신경정신의학. 2023 Feb; 62(1): 8430164. doi: 10.4306/jknpa.2023.62.1.21
클로나제팜 사용의 현실적 문제들
Practical Issues With Clonazepam Use
강웅구
,
김세현
,
최영숙
,
이규영
,
김용식
,
정인원*
expand
Affiliations
- 1서울대학교병원 정신건강의학과
- 2성모의원
- 3노원을지대학교병원 정신건강의학과
- 4용인정신병원
-
-
원문보기
-
조회
상세조회 196건
-
-
Abstract
Clonazepam, a 7-nitrobenzodiazepine, has been used for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders such as seizures, sleep disorders, panic disorders, anxiety, and movement disorders. However, clonazepam is officially approved as a therapeutic drug only for epilepsy and panic disorders in Korea. This raises ethical issues in clinical practice, as clonazepam is prescribed off-label for most neuropsychiatric disorders in many other countries as well. The misuse and abuse of clonazepam as a recreational drug have also been commonly reported in global literature. In this review, as a therapeutic drug as the authors aim to highlight the pharmacological aspects, clinical effects, and potential addictive risks of clonazepam use, by reviewing the current literature on clonazepam to increase its clinical use by accurately understanding and identifying its psychopharmacological benefits and characteristics. However, establishing the risk/benefit ratio of clonazepam for use in specific clinical situations is difficult because of the lack of adequate updated data. Therefore, the use of clonazepam needs to be approached from the point of view of personalized drug treatment rather than following fixed guidelines which would not reflect the current real-world clinical practices.
-
Keywords
-
References
more references
1) Browne TR. Clonazepam. A review of a new anticonvulsant drug.Arch Neurol 1976;33:326-332.
2) Yum HY. Chong Kun Dang's epilepsy drug 'Rivotril' sold out…"Resumption of supply next month" [Internet]. Seoul: Press9 [cited 2022 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.press9.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=50353.
3) Genetech. Klonopin tablets (clonazepam) [Internet]. San Francisco,CA: Genetech [cited 2021 Feb 1]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/017533s061lbl.pdf.
4) Balon R, Starcevic V. Role of benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders.Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1191:367-388.
5) Spier SA, Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Woods SW. Treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia with clonazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47:238-242.
6) Lechin F, van der Dijs B, Gomez F, Valls JM, Acosta E, Arocha L.Pharmacomanometric studies of colonic motility as a guide to the chemotherapy of schizophrenia. J Clin Pharmacol 1980;20:664-671.
7) Chouinard G, Annable L, Turnier L, Holobow N, Szkrumelak N. Adouble-blind randomized clinical trial of rapid tranquilization with I.M. clonazepam and I.M. haloperidol in agitated psychotic patients with manic symptoms. Can J Psychiatry 1993;38 Suppl 4:S114-S121.
8) Frykholm B. Clonazepam--antipsychotic effect in a case of schizophrenia-like psychosis with epilepsy and in three cases of atypical psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985;71:539-542.
9) Freinhar JP, Alvarez WA. Clonazepam: a novel therapeutic adjunct.Int J Psychiatry Med 1985;15:321-328.
10) Kishimoto A, Kamata K, Sugihara T, Ishiguro S, Hazama H, Mizukawa R, et al. Treatment of depression with clonazepam. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988;77:81-86.
11) Morishita S, Aoki S, Watanabe S. Clonazepam as a therapeutic adjunct to improve the management of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52:75-78.
12) Chouinard G. Issues in the clinical use of benzodiazepines: potency,withdrawal, and rebound. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65 Suppl 5:7-12.
13) Nardi AE, Perna G. Clonazepam in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: an update. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;21:131-142.
14) Morishita S. Clonazepam as a therapeutic adjunct to improve the management of depression: a brief review. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009;24:191-198.
15) Griffin CE 3rd, Kaye AM, Bueno FR, Kaye AD. Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects. Ochsner J 2013;13:214-223.
16) Park WM, Kim C. Textbook of clinical neuropsychopharmacology.Seoul: Sigmapress;2019. p.154-168.
17) Vijay A, Becker JE, Ross JS. Patterns and predictors of off-label prescription of psychiatric drugs. PLoS One 2018;13:e0198363.
18) FDA. FDA requiring boxed warning updated to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug class [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: FDA [cited 2020 Oct 20]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety-and-availability/fda-requiring-boxed-warning-updated-improve-safe-use-benzodiazepine-drug-class.
19) FDA. FDA drug safety communication [Internet]. Silver Spring,MD: FDA [cited 2020 Sep 23]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/142368/download.
20) Shim JH Han JY, Jun JY, Chon MW. Factors affecting the prescription interval of benzodiazepines in psychiatric outpatient treatment.J Korean Academy of Addiction Psychiatry 2021;25:9-17.
21) Jones BD, Chouinard G. Clonazepam in the treatment of recurrent symptoms of depression and anxiety in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:354-355.
22) Munjack DJ, Baltazar PL, Bohn PB, Cabe DD, Appleton AA. Clonazepam in the treatment of social phobia: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51 Suppl:35-40.
23) Gelernter CS, Uhde TW, Cimbolic P, Arnkoff DB, Vittone BJ,Tancer ME, et al. Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatments of social phobia. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:938-945.
24) Davidson JR, Potts N, Richichi E, Krishnan R, Ford SM, Smith R,et al. Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo. JClin Psychopharmacol 1993;13:423-428.
25) Adler LW. Mixed bipolar disorder responsive to lithium and clonazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47:49-50.
26) Kumar R. Acute severe catatonia in a young woman with chronic schizophrenia responding to parenteral clonazepam. Aust N Z JPsychiatry 2001;35:391.
27) Winkler D, Willeit M, Wolf R, Stamenkovic M, Tauscher J, Pjrek E,et al. Clonazepam in the long-term treatment of patients with unipolar depression, bipolar and schizoaffective disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003;13:129-134.
28) Remington G, Saha A, Chong SA, Shammi C. Augmentation strategies in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2005;19:843-872.
29) Post RM, Speer AM, Obrocea GV, Leverich GS. Acute and prophylactic effects of anticonvulsants in bipolar depression. Clin Neurosci Res 2002;2:228-251.
30) Clothier JL, Pazzaglia P, Freeman TW. Evaluation and treatment of catatonia. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:553-554.
31) Martényi F, Harangozó J, Mód L. Clonazepam for the treatment of stupor in catatonic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1230.
32) Kutcher S, Williamson P, MacKenzie S, Marton P, Ehrlich M. Successful clonazepam treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia in older adolescents and young adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;9:403-406.
33) Pujalte D, Bottaï T, Huë B, Alric R, Pouget R, Blayac JP, et al. Adouble-blind comparison of clonazepam and placebo in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1994;17:236-242.
34) Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu-Zyhlarz G, Prause W, Semler B, Zoghlami A, et al. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD): acute placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies with clonazepam. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001;11:153-161.
35) Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. REM sleep parasomnias. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;2005. p.897-916.
36) Shinno H, Oka Y, Otsuki M, Tsuchiya S, Mizuno S, Kawada S, et al. Proposed dose equivalence between clonazepam and pramipexole in patients with restless legs syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010;34:522-526.
37) Carlos K, Prado GF, Teixeira CD, Conti C, de Oliveira MM, Prado LB, et al. Benzodiazepines for restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;3:CD006939.
38) Aurora RN, Zak RS, Maganti RK, Auerbach SH, Casey KR, Chowdhuri S, et al. Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). J Clin Sleep Med 2010;6:85-95.
39) McCarter SJ, Boswell CL, St Louis EK, Dueffert LG, Slocumb N,Boeve BF, et al. Treatment outcomes in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 2013;14:237-242.
40) Li SX, Lam SP, Zhang J, Yu MW, Chan JW, Liu Y, et al. A prospective, naturalistic follow-up study of treatment outcomes with clonazepam in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 2016;21:114-120.
41) Kimiagar I, Dobronevsky E, Prokhorov T, Miniovitz A, Rabey JM.Rapid improvement of tardive dyskinesia with tetrabenazine, clonazepam and clozapine combined: a naturalistic long-term follow-up study. J Neurol 2012;259:660-664.
42) Srour M, Lespérance P, Richer F, Chouinard S. Psychopharmacology of tic disorders. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;17:150-159.
43) Smith HS. Current therapy in pain. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;2009.p.470-475.
44) Jääskeläinen SK. Is burning mouth syndrome a neuropathic pain condition? Pain 2018;159:610-613.
45) Yeon JA. "Rivotril dilemma"...Psychiatric patients are struck by lightning. Medisobizanews. 2011 Mar 18.
46) WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. ATC/DDD Index 2022 [Internet]. Oslo: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology [cited 2021 Dec 14]. Available from:https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AE01.
47) Basit H, Kahwaji CI. Clonazepam. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls;2002.
48) Preskorn SH. A way of conceptualizing benzodiazepines to guide clinical use. J Psychiatr Pract 2015;21:436-441.
49) Fennessy MR, Lee JR. The effect of benzodiazepines on brain amines of the mouse. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1972;197:37-44.
50) Jenner P, Chadwick D, Reynolds EH, Marsden CD. Altered 5-HTmetabolism with clonazepam, diazepam and diphenylhydantoin. JPharm Pharmacol 1975;27:707-710.
51) Morishita S, Aoki S. Clonazepam in the treatment of prolonged depression. J Affect Disord 1999;53:275-278.
52) Nardi AE, Machado S, Almada LF, Paes F, Silva AC, Marques RJ,et al. Clonazepam for the treatment of panic disorder. Curr Drug Targets 2013;14:353-364.
53) Sila-on W, Vardhanabhuti N, Ongpipattanakul B, Kulvanich P. Influence of incorporation methods on partitioning behavior of lipophilic drugs into various phases of a parenteral lipid emulsion.AAPS PharmSciTech 2008;9:684-692.
54) Patsalos PN, Berry DJ, Bourgeois BF, Cloyd JC, Glauser TA, Johannessen SI, et al. Antiepileptic drugs--best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2008;49:1239-1276.
55) Olivera M, Martínez C, Gervasini G, Carrillo JA, Ramos S, Benítez J, et al. Effect of common NAT2 variant alleles in the acetylation of the major clonazepam metabolite, 7-aminoclonazepam. Drug Metab Lett 2007;1:3-5.
56) de Leon J. A practitioner's guide to prescribing clonazepam for adults with intellectual disabilities. In: de Leon J, editor. A practitioner's guide to prescribing antiepileptics and mood stabilizers for adults with intellectual disabilities. Boston, MA: Springer;2012.p.55-74.
57) Sweetman SC. The complete drug reference. 33rd ed. London:Pharmaceutical Press;2002. p.343-344.
58) Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S. Benzodiazepines in epilepsy:pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand 2008;118:69-86.
59) Crevoisier C, Delisle MC, Joseph I, Foletti G. Comparative singledose pharmacokinetics of clonazepam following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration to healthy volunteers. Eur Neurol 2003;49:173-177.
60) Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW, Conca A, Deckert J, Domschke K, et al. Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry 2018;51:9-62.
61) Baruzzi A, Bordo B, Bossi L, Castelli D, Gerna M, Tognoni G, et al. Plasma levels of di-no-propylacetate and clonazepam in epileptic patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 1977;15:403-408.
62) Regenthal R, Krueger M, Koeppel C, Preiss R. Drug levels: therapeutic and toxic serum/plasma concentrations of common drugs. JClin Monit Comput 1999;15:529-544.
63) Labbate LA, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Tesar GM, Rosenbaum JF.The relationship of alprazolam and clonazepam dose to steady-state concentration in plasma. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;14:274-276.
64) Yukawa E, Nonaka T, Yukawa M, Higuchi S, Kuroda T, Goto Y.Pharmacoepidemiologic investigation of a clonazepam-valproic acid interaction by mixed effect modeling using routine clinical pharmacokinetic data in Japanese patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2003;28:497-504.
65) Sandoz Inc. Medication guide. Clonazepam tablets, USP CIV [Internet]. Princeton, NJ: Sandoz Inc. [cited 2019 Apr 1]. Available from: https://online.lexi.com/lco/medguides/647927.pdf.
66) Lai AA, Levy RH, Cutler RE. Time-course of interaction between carbamazepine and clonazepam in normal man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978;24:316-323.
67) Yukawa E, Nonaka T, Yukawa M, Ohdo S, Higuchi S, Kuroda T, et al. Pharmacoepidemiologic investigation of a clonazepam-carbamazepine interaction by mixed effect modeling using routine clinical pharmacokinetic data in Japanese patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:588-593.
68) Greenblatt DJ, Preskorn SH, Cotreau MM, Horst WD, Harmatz JS.Fluoxetine impairs clearance of alprazolam but not of clonazepam.Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;52:479-486.
69) de Leon J, Spina E, Diaz FJ. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies must consider pharmacological heterogeneity, use of repeated dosing,and translation into a message understandable to practicing clinicians.J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29:201-205.
70) Spina E, Santoro V, D'Arrigo C. Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with second-generation antidepressants: an update.Clin Ther 2008;30:1206-1227.
71) Jiang P, Lin Z, Jin Y, Ren J, Liu H, Cui H, et al. Effect of clonazepam co-administered with clozapine on the serum clozapine and norclozapine concentration of patients with schizophrenia: a retrospective survey. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 2016;28:318-325.
72) Flanagan RJ, Dunk L. Haematological toxicity of drugs used in psychiatry. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008;23 Suppl 1:27-41.
73) Gerson SL, Lieberman JA, Friedenberg WR, Lee D, Marx JJ Jr,Meltzer H. Polypharmacy in fatal clozapine-associated agranulocytosis. Lancet 1991;338:262-263.
74) Blier P, Slater S, Measham T, Koch M, Wiviott G. Lithium and clozapine-induced neutropenia/agranulocytosis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;13:137-140.
75) Whiskey E, Taylor D. Restarting clozapine after neutropenia: evaluating the possibilities and practicalities. CNS Drugs 2007;21:25-35.
76) Stahl SM. Prescriber's guide: Stahl's essential psychopharmacology. 7th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;2021. p.173-178.
77) DrugBank. Clonazepam [Internet]. Alberta: DrugBank [cited 2020Sep 24]. Available from: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01068.
78) Miller ME, Garland WA, Min BH, Ludwick BT, Ballard RH, Levy RH. Clonazepam acetylation in fast and slow acetylators. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;30:343-347.
79) Joshi KG FR. Off-label prescribing: how to limit your liability. Curr Psychiatry 2020;19:38-39.
80) Baldwin DS, Kosky N. Off-label prescribing in psychiatric practice.Adv Psychiatr Treat 2007;13:414-422.
81) Devulapalli KK, Nasrallah HA. An analysis of the high psychotropic off-label use in psychiatric disorders: the majority of psychiatric diagnoses have no approved drug. Asian J Psychiatr 2009;2:29-36.
82) Tournier M, Greenfield B, Galbaud du Fort G, Ducruet T, Zito JM,Cloutier AM, et al. Patterns of antidepressant use in Quebec children and adolescents: trends and predictors. Psychiatry Res 2010;179:57-63.
83) Stahl SM. Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;2013.
84) Food and Drug Administration. FDA history [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration [cited 2012 Apr 10].Available from: https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-history.
85) Wittich CM, Burkle CM, Lanier WL. Ten common questions (and their answers) about off-label drug use. Mayo Clin Proc 2012;87:982-990.
86) Mawhinney J, McLeer S. Position statement on off-label treatments. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association;2016.
87) Frauger E, Pauly V, Pradel V, Rouby F, Arditti J, Thirion X, et al. Evidence of clonazepam abuse liability: results of the tools developed by the French Centers for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence (CEIP) network. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011;25:633-641.
88) Hallfors DD, Saxe L. The dependence potential of short half-life benzodiazepines: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 1993;83:1300-1304.
89) Pauly V, Frauger E, Pradel V, Nordmann S, Pourcel L, Natali F, et al.Monitoring of benzodiazepine diversion using a multi-indicator approach. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2011;26:268-277.
90) Høiseth G, Middelkoop G, Mørland J, Gjerde H. Has previous abuse of flunitrazepam been replaced by clonazepam? Eur Addict Res 2015;21:217-221.
91) Taipale H, Särkilä H, Tanskanen A, Kurko T, Taiminen T, Tiihonen J,et al. Incidence of and characteristics associated with long-term benzodiazepine use in Finland. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2019029.
92) Chouinard G, Labonte A, Fontaine R, Annable L. New concepts in benzodiazepine therapy: rebound anxiety and new indications for the more potent benzodiazepines. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1983;7:669-673.
93) Fontaine R, Chouinard G. Antipanic effect of clonazepam. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:149.
94) Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB. Essentials of clinical psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing;2006.p.539-569.
95) Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Möller HJ. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders - first revision. World JBiol Psychiatry 2008;9:248-312.
96) Dell'osso B, Lader M. Do benzodiazepines still deserve a major role in the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A critical reappraisal. Eur Psychiatry 2013;28:7-20.
97) Bruce SE, Vasile RG, Goisman RM, Salzman C, Spencer M, Machan JT, et al. Are benzodiazepines still the medication of choice for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia? Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1432-1438.
98) Amrein R, Levitan M, R. Freire RC, Nardi AE. Benzodiazepines in panic disorder. In: Nardi AE, R. Freire RC, editors. Panic disorder:neurobiological and treatment aspects. Cham: Springer;2016. p.237-253.
99) Eppel AB. Imipramine and clonazepam for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:283-284.
100) Goddard AW, Brouette T, Almai A, Jetty P, Woods SW, Charney D.Early coadministration of clonazepam with sertraline for panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:681-686.
101) Pollack MH, Simon NM, Worthington JJ, Doyle AL, Peters P, Toshkov F, et al. Combined paroxetine and clonazepam treatment strategies compared to paroxetine monotherapy for panic disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2003;17:276-282.
102) Chouinard G. The search for new off-label indications for antidepressant, antianxiety, antipsychotic and anticonvulsant drugs. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2006;31:168-176.
103) Pollack MH. Long-term management of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51 Suppl:11-13; discussion 50-53.
104) Fuller MA. Clinical psychopharmacology. In: Hossein Fatemi S,Clayton PJ, editors. The medical basis of psychiatry. 4th ed. New York: Springer;2016. p.707-780.
105) Nardi AE, Valença AM, Nascimento I, Lopes FL, Mezzasalma MA,Freire RC, et al. A three-year follow-up study of patients with the respiratory subtype of panic disorder after treatment with clonazepam.Psychiatry Res 2005;137:61-70.
106) Nardi AE, Valença AM, Freire RC, Mochcovitch MD, Amrein R,Sardinha A, et al. Psychopharmacotherapy of panic disorder: 8-week randomized trial with clonazepam and paroxetine. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011;44:366-373.
107) Nardi AE, Freire RC, Mochcovitch MD, Amrein R, Levitan MN,King AL, et al. A randomized, naturalistic, parallel-group study for the long-term treatment of panic disorder with clonazepam or paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;32:120-126.
108) Freire RC, Amrein R, Mochcovitch MD, Dias GP, Machado S, Versiani M, et al. A 6-year posttreatment follow-up of panic disorder patients: treatment with clonazepam predicts lower recurrence than treatment with paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2017;37:429-434.
109) Worthington JJ 3rd, Pollack MH, Otto MW, McLean RY, Moroz G,Rosenbaum JF. Long-term experience with clonazepam in patients with a primary diagnosis of panic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1998;34:199-205.
110) Medscape. Clonazepam (Rx) [Internet]. New York: Medscape [cited 2022 Jan 31]. Available from: https://reference.medscape.com/drug/klonopin-clonazepam-342900.
111) Park WM, Kim C. Textbook of clinical neuropsychopharmacology.Seoul: Sigmapress;2019. p.338-346.
112) Dommisse CS, Hayes PE. Current concepts in clinical therapeutics:anxiety disorders, part 2. Clin Pharm 1987;6:196-215.
113) Jefferson JW. Social phobia: a pharmacologic treatment overview. JClin Psychiatry 1995;56 Suppl 5:18-24.
114) Versiani M, Amrein R, Montgomery SA. Social phobia: long-term treatment outcome and prediction of response--a moclobemide study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;12:239-254.
115) Versiani M. A review of 19 double-blind placebo-controlled studies in social anxiety disorder (social phobia). World J Biol Psychiatry 2000;1:27-33.
116) Otto MW, Pollack MH, Gould RA, Worthington JJ 3rd, McArdle ET, Rosenbaum JF. A comparison of the efficacy of clonazepam and cognitive-behavioral group therapy for the treatment of social phobia. J Anxiety Disord 2000;14:345-358.
117) Hollander E, Kim S, Khanna S, Pallanti S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: diagnostic and dimensional issues. CNS Spectr 2007;12(S3):5-13.
118) Koran LM, Hanna GL, Hollander E, Nestadt G, Simpson HB;American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(7 Suppl):5-53.
119) Hewlett WA, Vinogradov S, Agras WS. Clonazepam treatment of obsessions and compulsions. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:158-161.
120) Jenner P, Pratt JA, Marsden CD. Mechanism of action of clonazepam in myoclonus in relation to effects on GABA and 5-HT. Adv Neurol 1986;43:629-643.
121) Hewlett WA, Vinogradov S, Agras WS. Clomipramine, clonazepam,and clonidine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:420-430.
122) Hollander E, Kaplan A, Stahl SM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonazepam in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2003;4:30-34.
123) Crockett BA, Churchill E, Davidson JR. A double-blind combination study of clonazepam with sertraline in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2004;16:127-132.
124) Evelyn Stewart S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Camprodon JA, Rauch SL, Greenberg BD, Dougherty DD, editors. Psychiatric neurotherapeutics. New York: Springer;2016. p.23-50.
125) Gelpin E, Bonne O, Peri T, Brandes D, Shalev AY. Treatment of recent trauma survivors with benzodiazepines: a prospective study. JClin Psychiatry 1996;57:390-394.
126) Braun P, Greenberg D, Dasberg H, Lerer B. Core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder unimproved by alprazolam treatment. JClin Psychiatry 1990;51:236-238.
127) Shalev AY, Bloch M, Peri T, Bonne O. Alprazolam reduces response to loud tones in panic disorder but not in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:64-68.
128) Shalev AY, Rogel-Fuchs Y. Auditory startle reflex in post-traumatic stress disorder patients treated with clonazepam. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1992;29:1-6.
129) Albucher RC, Liberzon I. Psychopharmacological treatment in PTSD: a critical review. J Psychiatr Res 2002;36:355-367.
130) Risse SC, Whitters A, Burke J, Chen S, Scurfield RM, Raskind MA.Severe withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of alprazolam in eight patients with combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder. JClin Psychiatry 1990;51:206-209.
131) Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ. Use of benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1398-1405.
132) Farmer RF, Chapman AL. Behavioral interventions in cognitive behavior therapy: practical guidance for putting theory into action. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association;2016.p.269-299.
133) Peri T, Gofman M, Tal S, Tuval-Mashiach R. Embodied simulation in exposure-based therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder-a possible integration of cognitive behavioral theories, neuroscience, and psychoanalysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2015;6:29301.
134) Melani MS, Paiva JM, Silva MC, Mendlowicz MV, Figueira I,Marques-Portella C, et al. Absence of definitive scientific evidence that benzodiazepines could hinder the efficacy of exposure-based interventions in adults with anxiety or posttraumatic stress disorders: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Depress Anxiety 2020;37:1231-1242.
135) Gould RA, Buckminster S, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Yap L. Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social phobia: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol (New York) 1997;4:291-306.
136) Morissette SB, Spiegel DA, Barlow DH. Combining exposure and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a preliminary study of state dependent learning. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2008;30:211-219.
137) Allgulander C, Bandelow B, Hollander E, Montgomery SA, Nutt DJ, Okasha A, et al. WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. CNS Spectr 2003;8(8 Suppl 1):53-61.
138) Chessick CA, Allen MH, Thase M, Batista Miralha da Cunha AB,Kapczinski FF, de Lima MS, et al. Azapirones for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2006:CD006115.
139) Seedat S, Stein MB. Double-blind, placebo-controlled assessment of combined clonazepam with paroxetine compared with paroxetine monotherapy for generalized social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:244-248.
140) Knijnik DZ, Blanco C, Salum GA, Moraes CU, Mombach C, Almeida E, et al. A pilot study of clonazepam versus psychodynamic group therapy plus clonazepam in the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2008;23:567-574.
141) Simon NM, Worthington JJ, Doyle AC, Hoge EA, Kinrys G, Fischmann D, et al. An open-label study of levetiracetam for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1219-1222.
142) Barbui C, Cipriani A, Patel V, Ayuso-Mateos JL, van Ommeren M.Efficacy of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in minor depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2011;198:11-16.
143) Youssef NA, Rich CL. Does acute treatment with sedatives/hypnotics for anxiety in depressed patients affect suicide risk? A literature review. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2008;20:157-169.
144) American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. 3rd ed. Arlington,VA: American Psychiatric Association;2010. p.152.
145) Patten SB, Kennedy SH, Lam RW, O'Donovan C, Filteau MJ,Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. I. Classification, burden and principles of management. J Affect Disord 2009;117 Suppl 1:S5-S14.
146) Svestka J, Cesková E, Kamenická V, Buresová A. [Effectiveness of clonazepam in depressive disorders]. Ceska Slov Psychiatr 1995;91:199-207. Czech.
147) Zetin M, Freedman MJ. Clonazepam in bipolar affective disorder.Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1055.
148) Lenox RH, Newhouse PA, Creelman WL, Whitaker TM. Adjunctive treatment of manic agitation with lorazepam versus haloperidol: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:47-52.
149) Sachs GS. Use of clonazepam for bipolar affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51 Suppl:31-34; discussion 50-53.
150) Victor BS, Link NA, Binder RL, Bell IR. Use of clonazepam in mania and schizoaffective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1111-1112.
151) Freinhar JP, Alvarez WH. Use of clonazepam in two cases of acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:29-30.
152) Santos AB, Morton W. More on clonazepam in manic agitation. JClin Psychopharmacol 1987;7:439.
153) Sachs GS, Rosenbaum JF, Jones L. Adjunctive clonazepam for maintenance treatment of bipolar affective disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:42-47.
154) Edwards R, Stephenson U, Flewett T. Clonazepam in acute mania:a double blind trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1991;25:238-242.
155) Gouliaev G, Licht RW, Vestergaard P, Merinder L, Lund H, Bjerre L.Treatment of manic episodes: zuclopenthixol and clonazepam versus lithium and clonazepam. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;93:119-124.
156) Chadwick D, Hallett M, Harris R, Jenner P, Reynolds EH, Marsden CD. Clinical, biochemical, and physiological features distinguishing myoclonus responsive to 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and clonazepam. Brain 1977;100:455-487.
157) Browne TR. Clonazepam. N Engl J Med 1978;299:812-816.
158) Ballenger JC, Post RM. Carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness:a new treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:782-790.
159) Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Meterissian G. Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide induces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1990;35:83-85.
160) Chouinard G. Antimanic effects of clonazepam. Psychosomatics 1985;26(12 Suppl):7-12.
161) Modell JG, Lenox RH, Weiner S. Inpatient clinical trial of lorazepam for the management of manic agitation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1985;5:109-113.
162) Lenox RH, Modell JG, Weiner S. Acute treatment of manic agitation with lorazepam. Psychosomatics 1986;27(1 Suppl):28-32.
163) Garza-Treviño ES, Hollister LE, Overall JE, Alexander WF. Efficacy of combinations of intramuscular antipsychotics and sedative-hypnotics for control of psychotic agitation. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1598-1601.
164) Salzman C, Solomon D, Miyawaki E, Glassman R, Rood L, Flowers E, et al. Parenteral lorazepam versus parenteral haloperidol for the control of psychotic disruptive behavior. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:177-180.
165) Battaglia J, Moss S, Rush J, Kang J, Mendoza R, Leedom L, et al.Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15:335-340.
166) Foster S, Kessel J, Berman ME, Simpson GM. Efficacy of lorazepam and haloperidol for rapid tranquilization in a psychiatric emergency room setting. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;12:175-179.
167) Bieniek SA, Ownby RL, Penalver A, Dominguez RA. A doubleblind study of lorazepam versus the combination of haloperidol and lorazepam in managing agitation. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:57-62.
168) McAllister-Williams RH, Ferrier IN. Rapid tranquillisation: time for a reappraisal of options for parenteral therapy. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:485-489.
169) Yildiz A, Sachs GS, Turgay A. Pharmacological management of agitation in emergency settings. Emerg Med J 2003;20:339-346.
170) Curtin F, Schulz P. Clonazepam and lorazepam in acute mania: a Bayesian meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2004;78:201-208.
171) Taylor MJ, Martin J, Lu Y, Brikell I, Lundström S, Larsson H, et al.Association of genetic risk factors for psychiatric disorders and traits of these disorders in a Swedish population twin sample. JAMA Psychiatry 2019;76:280-289.
172) Gelenberg AJ. Lithium efficacy and adverse effects. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49 Suppl:8-11.
173) Post RM, Uhde TW. Clinical approaches to treatment resistant bipolar illness. In: Frances AJ, Hales RE, editors. Psychiatry update:American Psychiatric Association annual review. Washington DC,American Psychiatric Press;1986. p.125-150.
174) Kane JM. The role of neuroleptics in manic-depressive illness. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49 Suppl:12-14.
175) Wegner JT, Catalano F, Gibralter J, Kane JM. Schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychological deficit and family psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:860-865.
176) Nasrallah HA, Churchill CM, Hamdan-Allan GA. Higher frequency of neuroleptic-induced dystonia in mania than in schizophrenia.Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:1455-1456.
177) Chouinard G. Clonazepam in acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48 Suppl:29-37.
178) Pollack MH, Rosenbaum JR, Tesar GE. Long-term outcome of panic disorder. Presented at the American Psychiatric Association 142nd Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, May 1989.
179) Aronson TA, Shukla S, Hirschowitz J. Clonazepam treatment of five lithium-refractory patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:77-80.
180) Sachs GS, Weilburg JB, Rosenbaum JF. Clonazepam vs. neuroleptics as adjuncts to lithium maintenance. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26:137-143.
181) Karson CN, Weinberger DR, Bigelow L, Wyatt RJ. Clonazepam treatment of chronic schizophrenia: negative results in a double-blind,placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1627-1628.
182) Cohen LS, Rosenbaum JF. Clonazepam: new uses and potential problems. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48 Suppl:50-56.
183) Brunette MF, Noordsy DL, Xie H, Drake RE. Benzodiazepine use and abuse among patients with severe mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2003;54:1395-1401.
184) Clark RE, Xie H, Brunette MF. Benzodiazepine prescription practices and substance abuse in persons with severe mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:151-155.
185) Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Guarneri M, Marasco C, De Rosa C, Malangone C, et al. Prescription of psychotropic drugs to patients with schizophrenia: an Italian national survey. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004;60:513-522.
186) Mauri MC, Steinhilber CP, Marino R, Invernizzi E, Fiorentini A,Cerveri G, et al. Clinical outcome and olanzapine plasma levels in acute schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2005;20:55-60.
187) Haw C, Stubbs J. Benzodiazepines--a necessary evil? A survey of prescribing at a specialist UK psychiatric hospital. J Psychopharmacol 2007;21:645-649.
188) Tor PC, Ng TP, Yong KH, Sim K, Xiang YT, Wang CY, et al. Adjunctive benzodiazepine treatment of hospitalized schizophrenia patients in Asia from 2001 to 2008. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;14:735-745.
189) Sandyk R. Successful treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia with baclofen and clonazepam. A case report. Eur Neurol 1985;24:286-288.
190) Kutcher SP, Mackenzie S, Galarraga W, Szalai J. Clonazepam treatment of adolescents with neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:823-824.
191) Horiguchi J, Inami Y. Effect of clonazepam on neuroleptic-induced oculogyric crisis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989;80:521-523.
192) Bodkin JA. Emerging uses for high-potency benzodiazepines in psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51 Suppl:41-46; discussion 50-53.
193) Horiguchi J, Nishimatsu O. Usefulness of antiparkinsonian drugs during neuroleptic treatment and the effect of clonazepam on akathisia and parkinsonism occurred after antiparkinsonian drug withdrawal: a double-blind study. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1992;46:733-739.
194) Adler LA, Angrist BM. Paroxetine and akathisia. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:336-337.
195) Raines JM, Greenspan D. Clonazepam in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:1510.
196) Keats MM, Mukherjee S. Antiaggressive effect of adjunctive clonazepam in schizophrenia associated with seizure disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49:117-118.
197) Blake LM, Marks RC, Nierman P, Luchins DJ. Clozapine and clonazepam in tardive dystonia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:268-269.
198) Kanofsky JF, Lindenmayer JP. Relapse in a clozapine responder following lorazepam withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:348-349.
199) Shapleske J, Mickay AP, Mckenna PJ. Successful treatment of tardive dystonia with clozapine and clonazepam. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:516-518.
200) Wheeler AJ. Treatment pathway and patterns of clozapine prescribing for schizophrenia in New Zealand. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:852-860.
201) Castle DJ, Keks N. What can we do if clozapine fails? Pharmacologic choices and differential outcomes. In: Buckley PF, Gaughran F, editors. Treatment-refractory schizophrenia: a clinical conundrum. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer;2014. p.93-106.
202) Bitter R, Demler TL, Opler L. Safety evaluation of the concomitant use of clozapine and benzodiazepines: a retrospective, cross-sectional chart review. J Psychiatr Pract 2008;14:265-270.
203) Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:487-504.
204) Gerlach M, Warnke A. Mood stabilizers. In: Gerlach M, Warnke A,Greenhill L, editors. Psychiatric drugs in children and adolescents.New York: Springer;2014. p.257-291.
205) Contreras-González N, Téllez-Alanís B, Haro R, Jiménez-Correa U,Poblano A. Executive dysfunction in patients with chronic primary insomnia treated with clonazepam. Neurol Res 2015;37:1047-1053.
206) Owens JA, Mindell JA. Pediatric insomnia. Pediatr Clin North Am 2011;58:555-569.
207) Owens JA. Update in pediatric sleep medicine. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2011;17:425-430.
208) dos Santos VM, de Paula FH, Filho JA. Respiratory changes in Prader-Willi syndrome. Singapore Med J 2009;50:107; author reply 108.
209) Schenck CH, Milner DM, Hurwitz TD, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. A polysomnographic and clinical report on sleep-related injury in 100 adult patients. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1166-1173.
210) Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Long-term, nightly benzodiazepine treatment of injurious parasomnias and other disorders of disrupted nocturnal sleep in 170 adults. Am J Med 1996;100:333-337.
211) Howell MJ. Parasomnias: an updated review. Neurotherapeutics 2012;9:753-775.
212) Attarian H, Zhu L. Treatment options for disorders of arousal: a case series. Int J Neurosci 2013;123:623-625.
213) Proserpio P, Nobili L. Parasomnias in children. In: Nevšímalová S,Bruni O, editors. Sleep disorders in children. Cham: Springer;2017.p.305-355.
214) American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice guidelines [Internet]. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine [cited 2019Apr 1]. Available from: https://aasm.org/clinical-resources/practicestandards/practice-guidelines/.
215) Chiaro G, Caletti MT, Provini F. Treatment of sleep-related eating disorder. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2015;17:361.
216) Auger RR. Sleep-related eating disorders. Psychiatry (Edgmont)2006;3:64-70.
217) Howell MJ, Schenck CH. Treatment of nocturnal eating disorders.Curr Treat Options Neurol 2009;11:333-339.
218) Silvestri R, Aricò I. Sleep in children with psychiatric and behavioral problems. In: Nevšímalová S, Bruni O, editors. Sleep disorders in children. Cham: Springer;2017. p.389-404.
219) Olson EJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93cases. Brain 2000;123(Pt 2):331-339.
220) Manni R, Toscano G, Terzaghi M. Therapeutic symptomatic strategies in the parasomnias. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2018;20:26.
221) Ahmed AMS, Salah Uddin ABM, Jarmi T. REM sleep behavior disorder medication [Internet]. Manhattan: Medscape [cited 2019 Mar 10]. Available from: https://medicine.medscape.com/article/1188651-medication.
222) Schenck CH. Polysomnographic, neurologic, psychiatric and clinical outcome report on 70 consecutive cases with REM sleep behavior disorder (RSBD): sustained clonazepam efficacy in 89.5% of 57treated patients. Cleve Clin J Med 1990;57:9-23.
223) Lapierre O, Montplaisir J. Polysomnographic features of REMsleep behavior disorder: development of a scoring method. Neurology 1992;42:1371-1374.
224) Ferri R, Marelli S, Ferini-Strambi L, Oldani A, Colli F, Schenck CH, et al. An observational clinical and video-polysomnographic study of the effects of clonazepam in REM sleep behavior disorder.Sleep Med 2013;14:24-29.
225) Ferri R, Rundo F, Silvani A, Zucconi M, Bruni O, Ferini-Strambi L,et al. REM sleep EEG instability in REM sleep behavior disorder and clonazepam effects. Sleep 2017;40:zsx080.
226) Comella CL. Treatment of restless legs syndrome. Neurotherapeutics 2014;11:177-187.
227) Dokkedal-Silva V, Berro LF, Galduróz JCF, Tufik S, Andersen ML.Clonazepam: indications, side effects, and potential for nonmedical use. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2019;27:279-289.
228) Hanly P, Powles P. Hypnotics should never be used in patients with sleep apnea. J Psychosom Res 1993;37 Suppl 1:59-65.
229) Kuźniar TJ, Morgenthaler TI. Treatment of complex sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 2012;142:1049-1057.
230) Palermo TM, Koren G, Blumer JL. Rational pharmacotherapy for childhood sleep disturbances: characteristics of an ideal hypnotic.Curr Ther Res 2002;63:B67-B79.
231) Coleman DM, Adams JB, Anderson AL, Frye RE. Rating of the effectiveness of 26 psychiatric and seizure medications for autism spectrum disorder: results of a national survey. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2019;29:107-123.
232) Arens R, Wright B, Elliott J, Zhao H, Wang PP, Brown LW, et al.Periodic limb movement in sleep in children with Williams syndrome. J Pediatr 1998;133:670-674.
233) Thirumalai SS, Shubin RA, Robinson R. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in children with autism. J Child Neurol 2002;17:173-178.
234) Goraya JS, Virdi V, Parmar V. Recurrent nocturnal tongue biting in a child with hereditary chin trembling. J Child Neurol 2006;21:985-987.
235) Hollway JA, Aman MG. Pharmacological treatment of sleep disturbance in developmental disabilities: a review of the literature. Res Dev Disabil 2011;32:939-962.
236) Relia S, Ekambaram V. Pharmacological approach to sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorders with psychiatric comorbidities:a literature review. Med Sci (Basel) 2018;6:95.
237) Han S, Tai C, Westenbroek RE, Yu FH, Cheah CS, Potter GB, et al.Autistic-like behaviour in Scn1a /- mice and rescue by enhanced GABA-mediated neurotransmission. Nature 2012;489:385-390.
238) Braat S, Kooy RF. The GABAA receptor as a therapeutic target for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuron 2015;86:1119-1130.
239) Peñagarikano O. New therapeutic options for autism spectrum disorder: experimental evidences. Exp Neurobiol 2015;24:301-311.
240) Nakamura T, Sakaue F, Nasu-Nishimura Y, Takeda Y, Matsuura K,Akiyama T. The autism-related protein PX-RICS mediates GABAergic synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons and emotional learning in mice. EBioMedicine 2018;34:189-200.
241) Dubovsky SL. Benzodiazepine receptor agonists and antagonists. In:Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, editors. Kaplan and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer;2017. p.7644-7677.
242) Bonnet U, Lensing M, Specka M, Scherbaum N. Comparison of two oral symptom-triggered pharmacological inpatient treatments of acute alcohol withdrawal: clomethiazole vs. clonazepam. Alcohol Alcohol 2011;46:68-73.
243) Pauly V, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Braunstein D, Rueter M, Thirion X,Jouanjus E, et al. Detection of signals of abuse and dependence applying disproportionality analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015;71:229-236.
244) Baandrup L, Gasse C, Jensen VD, Glenthoj BY, Nordentoft M, Lublin H, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy and risk of death from natural causes in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based nested case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:103-108.
245) Morigaki R, Mure H, Kaji R, Nagahiro S, Goto S. Therapeutic perspective on tardive syndrome with special reference to deep brain stimulation. Front Psychiatry 2016;7:207.
246) Havaki-Kontaxaki BJ, Kontaxakis VP, Margariti MM, Paplos KG,Christodoulou GN. Treatment of severe neuroleptic-induced tardive torticollis. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2003;2:9.
247) Greene P, Shale H, Fahn S. Analysis of open-label trials in torsion dystonia using high dosages of anticholinergics and other drugs.Mov Disord 1988;3:46-60.
248) Chuang C, Fahn S, Frucht SJ. The natural history and treatment of acquired hemidystonia: report of 33 cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:59-67.
249) Pinninti NR, Faden J, Adityanjee A. Are second-generation antipsychotics useful in tardive dystonia? Clin Neuropharmacol 2015;38:183-197.
250) Thaker GK, Nguyen JA, Strauss ME, Jacobson R, Kaup BA, Tamminga CA. Clonazepam treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a practical GABAmimetic strategy. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:445-451.
251) Factor SA. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia. In: Reich SG, Factor SA, editors. Therapy of movement disorders. 1st ed. Cham: Humana Press;2019. p.283-286.
252) Lieberman JA, Saltz BL, Johns CA, Pollack S, Borenstein M, Kane J. The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry 1991;158:503-510.
253) Bassitt DP, Louzã Neto MR. Clozapine efficacy in tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;248:209-211.
254) Friedman JH. Clozapine treatment of psychosis in patients with tardive dystonia: report of three cases. Mov Disord 1994;9:321-324.
255) Trugman JM, Leadbetter R, Zalis ME, Burgdorf RO, Wooten GF.Treatment of severe axial tardive dystonia with clozapine: case report and hypothesis. Mov Disord 1994;9:441-446.
256) Hazari N, Kate N, Grover S. Clozapine and tardive movement disorders: a review. Asian J Psychiatr 2013;6:439-451.
257) Pardis P, Remington G, Panda R, Lemez M, Agid O. Clozapine and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol 2019;33:1187-1198.
258) Bergman H, Bhoopathi PS, Soares-Weiser K. Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;1:CD000205.
259) Liang TW, Tarsy D. Tardive dyskinesia: prevention, treatment, and prognosis [Internet]. Tehran: Medilib [cited 2020 Mar 4]. Available from: https://www.medilib.ir/uptodate/show/4908.
260) Termsarasab P, Thammongkolchai T, Frucht SJ. Medical treatment of dystonia. J Clin Mov Disord 2016;3:19.
261) Hong D, Cong L, Zhong S, He Y, Xin L, Gao X, et al. Clonazepam improves the symptoms of two siblings with novel variants in the SYNJ1 gene. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019;62:221-225.
262) D'Esposito M, Caruso G, Ambrosio G. [Remarks concerning a case of oculogyric crisis (author's transl)]. J Fr Ophtalmol 1979;2:95-102.French.
263) Yamaguchi N, Nakai H. Attacks of altered perception in schizophrenics. In: Uchiyama Y, editor. Psychopathology of schizophrenia. Tokyo (Japan): Tokyo University Press;1985. p.295-314.
264) Slow EJ, Lang AE. Oculogyric crises: a review of phenomenology,etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Mov Disord 2017;32:193-202.
265) Chung IW, Kim I, Youn T, Jeong SH, Jung HY, Kim YS. Antipsychotic-induced oculogyric crisis and paroxysmal perceptual alteration. Korean J Schizophr Res 2018;21:9-20.
266) Shorvon S, Perucca E, Engel J. Treatment of epilepsy. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell;2009. p.829-854.
267) Camfield P, Camfield C. Benzodiazepines used primarily for chronic treatment (clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate and nitrazepam).In: Shorvon S, Perucca E, Engel JJr, editors. The treatment of epilepsy. 3rd ed. Oxford: Willey-Blackwell;2009. p.421-430.
268) Panayiotopoulos CP. Pharmacopoeia. In: Panayiotopoulos CP, editor. A clinical guide to epileptic syndromes and their treatment.London: Springer;2010. p.565-620.
269) Naito H, Wachi M, Nishida M. Clinical effects and plasma concentrations of long-term clonazepam monotherapy in previously untreated epileptics. Acta Neurol Scand 1987;76:58-63.
270) Obeid T, Panayiotopoulos CP. Clonazepam in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989;30:603-606.
271) McEvoy GK. American hospital formulatory service drug information. Bathesda, MD: American Society of Health System Pharmacist Inc.;1996. p.1568.
272) Hyde TM, Weinberger DR. Seizures and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1997;23:611-622.
273) Rosebush PI, Mazurek MF. Catatonia and its treatment. Schizophr Bull 2010;36:239-242.
274) Fink M, Taylor MA. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is malignant catatonia, warranting treatments efficacious for catatonia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30:1182-1183; author reply 1184-1185.
275) Dhossche DM, Wachtel LE, Goetz M, Sienaert P. Catatonia in psychiatric illnesses. In: Fatemi S, Clayton P, editors. The medical basis of psychiatry. New York: Springer;2016. p.517-535.
276) Benazzi F. Parenteral clonazepam for catatonia. Can J Psychiatry 1991;36:312.
277) Manjunatha N, Saddichha S, Khess CR. Idiopathic recurrent catatonia needs maintenance lorazepam: case report and review. Aust N ZJ Psychiatry 2007;41:625-627.
278) Grover S, Aggarwal M. Long-term maintenance lorazepam for catatonia: a case report. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011;33:82.e1-e3.
279) Sienaert P, Dhossche DM, Vancampfort D, De Hert M, Gazdag G.A clinical review of the treatment of catatonia. Front Psychiatry 2014;5:181.
280) Lerner AG, Gelkopf M, Skladman I, Rudinski D, Nachshon H, Bleich A. Clonazepam treatment of lysergic acid diethylamide-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder with anxiety features.Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:101-105.
281) Thompson C, Lang A, Parkes JD, Marsden CD. A double-blind trial of clonazepam in benign essential tremor. Clin Neuropharmacol 1984;7:83-88.
282) Biary N, Koller W. Kinetic predominant essential tremor: successful treatment with clonazepam. Neurology 1987;37:471-474.
283) Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, Gronseth GS, Ondo WG, Dewey RB Jr, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2011;77:1752-1755.
284) Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Current and future neuropharmacological options for the treatment of essential tremor. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020;18:518-537.
285) Court JE, Kase CS. Treatment of tic douloureux with a new anticonvulsant (clonazepam). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:297-299.
286) Brunelli S, Pratesi L, Traballesi M. Clonazepam: an old "new" therapy for the treatment of phantom limb pain-a brief report of a retrospective study. Biomed Res Int 2021;2021:9966059.
287) Jääskeläinen SK, Woda A. Burning mouth syndrome. Cephalalgia 2017;37:627-647.
288) Ganança MM, Caovilla HH, Ganança FF, Ganança CF, Munhoz MS, da Silva ML, et al. Clonazepam in the pharmacological treatment of vertigo and tinnitus. Int Tinnitus J 2002;8:50-53.
289) Coccaro EF. Clinical outcome of psychopharmacologic treatment of borderline and schizotypal personality disordered subjects. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59 Suppl 1:30-35; discussion 36-37.
290) Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 7th ed. Pennsylvania, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers;2000.
291) Gunderson JG, Links PS. Borderline personality disorder: a clinical guide. 2nd ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing;2008.
292) Blais MA, Smallwood P, Groves JE, Rivas-Vazquez RA, Hopwood CJ. Personality and personality disorders. In: Stern TA, Fava M,Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, editors. Massachusetts general hospital comprehensive clinical psychiatry. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Elsevier;2016. p.433-444.
293) Markota M, Rummans TA, Bostwick JM, Lapid MI. Benzodiazepine use in older adults: dangers, management, and alternative therapies. Mayo Clin Proc 2016;91:1632-1639.
294) Olfson M, King M, Schoenbaum M. Benzodiazepine use in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:136-142.
295) PDR. Clonazepam - Drug summary [Internet]. Whippany, NJ: PDR[cited 2022 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Clonazepam-Orally-Disintegrating-Tablets-clonazepam-703.
296) By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 updated beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015;63:2227-2246.
297) Conn DK, Hogan DB, Amdam L, Cassidy KL, Cordell P, Frank C,et al. Canadian guidelines on benzodiazepine receptor agonist use disorder among older adults title. Can Geriatr J 2020;23:116-122.
298) Pollock BG. Chapter. 57.4a. Treatment of psychiatric disorders: general principles. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, editors. Kaplan's and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2017. p.10475-10487.
299) Jobert A, Laforgue EJ, Grall-Bronnec M, Rousselet M, Péré M, Jolliet P, et al. Benzodiazepine withdrawal in older people: what is the prevalence, what are the signs, and which patients? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021;77:171-177.
300) Rodriquez CN, Stein AM, Chapter. 57.3d. Anxiety disorders. In:Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, editors. Kaplan's and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer;2017. p.10319-10336.
301) Gisbert S, Irene L, Ingrid S. Prescribing indicators: an OECD initiative with first results from Germany. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the German Drug Utilisation Research Group (GAA);2013 May 12-Jun 12; Düsseldorf, Germany: GMS; 2013.
302) Hwang SH, Han S, Choi H, Park C, Kim SM, Kim TH. Trends in the prescription of benzodiazepines for the elderly in Korea. BMCPsychiatry 2017;17:303.
303) Lim YJ, Kim HY, Choi J, Lee JS, Ahn AL, Oh EJ, et al. Potentially inappropriate medications by beers criteria in older outpatients:prevalence and risk factors. Korean J Fam Med 2016;37:329-333.
304) Calkin PA, Kunik ME, Orengo CA, Molinari V, Workman R. Tolerability of clonazepam in demented and non-demented geropsychiatric patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997;12:745-749.
305) Foy A, O'Connell D, Henry D, Kelly J, Cocking S, Halliday J. Benzodiazepine use as a cause of cognitive impairment in elderly hospital inpatients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995;50:M99-M106.
306) Inoue K, Tanii H, Kaiya H, Okazaki Y. Possible therapeutic effect of clonazepam upon elderly depressive patients. Psychogeriatrics 2007;7:33-36.
307) Morishita S, Aoki S. Clonazepam augmentation of antidepressants:does it distinguish unipolar from bipolar depression? J Affect Disord 2002;71:217-220.
308) Londborg PD, Smith WT, Glaudin V, Painter JR. Short-term cotherapy with clonazepam and fluoxetine: anxiety, sleep disturbance and core symptoms of depression. J Affect Disord 2000;61:73-79.
309) Defrancesco M, Marksteiner J, Fleischhacker WW, Blasko I. Use of benzodiazepines in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of literature. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015;18:pyv055.
310) Cohen LS, Rosenbaum JF, Heller VL. Panic attack-associated placental abruption: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50:266-267.
311) Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Porto M, Dunkel-Schetter C, Garite TJ.The association between prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age at birth: a prospective investigation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:858-865.
312) Picchietti DL, Hensley JG, Bainbridge JL, Lee KA, Manconi M,McGregor JA, et al. Consensus clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease during pregnancy and lactation. Sleep Med Rev 2015;22:64-77.
313) Lin AE, Peller AJ, Westgate MN, Houde K, Franz A, Holmes LB.Clonazepam use in pregnancy and the risk of malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004;70:534-536.
314) Kjaer D, Horvath-Puhó E, Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Czeizel AE, Sørensen HT, et al. Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or diazepam during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities: a casetime-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16:181-188.
315) Enato E, Moretti M, Koren G. The fetal safety of benzodiazepines:an updated meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011;33:46-48.
316) Eadie MJ, Vajda FJE. Particular antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformations. In: Eadie MJ, Vajda FJE, editors. Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy. Cham: Adis;2016. p.153-174.
317) Fisher JB, Edgren BE, Mammel MC, Coleman JM. Neonatal apnea associated with maternal clonazepam therapy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66(3 Suppl):34S-35S.
318) Jain AE, Lacy T. Psychotropic drugs in pregnancy and lactation. JPsychiatr Pract 2005;11:177-191.
319) Weinstock L. Clonazepam use during pregnancy. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Society, New York,1996.
320) Nonacs RM, Wang BC, Viguera AC, Cohen LS. Psychiatric illness during pregnancy and the post-partum period. In: Stern TA, Fava M,Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, editors. Massachusetts general hospital comprehensive clinical psychiatry. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Elsevier;2016. p.343-352.
321) Uguz F. A new safety scoring system for the use of psychotropic drugs during lactation. Am J Ther 2021;28:e118-e126.
322) Kelly LE, Poon S, Madadi P, Koren G. Neonatal benzodiazepines exposure during breastfeeding. J Pediatr 2012;161:448-451.
323) Kronenfeld N, Berlin M, Shaniv D, Berkovitch M. Use of psychotropic medications in breastfeeding women. Birth Defects Res 2017;109:957-997.
324) Soussan C, Gouraud A, Portolan G, Jean-Pastor MJ, Pecriaux C,Montastruc JL, et al. Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014;70:1361-1366.
325) Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Clonazepam [Internet].Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [cited 2021 May 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501209/.
326) Khandelwal A, Mahajan C, Prabhakar H. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). In: Prabhakar H, Mahajan C, Kapoor I, editors. Pharmacology in clinical neurosciences. Singapore: Springer;2020. p.173-256.
327) Nishimura A, Furugen A, Umazume T, Kitamura S, Soma M,Noshiro K, et al. Benzodiazepine concentrations in the breast milk and plasma of nursing mothers: estimation of relative infant dose.Breastfeed Med 2021;16:424-431.
328) Iqbal MM, Sobhan T, Ryals T. Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53:39-49.
329) Järvinen A, Rägo L, Männistö PT. Effects of central and peripheral type benzodiazepine ligands on thyrotropin and prolactin secretion.Neuropeptides 1992;21:183-191.
330) Torre DL, Falorni A. Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia.Ther Clin Risk Manag 2007;3:929-951.
331) King BH, Toth KE, de Lacy N, Doherty D. Chapter 40. Intellectual disability. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, editors. Kaplan's and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer;2017. p.8908-8974.
332) Kalachnik JE, Hanzel TE, Sevenich R, Harder SR. Benzodiazepine behavioral side effects: review and implications for individuals with mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard 2002;107:376-410.
333) Kalachnik JE, Hanzel TE, Sevenich R, Harder SR. Brief report:clonazepam behavioral side effects with an individual with mental retardation. J Autism Dev Disord 2003;33:349-354.
334) Connolly SD, Bernstein GA; Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:267-283.
335) Kliegman RM, Stanton BMD, St. Geme III JW, Schor NF. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;2016.
336) Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA, Licht DJ. Management of common neurologic symptoms in pediatric palliative care: seizures, agitation,and spasticity. Pediatr Clin North Am 2007;54:709-733.
337) Rosenbaum JF. Attitudes toward benzodiazepines over the years. JClin Psychiatry 2005;66 Suppl 2:4-8.
338) Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Jakovljević M, Sedić B. Side effects of treatment with benzodiazepines. Psychiatr Danub 2010;22:90-93.
339) dos Santos FM, Gonçalves JC, Caminha R, da Silveira GE, Neves CS, Gram KR, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of psychomotor impairment induced by oral clonazepam in healthy volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 2009;31:566-574.
340) Barker MJ, Greenwood KM, Jackson M, Crowe SF. Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2004;19:437-454.
341) Stevens JC, Pollack MH. Benzodiazepines in clinical practice: consideration of their long-term use and alternative agents. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66 Suppl 2:21-27.
342) Stewart SA. The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66 Suppl 2:9-13.
343) Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: II. Cardiac and analgesic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:40-50.
344) Mula M, Sander JW. Suicidal ideation in epilepsy and levetiracetam therapy. Epilepsy Behav 2007;11:130-132.
345) Watson Laboratories Inc. Prescription drug information: clonazepam [Internet]. Horsham Road, PA: Watson Laboratories Inc [cited 2021 Apr 1]. Available from: https://rxdruglabels.com/lib/rx/rxmeds/clonazepam/.
346) Binder RL. Three case reports of behavioral disinhibition with clonazepam. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1987;9:151-153.
347) Reiter S, Kutcher SP. Disinhibition and anger outbursts in adolescents treated with clonazepam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:268.
348) Gandotra K, Chen P, Konicki PE, Strohl KP. Clonazepam-related paradoxical behavioral disinhibition: an uncommon but grave adverse effect. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2019;39:281-282.
349) Mancuso CE, Tanzi MG, Gabay M. Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: literature review and treatment options. Pharmacotherapy 2004;24:1177-1185.
350) Brandt SA, Taverna EC, Hallock RM. A survey of nonmedical use of tranquilizers, stimulants, and pain relievers among college students: patterns of use among users and factors related to abstinence in non-users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;143:272-276.
351) van der Meyden CH, Bartel PR, Sommers DK, Blom M, Pretorius LC. Effects of clobazam and clonazepam on saccadic eye movements and other parameters of psychomotor performance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:365-369.
352) Schifano F, D'Offizi S, Piccione M, Corazza O, Deluca P, Davey Z,et al. Is there a recreational misuse potential for pregabalin? Analysis of anecdotal online reports in comparison with related gabapentin and clonazepam data. Psychother Psychosom 2011;80:118-122.
353) Seymour M. FDA updates black box warning for benzodiazepines [Internet]. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Research [cited 2021 Mar 29]. Available from: https://www.center4research.org/fda-updates-black-box-warning-for-benzodiazepines/.
354) Heikman P, Sundström M, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. New psychoactive substances as part of polydrug abuse within opioid maintenance treatment revealed by comprehensive high-resolution mass spectrometric urine drug screening. Hum Psychopharmacol 2016;31:44-52.
355) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European drug report: trends and developments [Internet]. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [cited 2021Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/974/TDAT15001ENN.pdf.
356) Kuehn BM. FDA warns of adverse events linked to smoking cessation drug and antiepileptics. JAMA 2008;299:1121-1122.
357) Kandemir H, Yumru M, Kul M, Kandemir SB. Behavioral disinhibition, suicidal ideation, and self-mutilation related to clonazepam.J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008;18:409.
358) Moore TJ, Singh S, Furberg CD. The FDA and new safety warnings. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:78-80.
359) Hesdorffer DC, Berg AT, Kanner AM. An update on antiepileptic drugs and suicide: are there definitive answers yet? Epilepsy Curr 2010;10:137-145.
360) Aronson JK. Clonazepam. In: Aronson JK, editor. Meyler's side effects of drugs. 16th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier;2016. p.423-425.
361) Harris EC, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:205-228.
362) Sjö O, Hvidberg EF, Naestoft J, Lund M. Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonazepam and its 7-amino-metabolite in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1975;8:249-254.
363) Brandt J, Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs: an updated review of major adverse outcomes reported on in epidemiologic research.Drugs R D 2017;17:493-507.
364) Toth EC, Tegner J, Lauridsen S, Kappel N. A cross-sectional national survey assessing self-reported drug intake behavior, contact with the primary sector and drug treatment among service users of Danish drug consumption rooms. Harm Reduct J 2016;13:27.
365) Lader M. Benzodiazepines revisited--will we ever learn? Addiction 2011;106:2086-2109.
366) da Silva LGR, da Silva Pinto AW, de Queiroz WE, Coelho CC, Blatt CR, Oliveira MG, et al. Deprescribing clonazepam in primary care older patients: a feasibility study. Int J Clin Pharm 2022;44:489-498.
367) Insel TR, Scolnick EM. Cure therapeutics and strategic prevention:raising the bar for mental health research. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11:11-17.
368) Ismail Z, Granger R, Pollock BG. General principles of pharmacologic therapy. In: Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, First MB, Riba MB, editors. Psychiatry. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &Sons;2015. p.2027-2040.
369) Recanatini M, Cabrelle C. Drug research meets network science:where are we? J Med Chem 2020;63:8653-8666.
370) Dubovsky SL. Who is teaching psychopharmacology? Who should be teaching psychopharmacology? Acad Psychiatry 2005;29:155-161.
371) Neppe VM. Tardive dyskinesia revisited-a clinical management priority perspective: a voyage into high dose buspirone part B. J Psychol Clin Psychiatry 2016;6:00349.
372) Gardner DM. Competent psychopharmacology. Can J Psychiatry 2014;59:406-411.