Rhodophyta
Rhodophyta (Graece ῥόδον 'rosa' φυτόν 'planta') sunt subdivisio plantarum, cuius nomen ab earum colore saepissime rubro provenit. Inter algas connumerantur; in taxinomia autem biologica tum tamquam divisio,[1] tum tamquam subregnum[2] regni Plantarum habentur. In mutlis linguis, ‘algae rubrae’ (e.g. Anglice red algae, Francogallice algues rouges) appellantur.
Descriptio
recensereRhodophyta sunt plantae omnino flagellis carentes, in chloroplastis lamellas haud aggregatas atque phycobilisomata[3] habentes, necnon amylum in cytoplasmate conditum.[4][5] Quibus characteribus ita a reliquis plantis discrepant, ut in subregnum proprium Rhodoplantarum excludantur, omnibus fere aliis, Chlorophytis nempe, Charophytis, Bryophytis, Pteridophytis, Gymnospermis Angiospermisque, in subregnum Viridiplantarum coniunctis.[4]
Rhodophyta tum unicellularia, tum multicellularia sunt. In quo casu thalli eorum filamentosi uni- vel multiaxiales, vel etiam pseudoparenchymatosi sunt. Generationes in historia vitae saepius tres, gametophytum scilicet, tetrasporophytum et carposporophytum possident, in quo etiam a reliquis plantis generationes duas, gametophytum nempe et sporophytum habentibus differunt.[5]
Inter rhodophyta habentur algae sic dictae calcareae, thallis scilicet fortiter carbonate calcii incrustatis, a Linnaeo inter ‘zoophyta’ connumeratae, nunc intra ordines Corallinalium et Peyssonnellialium inclusae.[6]
Numerus generum hodiernorum Rhodophytorum circiter 910 est, specierum autem 7000 excedit.[7]
Pinacotheca
recensere-
Rhodophyta in Oceano Pacifico ad litus Novae Zelandiae crescentia. -
Rhodophyta in Oceano Atlantico ad litus Africae australis. -
Rhodophyta ordinis Corallinalium (algae calcareae). -
Frondes Rhodophyti indeterminati in herbario. -
Hildenbrandia rivularis, rhodophytum aquae dulcis, in petra in torrente crescens.
Rhodophyta fossilia
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Inter Rhodophyta fossilia celeberrima forsitan est Bangiomorpha pubescens, in petris Proterozoicis insulae Somerset dictae Archipelagi Arctici, abhinc annorum circiter 1 050 000 000 formatis,[8] inventa. Est ergo maximi momenti in palaeobiologia tamquam antiquissima nota planta, antiquissimus notus organismus multicellularis certus, et antiquissimus organismus reproductionem sexualem exhibens.[9]
Sunt etiam fossila antiquiora, Rafatazmia, Denaricion et Ramathallus nunucupata, in petris Indiae abhinc annorum circiter 1 600 000 000 formatis inventa, quae forsitan inter rhodophyta connumeranda sunt, sed cum hac eorum interpretatione haud omnes consentiunt.[10]
De caetero multae algae calcareae fossiles in petris Palaeozoicis, Mesozoicis et Caenozoicis inventae sunt.[11]
Notae
recensere- ↑ Rhodophyta Wettstein, Handb. Syst. Bot. (1901)
- ↑ Rhodobionta G.W.Saunders et Hommersand, Am. J. Bot., 91: 1502 (2004)
- ↑ ‘Phycobilisomata’ – de hoc nomine Latino vide Doweld (2001) Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, p. LXVIII (ad XVm). [Textus]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Saunders, Gary W. & Hommersand, Max H. (2004) Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany, 91 (10): 1494–1507.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 de Reviers, Bruno (2003) Biologie et phylogénie des algues. Parisiis: Belin. ISBN 2-7011-3512-5
- ↑ Krayesky, David M., Norris, Iacobus M., Gabrielson, Paulus W., Gabriel, Daniela & Frecericq, Susanna (2009) A new order of red algae based on the Peyssonneliaceae, with an evaluation of the ordinal classification of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (2009) 122 (3): 364–391.
- ↑ Frey, Wolfgangus (ed., 2017) Syllabus of plant families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (13th ed.). Part 2/2: Photoautotropic eukaryotic algae, Rhodophyta. Berolini: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2
- ↑ Gibson, Timotheus M., Shih, Patricius M., Cumming, Viviana M.; Fischer, Woodward W., Crockford, Petrus W., Hodgskiss, Malcolmus S.W., Wörndle, Sara, Creaser, Robertus A., Rainbird, Robertus H., Skulski, Thomas M & Halverson, Galen P. (2017). Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis. Geology, 46 (2): 135–138.
- ↑ Butterfield, Nicolaus J. (2000). Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes. Paleobiology, 26 (3): 386–404.
- ↑ Bengtson, Stephanus, Sallstedt, Theresia, Belivanova, Veneta & Whitehouse, Martinus (2017) Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests 1.6 billion-year-old crown-group red algae. PLoS Biol 15 (3): e2000735.
- ↑ Taylor, Thomas N., Taylor, Editha N. & Krings, Michael (2009) Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of fossil Plants. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8