Familia Han

Familia Han (202 a.C.n.–220) fuit altera familia imperialis Sinarum, quae familiae Cin (221 a.C.n.–206 a.C.n.) successit et Regnis Tribus (220 a.C.n.–265) antecessit. Domus condita est a Lieupango, duce rustico, post mortem appellato Imperatore Caozuo (regnavit 202 a.C.n.–195 a.C.n.). Domus breviter interrupta est a Domu Xin (9–23) regentis Wang Mang; hoc interregnum dividit Han in duo tempora: Han Occidentalem (202 a.C.n.–9 p.C.n.) et Han Orientalem (25–220). Per circa quattuor saecula, tempus domus Han habetur aetas aurea in historia Sinensi (Zhou 2003:34). Adhuc hodie, populi maximi Sinae gregis ethnici se appellant populi Han (Schaefer 2008:279).

Domus Han anno 2 (terra fusca), cum praesidiis militum (punctis flavis), civitatibus clientibus (punctis viridibus), et civitatibus stipendiariis (punctis croceis) usque Crater Tarim (Anglice: Tarim Basin) in occidentalibus Mediae Asiae regionibus.

Historia

Prima Sinae domus imperatoria fuit Domus Qin (221 a.C.n.–206 a.C.n.), cuius victoria Civitates Bellantes Sinenses in unam dicionem redegerat; sed imperio post mortem Qin Shi Huang, primi imperatoris, instabili, domus auctoritas intra tantum quattuor annos concidit, et imperium in Regna Duodeviginti diffissum est (Ebrey 1999:60–61). Duo duces hominum seditiosorum, Hiangyus (m. 202 a.C.n.) Regni Chu et Lieupangus (m. 195 a.C.n.) populi Han, tunc armis inter se ad hegemon Sinae decernendum pugnaverunt. Quisque Regnorum Duodeviginti foedus cum Hiangyo vel Lieupango fecit (Loewe 1986:116–122). Quamquam hic fuit imperii capax, ille eum apud Proelium Gaixianum, in terra hodiernae provinciae Anhui, vicit. Titulum Imperatoris Sinae mox adsumpsit, et regnavit ab 202 a.C.n. ad 195 a.C.n.; post mortem appellatur Imperator Gaozu (Davis 2001:44–46). Caput sui imperii elegit Chang'an (Loewe 1986:122).

Societas et cultura

Classis socialis

Crater "lacquerware"^? Domus Han Occidentalis.

Patina "lacquerware"^? Domus Han Occidentalis.

In Sinensi graduum societate, imperator summum societatis administrationisque locum tenuit; is autem saepe fuit iuvenis, temperatus a procuratore regni, sicut imperatore vidua vel paucis cognatis maribus (Ch'ü 1972:66–72). Sub imperatorem fuerunt reges, socii tribus imperatoris, nomine Liu (Bielenstein 1980:105–107; Ch'ü 1972:76). Alii homines, nobilibus inclusis, et plebs, servis exclusis, ad unum ex viginti gradibus (二十公乘 ershi gongcheng) pertinuerunt.

Coniugium, genus, consanguinitas

Serva sericata temporis Han in palla serica; fictilia Sinensia

Saltatrix sericata temporis Han in palla serica; fictilia Sinensia

Familia tempore Han fuit patrilinealis, et quattuor ad quinque socii familiae usitate unum domum habitaverunt. Homines variarum aetatum cuiusque familiae eandem domum non habitaverunt, dissimiles familiarum inferiorum domuum imperialium (Ch'ü 1972:3–9; Hinsch 2002:46–47). Secundum normis Confucianis, quisque socius familia habuit suum proprium observantiae consuetudinisque gradum. Exempli gratia, tempus luctus patris discrepavit a tempore luctus patrui (Ch'ü 1972:9–10). Coniugia designata (Anglice: arranged marriages) fuerunt usitata, patris opinione de progeniei coniuge graviore quam matris (Ch'ü 1972:34; Hinsch 2002:35). Coniugia monogamosa^? quoque sunt usitata, quamquam nobiles administratoresque alti fuerunt tam divites quam potuerunt concubinas sufficere et sustinere (Ch'ü 1972:44–47; Hinsch 2002:38–39). Mos (non lex) fuit quod viri feminaeque aliquando potuerunt divortium facere cum coniuge et iterum matrimonio se coniungere (Ch'ü 1972:37–43; Hinsch 2002:40–45).

Alimentum

Comunissimae fruges quotidianae fuerunt triticum, hordeum, oryza, milium, et fabae (Wang 1982:52). Fructus et holera quae homines communiter ederunt fuerunt castaneas, pira, pruna, persica, melones, pruna armeniaca, fraga, Myricas rubras (Sinice: 杨梅 yángméi), zizypha, Crescentias cujete (Sinice: 葫蘆 húlu et 葫子 húzi), folia harundinis Indicae et Brassicae junceae, et taro (Wang 1982:53, 206). Animalia domestica ab hominibus esa fuerunt pulli, anates, anseres, boves, oves, sues, cameli, et canes. Testudines et pisces ex fluminibus et lacubus capti sunt. Venationes saepe consumptae fuerunt bubones, phasiani, picae, cervi sika, et Bambusicolae thoracici (Wang 1982:57–58). Condimenta usitata fuerunt saccharum, mel, sal, et "soy sauce"^? (Hansen 2000:119–121). Homines cervisiam et vinum quotidie consumpserunt (Hansen 2000:119; Wang 1982:206).

Religio, cosmologia, metaphysica

Sepulcrum latericium (Anglice: vault) culturae Han Orientalis apud Luoyang.

Familiae Sinae Han animalia alimentaque apud templa et aedicula deis, spiritibus, et maioribus rite sacrificaverunt (Ch'ü 1972:30–31). Crediderunt quemque hominem animam duarum partium habuisse: animam spiritus (魂 hun), quae post mortem ad paradisum immortalium (xian) peregrinaret, et animam corporis (魄 po), quae in sepulcro tumulove terrestri maneret, et iterum cum anima spiritus coniungi posset solum per quasdam caerimonias rituales (Csikszentmihalyi 2006:140–141; Hansen 2000:119). Imperator fuit summus civitatis sacerdos, qui ad caelum, gravissimas deitates (appellatas Tres Domini et Quinque Vires), et spiritus (神 shen) montium et fluminum, sacrificia fecit (Ch'ü 1972:71). Homines crediderunt tres regna—caelum, terra, homines—conligatos esse a naturalibus vicissitudinibus virium yin et yang et iterationibus quinque phasium (Csikszentmihalyi 2006:167; Ebrey 1999:78–79; Loewe 1994:55; Sun & Kistemaker 1997:2–3). Cum imperator proprios ritus, ethicas, et mores non secutus sit, libratio harum mutationum cosmologicarum lapsa esset et ergo acciderent terraemotus, inundationes, siccitates, pestilentiae, locustarum examina, et aliae calamitates (de Crespigny 2007:496, 592; Ebrey 1999:78–79; Loewe 1986:201).

Impressio lapidis Han qui aulam maiorum cultorum (祠堂, citang) monstrat.

Habitum est homines immortalitatem adsequi^? si ei territorium Matris-Reginae Occidentis vel Montem Penglai attingerent^? (Loewe 2005;Csikszentmihalyi 2006:116–117; "Funerary Practice in Han Times," 101–102). Taoistae aetatis Han eremitae conati sunt immortalitatem adsequi ab exercitationibus spirationis, rationibus sexualibus, et usibus elixirium medicarum^? (Hansen 2000:144). Ante saeculum secundum a.C.n., Taoistae magnas hierarchicalesque societates religiosas, sicut Viam Quinque Oryzae Modii instituerunt, cuius adsectatores crediderunt Laozi, philosophum sapientem (floruit saeculo sexto a.C.n.), fuisse vatem sacrum, qui salutem et sanitatem offerret si adsecutores peccata confiterentur,^? venerationem deorum impurorum (qui carnis sacrificia acceperunt) vetarent, et partes Tao Te Ching canerent (Hansen 2000:144–146).

Buddhismus Sinam aevo Han Orientalis intravit, et primum in litteris commemoratus est anno 65 (Demieville 1986:821–822; Needham 1972:112). Liu Ying (m. 71), semifrater^? Imperatoris Ming ex Han (regnavit 57–75), fuit inter primos Buddhismi fautores Sinenses, sed Buddhismus Sinensis eo tempore cum Taoismo Huang-Lao arte consociatus est (Demiéville 1986:821–822). Primum notum Sinae templum Buddhisticum, Templum Equi Albi, per imperium Ming aedificatum est (Demiéville 1986:823). Gravissimae Buddhismi orsae in linguam Sinicam saeculo secundo conversae sunt; hae Orsam Capitulorum Quadraginta Duo, Perfectionem Sapientis, Orsam Shurangama, et Orsam Pratyutpanna comprehenderunt (Akira 1998:247–251; vide etiam Needham 1972:112).

Oeconomica

Variationes in nummis

Nummus wushu (五銖), per regnum Imperatoris Wu (regnavit 141 a.C.n.–87 a.C.n.), 25.5 mm per diametrum

Scientia, technologia, et ingenarium

Domus Han fuit aevum unicum in evolutione scientiae et technologiae Sinensium, auctus scientifici et technologici per Domum Song (960–1279) paene similis (Jin, Fan, & Liu 1996:178–179; Needham 1972:111).

Medicina

Medici aevi Han habuerunt corpus humanum sequi regulas naturae quae omnem universum regulabant, videlicet circulos cosmologicos yin et yang et phases quinque (wu xing). Quidque corporis organum cum propria phasi consociatum est. Morbus habitus est signum disruptionis vigoris vitae (qi) per canales qui ad quoddam organum ducunt.

Nexus interni

• Decem Adsectatores
• Genealogia Domus Han
• Han Xin
• Mawangdui
• Proelium Iushi
• Sang Hongyang
• Xiao He
• Yin et yang
• Rationes inter imperia Sinicum et Romanum

Antecessor: Familia Cin

Familiae imperiales Sinarum Familia Han 202 a.C.n.––220

Successor: Heu Han (Tria regna)

Bibliographia

Vexillum sericum ex Mawangdui Changshae in Provincia Hunan.

Replica seismometri a Zhang Heng facti.

Aureatae animalium figurinae ex Domu Han: equus, elephas, bos, et unicornu

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• Zhang, Guanuda. 2002. "The Role of the Sogdians as Translators of Buddhist Texts." In Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road. Ediderunt Annette L. Juliano et Judith A. Lerner, 75-78. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 2-503-52178-9.
• Zhou, Jinghao 2003. Remaking China's Public Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 0-275-97882-6.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Familia Han spectant.

• An interactive, virtual guide into a Han Dynasty tomb, presented by the Museum of Cornell University (NY)
• Han Dynasty by Minnesota State University
• Han Dynasty art with video commentary, Minneapolis Institute of Arts
• Early Imperial China: A Working Collection of Resources