Lingua Persica

Lingua Persica^[3] (Persice پارسی ; IPA [fɒːɾˈsiː]) est lingua Iranica intra ramum Indo-Iranicum linguarum Indo-Europaearum, qua homines praecipue in Irania, Afghania, Tadzikistania, et civitatibus in dicionem culturae Iraniae Maioris olim redactis utuntur. Continuatio Persicae mediae habetur, linguae publicae religionis litterarumque Imperii Sassanidarum, quae vicissim fuit continatio Persicae antiquae, linguae Imperii Persici aevo Achaemenidarum magni momenti.^[4]^[5]^[6] Lingua Persica est lingua pluricentrica, atque eius grammatica grammaticae multarum linguarum Europae hodiernae similis est.^[7]

Lingua Persica فارسی (Fārsī)
IPA	[ fɒːɾˈsiː ]
Taxinomia	Lingua Indoeuropaea e divisione Iranica
Locutores	sensu stricto circa 23 879 300 anno 1997^[1] sensu lato 38 000 000^[2]
Sigla	1 fa, 2 per(B), fas(T), 3 pes, prs, tgk
Status publicus
Officialis	Persia, Afgania, Tadzikistania
Privata	permultae civitates
Litterae	Litterae Persicae
Scriptura	Arabica
Procuratio	Academia Linguae Litterarumque Persicae
Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae Collocatio linguae Persicae locutorum Collocatio linguae Persicae locutorum

Wikipedia

Vicipaedia in Lingua Persica

Inter scriptores litterarum Persicarum recentiorum enumerare oportet poetas Nizāmī, Firdausī, Umar Khayyām, Hafizus, Saadi, Romanus, et Assar Tabrizi.

Nomina huius linguae

Nomen publicum Persis est Farsi, Arabicum pro Parsi, quod vocabulum Persicum sibi vult; Afganis est Dari; Tazicis vero, qui litteris Cyrillicis scribunt, est lingua Tazicica.

Historia

Persica lingua Iranica est, ex Indoeuropaea et divisione Iranica orta. Haec quoque e lingua Persica antiqua, quae usque ad 600 a.C.n., illum Imperium Persarum, pertinuit, descendit.^[8]

Linguae Persicae historia tres in partes communiter divisa est, scilicet antiquam, mediam et recentem.

Persica antiqua

Lingua Persica Antiqua a lingua Protoiranica in planitiebus australibus occidentalibusque Persiae orta est. Primum linguae exemplum cui dies aliqui dari potest Inscriptio Bagistanensis est circiter Imperium Achaemenidarum Dario I rege (ab 522 a.C.n. usque ad 486 a.C.n.). Persica Antiqua litteris cuneatis scripta est, quae scripturae forma, Darii regnum facta esse credita, singularis huic linguae est.

Post linguam Aramaicam, vel eius formam Achaemenidarum Aramaicam imperialem nomine notam, illa lingua Persica antiqua aevi Achaemenidarum notissima est, eius exempla quocumque loco ubi Achaemenidae incolebant inventa, praesertim Persiae occidentis in regione Parsa appellata, quo ex loco Achaemenidae (et postea Sassanidae) orti sunt.

Conlata cum postrema lingua Persica, antiqua grammatica magnopere declinabilis est. Ei casus octo sunt, genera tria (masculinum, femininum, neutrum;), ac numeri tres (singularis, geminus, pluralis).

Persica media

Antiquae Persicae linguae dissimilis, Persicae mediae formae scriptae ad locutionem spectaverunt, atque haec valde simplicior quam illa fuit. Genera atque numerus geminus evanuerunt. Horum in loco praepositionibus ad sententias comparandas usa est.

Persica nova

Persica classica

Islamistis Persiam invadentibus, aevum hodiernum litterarum linguaeque Persicae sive aevum Persicum aureum coepit. Multi poetae notissimi Persica lingua utentes tum floruerunt, atque lingua quasi communis in regionibus orientalibus terrarum Islamicarum Indiaeque facta est. Ceterum, multorum imperiorum Islamicorum lingua publica fuit, scilicet imperii Samanidarum, Mughal, Timuridarum, Ghaznavidarum, Selgiukidarum, Safavidarum, Ottomanicum, et cetera.

Auctoritas Persica magna super linguas alias, praesertim mundo Islamico, videri potest. Huic etiam linguae, arti musicae (Qawwali) litterarumque nota, iamiam multi praeclari viri valde favent. Post invasionem Arabicam, lingua Persica, multis verbis sententiisque e lingua Arabica ortis, (postea etiam nonnullis e lingua Mongolica) adepta est.

Persica hodierna

Post saeculum undevicesimum lingua Russica, Francogallica, Anglica ortis, harum multis verbis technologicis Persica usa est. Academia Linguae Litterarumque Persicae potestatem ad verba nova adhibenda habet. Ipsa lingua, ut videtur, magnopere per tempus crescit atque idioma verbaque novissima in illam, ut alias, adsiduo feruntur.

Exempla

Persian	IPA	Versio
همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و از دید حیثیت و حقوق با هم برابرند, همه دارای اندیشه و وجدان می‌باشند و باید دربرابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند	hameje afrɒd baʃar ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjand o az dide hejsijat o hoɢuɢ bɒ ham barɒbarand ǁ hame dɒrɒje andiʃe o vedʒdɒn mibɒʃand o bɒjad dar barɒbare jekdigar bɒ ruhe barɒdari raftɒr konand	Omnes homines liberi aequique dignitate atque juribus nascuntur. Ratione conscientiaque praediti sunt et alii erga alios cum fraternitate se gerere debent.

—Primum Capitulum Universalis de iurie hominum declarationis

Notae

↑ Vide Ethnologue
↑ Ethnologue
↑ "Lingua Persica": Conradus Gesnerus, Mithridates: de differentiis linguarum (1555) textus f. 63r
↑ Gilbert Lazard, "The Rise of the New Persian Language," in The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. R. N. Frye (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 4:595–632: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
↑ Ammon Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, et Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society," ed. 2a. (Walter de Gruyter, 2006): "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. . . . However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
↑ Prods Oktor Skjærvø (2006), Encyclopedia Iranica. Locus: "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."
↑ Richard Davis, "Persian," in Medieval Islamic Civilization, ed. Josef W. Meri et Jere L. Bacharach (Taylor & Francis, 2006), 602–603: "The grammar of New Persian is similar to many contemporary European languages." Similiter, lexicon Persicum ex Pahlavi deducitur.
↑ Katzner, Kenneth (2002). The Languages of the World. Routledge. pp. 163. ISBN 0415250048

Bibliographia

Asatrian, Garnik (nondum editus). Etymological Dictionary of Persian. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15496-4.
Hayyim, Sulayman. 1934–1936. New Persian-English dictionary. Teheran: Librairie-Imprimerie Beroukhim. Versio interretialis.
Jeremiás, Éva M. 2004. "Iran, iii. (f). New Persian" in Encyclopaedia of Islam vol. 12 Supplementum (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13974-5.
Michael Knüppel. 2010. "Turkic loanwords in Persian" in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Lambton, Ann K. S. 1953. Persian grammar. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Lazard, Gilbert. 1975. "The Rise of the New Persian Language." In The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. R. N. Frye, 4:595–632. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Lazard, Gilbert. 1994. "Darī" in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Mace, John. 1993. Modern Persian. Teach Yourself. ISBN 0-8442-3815-5.
Mace, John. 2002. Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1695-5.
Perry, John R. 2005. A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 90-04-14323-8.
Perry, John R. 2009. "Tajik, ii. Tajik Persian" in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Ṣādeqī, ʿAlī Ašraf., et J. R. Perry. 2002/ "Arabic language, i. Arabic elements in Persian" et supplementum in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Ṣādeqī, ʿAlī Ašraf, J. R. Perry, et Ḥosayn Sāmeʿī. 1995. "Dictionaries" in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Schmitt, Rüdiger. 1989. Compendium linguarum Iranicarum. L. Reichert. ISBN 3-88226-413-6.
Christopher Shackle. 2004. "India, xviii. Persian elements in Indian languages" in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. 2006. "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts" in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
Steingass, Francis Joseph. 1982. A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary. Londinii: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Versio interretialis
Thackston, W. M. 1993. An Introduction to Persian. 3a ed. Ibex Publishers. ISBN 0-936347-29-5.
Windfuhr, Gernot L. 2009. "Persian" in The World's Major Languages, 2a ed., ed. Bernard Comrie. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35339-4.

Nexus externi

"Farsi, Western" apud www.ethnologue.com (Ethnologue)
Fazel, Navid. "De grammatica Persica apud www.dastur.info / De grammatica Persica apud www.dastur.info (Anglice, Theodisce)
Lexicon Persico-Anglo-Theodiscum, apud www.globaldic.com
Institutum Linguisticum Iranicum, apud ili.ir (Persice)
De lingua Persica, apud www.lmp.ucla.edu (Universitas Californiensis Angelopolitana)
Ad scripturam Arabopersicam scribendam, apud www.choone.com

[1] Vide Ethnologue

[2] Ethnologue

[3] "Lingua Persica": Conradus Gesnerus, Mithridates: de differentiis linguarum (1555) textus f. 63r

[Lazard-4] Gilbert Lazard, "The Rise of the New Persian Language," in The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. R. N. Frye (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 4:595–632: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."

[5] Ammon Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, et Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society," ed. 2a. (Walter de Gruyter, 2006): "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. . . . However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."

[6] Prods Oktor Skjærvø (2006), Encyclopedia Iranica. Locus: "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."

[Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603-7] Richard Davis, "Persian," in Medieval Islamic Civilization, ed. Josef W. Meri et Jere L. Bacharach (Taylor & Francis, 2006), 602–603: "The grammar of New Persian is similar to many contemporary European languages." Similiter, lexicon Persicum ex Pahlavi deducitur.

[8] Katzner, Kenneth (2002). The Languages of the World. Routledge. pp. 163. ISBN 0415250048

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