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The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the principal minister of the crown of Her Majesty's Government, and the head of the British Cabinet. There is no specific date for when the office of prime minister first appeared, as the role was not created but rather evolved over a period of time through a merger of duties.[1] However, the term was regularly, if informally, used of Walpole by the 1730s.[2] It was used in the House of Commons as early as 1805,[3] and it was certainly in parliamentary use by the 1880s.[4] In 1905, the post of prime minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence.[5] Modern historians generally consider Sir Robert Walpole, who led the government of Great Britain for over twenty years from 1721,[6] as the first prime minister. Walpole is also the longest-serving British prime minister by this definition.[7] However, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman was the first and Margaret Thatcher the longest-serving prime minister officially referred to as such in the order of precedence.[8] The first to use the title in an official act was Benjamin Disraeli, who signed the Treaty of Berlin as "Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty" in 1878.[9]
Strictly speaking, the first prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was William Pitt the Younger.[10] The first prime minister of the current United Kingdom (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), was Bonar Law,[11] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927, when Stanley Baldwin was the serving prime minister.[12]
Due to the gradual evolution of the post of prime minister, the title is applied to early prime ministers only retrospectively;[13] this has sometimes given rise to academic dispute. Lord Bath and Lord Waldegrave are sometimes listed as prime ministers.[14] Bath was invited to form a ministry by George II when Henry Pelham resigned in 1746,[15] as was Waldegrave in 1757 after the dismissal of William Pitt the Elder,[16] who dominated the affairs of government during the Seven Years' War. Neither was able to command sufficient parliamentary support to form a government; Bath stepped down after two days[14] and Waldegrave after four.[16] Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held office as prime minister;[17] they are therefore listed separately.
Before the Kingdom of Great Britain
[편집]Before the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[18] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State,[18] and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (Lord High Treasurer, 1547–1549),[19] served as Lord Protector to his prepubescent nephew Edward VI;[19] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (Lord High Treasurer, 1572–1598),[20] was the dominant minister to Elizabeth I;[20] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I (1598–1603) and was eventually appointed by James I as Lord High Treasurer (1608–1612).[21]
By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual (i.e., the Lord High Treasurer) but by a commission of Lords of the Treasury,[22] led by the First Lord of the Treasury. The last Lords High Treasurer, Lord Godolphin (1702–1710) and Lord Oxford (1711–1714),[23] ran the government of Queen Anne.[24]
From 1707 to 1721
[편집]Following the succession of George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of Lords of the Treasury (as opposed to a single Lord High Treasurer) became permanent.[25] For the next three years, the government was headed by Lord Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[26] Subsequently, Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland ran the government jointly,[27] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland domestic.[27] Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned two months later;[27] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[28] From that point, the holder of the office of First Lord also usually (albeit unofficially) held the status of prime minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title prime minister was constitutionally recognised.[13] The prime minister still holds the office of First Lord by constitutional convention,[29] the only exceptions being Lord Chatham (1766–1768) and Lord Salisbury (1885–1886, 1886–1892, 1895–1902).[30]
1721년부터
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Disputed
[편집]| 틀:Party index link (2) | Monarch | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Title Prime Minister (lifetime) |
Term of office & mandate[a] Duration in years and days |
Ministerial offices held as prime minister | Party | Government | |||||
|
William Pulteney 1st Earl of Bath (1684–1764) |
10 February 1746 |
12 February 1746 |
틀:Party shading/Whigs |– | 틀:Party shading/Whigs rowspan=4| Whig | 틀:Party shading/Whigs rowspan=2| Short Lived | George II
| ||
| 2일 | |||||||||
_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg)
|
James Waldegrave 2nd Earl Waldegrave (1715–1763) |
8 June 1757 |
12 June 1757 |
틀:Party shading/Whigs |– | 틀:Party shading/Whigs rowspan=2| Waldegrave | ||||
| 4일 | |||||||||
See also
[편집]
- List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by length of tenure
- List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education
- Assassination of Spencer Perceval
- Downing Street
- List of British governments
- List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies
- List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria — (for the U.K., the colonies and the dominions)
- Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- List of United Kingdom general elections
- Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom
- List of government ministers of the United Kingdom
Main articles
틀:Main category 틀:Div col begin
- ^1: Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli
- ^2: Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone
- ^3: Premiership of Margaret Thatcher
- ^4: Premiership of Tony Blair
- ^5: Premiership of Gordon Brown
- ^6: Premiership of David Cameron
- ^7: Premiership of Theresa May
- ^8: Premiership of Boris Johnson
Notes
[편집]- ^§ Elevated to the British peerage
- ^† Died in office
- ^‡ Elected to a new constituency in a general election
- ↑ 가 나 Legend for cells listed in the sixth column from right:
- ↑ Douglas Home disclaimed his peerage as the Earl of Home on 23 October 1963. He was elected an MP on 7 November.
References
[편집]Citations
[편집]- ↑ Hennessy 2001, 39–40쪽.
- ↑ Stephen Taylor ODNB.틀:Full citation needed
- ↑ Castlereagh 1805.
- ↑ Eardley-Wilmot 1885; Macfarlane 1885.
- ↑ Marriott 1923, 83쪽.
- ↑ Clarke 1999, p. 266; Hennessy 2001, pp. 39–40.
- ↑ BBC News 1998.
- ↑ Mackay 1987; Marriott 1923, p. 83.
- ↑ Bogdanor 1997.
- ↑ Burt 1874, p. 106; Castlereagh 1805.
- ↑ Law 1922.
- ↑ Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927.
- ↑ 가 나 Leonard 2010, 1쪽.
- ↑ 가 나 Carpenter 1992, 37쪽.
- ↑ Leonard 2010, 47쪽.
- ↑ 가 나 Leonard 2010, 65쪽.
- ↑ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2011.
- ↑ 가 나 Chisholm 1911f.
- ↑ 가 나 Pollard 1904.
- ↑ 가 나 Chisholm 1911a.
- ↑ Chisholm 1911c.
- ↑ Chapman 2002.
- ↑ Fisher Russell Barker 1890; Stephen 1890.
- ↑ Morrill 2018.
- ↑ Chapman 2002, 15쪽.
- ↑ McMullen Rigg 1899.
- ↑ 가 나 다 Chisholm 1911d; Chisholm 1911e.
- ↑ Chisholm 1911b; McMullen Rigg 1899.
- ↑ UK Government 2013.
- ↑ Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, p. 413; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 1, 5; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 1–5; Pryde et al. 1996, pp. 45–46.
- ↑ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 41; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 14; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 7–10; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 222.
- ↑ Cook & Stevenson 1988, pp. 41–42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 17; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 11–15.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21.
- ↑ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 44; Courthope 1838, p. 19; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 34; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 23–26; Schumann & Schweizer 2012, p. 143.
- ↑ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 46; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 36; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 28–31; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 223; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 42; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 33–35; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ↑ 가 나 The British Magazine and Review 1782, p. 79; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 46, 50; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 39–43.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 54; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 45–50; Kebbel 1864, p. 143; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ↑ Courthope 1838, p. 9; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 61; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 52–56; Venning 2005, p. 93; Vincitorio 1968, p. 156.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 64; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 58–62; Whiteley 1996, p. 24.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 73; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 64–68; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ↑ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–78; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 94; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 83–85; Styles 1829, p. 266.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–77; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 98; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 90–92; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ↑ Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 101; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 98–101; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 106; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 104–108; Evans 2008, p. 4; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 116, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 110–115.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 120, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 118–120.
- ↑ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Shaw 1906, p. 447; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 128; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 133–139.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–143.
- ↑ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Evans 2001, p. 471; Mahon & Cardwell 1856, p. 17; Shaw 1906, p. 447.
- ↑ 가 나 Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 142; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 148–153.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–145; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
- ↑ 가 나 Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 151; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 155–160.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 159, 167; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 169–174; Royal Society of Edinburgh 2006, p. 375; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ↑ Disraeli 1855; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ↑ Balfour 1910; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–167; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ↑ Disraeli 1868; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–189; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–198; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
- ↑ Chamberlain 1884; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–192.
- ↑ 가 나 다 Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–202; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 222; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 212–215.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 213, 221; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 231; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 217–221; Mosley 1999, p. 173; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 239; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 223–227.
- ↑ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 5; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 244; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 229–235; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ↑ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 6–9; The Constitutional Yearbook 1919, p. 42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 252; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 237–243.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 262; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 246–248; Scully 2018.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–255; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–264.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
- ↑ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 13; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–268.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ↑ The Annual Register 1941, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 289; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 270–274.
- ↑ The Annual Register 1946, p. 11; Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 17–21, 77; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 305; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 284–289.
- ↑ BBC On This Day 2005; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924; Mosley 1999, p. 1868; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 315; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 291–295.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 320; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 297–303.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 329; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 306–310; Scully 2018.
- ↑ 가 나 Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 333; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 313–320.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 343; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 322–328; UK Parliament 2005a.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 350; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 331–333; UK Parliament 2005b.
- ↑ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 358; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 340–347; UK Parliament 2013.
- ↑ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 61; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 384; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 350–352.
- ↑ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 270; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 392; Seldon 2007, pp. 77, 371, 647; UK Parliament 2017b.
- ↑ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 86; UK Parliament 2012.
- ↑ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 65; Lee & Beech 2011; Royal Communications 2016; Wheeler 2016.
- ↑ BBC News 2017; Stamp 2016; UK Parliament 2017a.
Sources
[편집]Publications
[편집]- Burt, Llewellyn Charles (1874). 《A Synoptical History of England》 2판. London, UK: Lockwood – the Internet Archive 경유.
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- Chapman, Richard A. (2002). 〈History: from earliest times to the present day〉. 《The Treasury in Public Policy-Making》. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-86426-3.
본 문서에는 현재 퍼블릭 도메인에 속한 브리태니커 백과사전 제11판의 내용을 기초로 작성된 내용이 포함되어 있습니다.- Chisholm, Hugh (1911). 〈Orford, Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of〉. 《브리태니커 백과사전》 20 11판.
- Chisholm, Hugh (1911). 〈Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of〉. 《브리태니커 백과사전》 24 11판.
- Chisholm, Hugh (1911). 〈Stanhope, Earls〉. 《브리태니커 백과사전》 25 11판.
- Chisholm, Hugh (1911). 〈Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of〉. 《브리태니커 백과사전》 26 11판.
- Chisholm, Hugh (1911). 〈Treasury〉. 《브리태니커 백과사전》 27 11판.
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His grace.
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All Prime Ministers ... were members of the Privy Council ... This means they are entitled to be addressed as 'The Right Honourable'.
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Fisher Russell Barker, George (1890). 〈Harley, Robert〉. Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney. 《영국인명사전》 24. 런던: Smith, Elder & Co.- Hennessy, Peter (2001). 〈The Platonic Idea and the Constitutional Deal〉. 《The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945》. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29313-0.
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Yet the Scottish party was much more influential at Westminster: two of its major figures, Andrew Bonar Law and Sir Alec Douglas-Home, became (albeit short-lived) Prime Ministers.
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Churchill ... tendered his resignation as ... First Lord of the Treasury.
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in 1860 ... Lord Palmerston, then the Leader of this House.
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Deceased: 08 April 2013.
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The title ... was not used in an official document until 1878 when Disraeli ... signed the Treaty of Berlin as 'First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty'.
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This matter was brought before the House on the 13th of May, 1874 ... It was opposed ... by Mr. Disraeli, who was then the Leader of the House.
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The noble Lord the leader of this House and First Minister of the Crown—a man eminently versed in foreign policy.
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the manner in which I attempt to perform my duties as Leader of this House is preferable to that ideal.
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July 9, 1916 – 17 July 2005.
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March 27, 1912 – 26 March 2005.
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The King has been graciously pleased to confer the Territorial Decoration upon the undermentioned Officers.
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First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.
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First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.
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First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.
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