m. gruodžio 29 d. Paryžius
Mirė	1764 m. balandžio 15 d. (42 metai) Versalis
Palaidotas (-a)	Paryžiaus kapucinų vienuolynas
Tėvas	François Poisson
Motina	Madeleine de La Motte
Sutuoktinis (-ė)	Charles Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles
Vaikai	Charles Guillaume Louis Alexandrine Jeanne
Pompadūro markizė
Kiti titulai	Menaro kunigaikštienė
Pareigos	Vyriausioji Liudviko XV meilužė (maîtresse-en-titre)
Parašas

Tekstas

Karaliaus leibgvardija Garde du corps du roi
Karaliaus leibgvardijos kuopų vėliavos (1772)
Veikimo laikas	~1422–1830 m.
Valstybė	Prancūzijos karalystė
Pavaldus	Karaliaus karinis dvaras (pranc. Maison militaire du roi)
Rūšis	Leibgvardija